Nitric oxide regulates intussusceptive-like angiogenesis in wound repair in chicken embryo and transgenic zebrafish models.

Abstract Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels that occurs by two distinct processes following sprouting angiogenesis (SA) and intussusceptive angiogenesis (IA). Nitric oxide (NO) is known for its pro-angiogenic functions. However, no clear mechanisms are delineated on its role in promoting angiogenesis in reparative wound healing. We propose that NO regulates SA to IA transition and vice versa in wound milieu. We have used three models which include a new chick embryo extra-vasculature (CEV) burn wound model, adult Tie2-GFP transgenic Zebrafish caudal fin regeneration model and Zebrafish skin wound model to study the mechanisms underlying behind the role of NO in wound healing. Wounds created in CEV were treated with NO donor (Spermine NONOate (SPNO)), NOS inhibitor (L-nitro- l -arginine-methyl ester (l -NAME)), NaNO 2 , NaNO 3 , and beetroot juice, a nitrite-rich juice respectively and the pattern of wound healing was assessed. Morphological and histological techniques tracked the wound healing at the cellular level, and the molecular changes were investigated by using real-time RT-PCR gene expression analysis. The result concludes that NO donor promotes wound healing by activating SA at an early phase of healing while NOS inhibitor induces wound healing via IA. At the later phase of wound healing NO donor followed IA while NOS inhibitor failed to promote wound repair. The current work underpinned a differential regulation of NO on angiogenesis in wound milieu and this study would provide new insights in designing therapeutics for promoting wound repair. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Nitric oxide (NO) regulates SA to IA transition and vice versa in wound milieu. • Ex-ovo CEV burn wound and caudal fin regeneration are promising models to study IA. • NO donor promotes wound healing by activating SA at the early phase. • NOS inhibitor induces wound healing via IA at the early phase. • NO donor activates IA and inhibitor plays no role at the later phase of wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]