Buckling deformations at the 2017 Xinmo landslide site and nearby slopes, Maoxian, Sichuan, China.

Abstract A large catastrophic rock avalanche with a total volume of ~18.0 × 106 m3 occurred at 5:38 am, 24th June 2017, at Xinmo Village, Maoxian, Sichuan, China, resulting in 102 casualties (10 deaths, 3 injuries, and 89 missing). We have been conducting a geological and geomorphological investigation in and around the Xinmo landslide site since 2015, and we present our results here, including data obtained before and after the landslide event. The landslide, which had an initial volume of 4.46 × 106 m3 of its source area, was induced by rainfall on a previous landslide scar near the ridge top. This initial landslide then struck and remobilized older landslide deposits in the middle and lower parts of the slope, which subsequently buried Xinmo Village at the landslide toe. The landslide occurred on a dip slope of Triassic calcareous psammitic and pelitic schists. The bedding plane, which dips downslope to the south with an orientation of N80°W/48°S, and high-angle NE–SW striking joints bounded the landslide source area at its base and sides, respectively. Satellite image analysis and field observations of the slope of the landslide scar before and after the landslide strongly suggest that the beds in the source area had already begun gravitationally deforming (e.g., buckling) prior to the 2017 landslide. Moreover, pits on the slip surface were likely the result of the dissolution of calcareous material. Dissolution probably reduced the rock strength along the bedding plane. A rainfall event from the 16th to 24th of June 2017 probably dominated the groundwater drainage, and finally triggered the catastrophic rock avalanche. In addition to the 2017 landslide, the hillslope just to the east of the Xinmo landslide exhibits pronounced gravitational slope deformation, including "A-tent"-like structures and warps induced by buckling. This suggests that this slope could also fail like the Xinmo rock avalanche during a future rainfall or earthquake event. Highlights • Geological and geomorphological features of the Xinmo landslide were characterized. • Geological structures generated by buckling existed prior to the landslide. • A stability evaluation indicates that the buckling preceded the landslide. • The landslide was probably induced by pore pressure buildup due to rainfall. • A slope near the landslide has been gravitationally deformed and is prepared to fail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]