Exploiting data centres energy flexibility in smart cities: Business scenarios.

Highlights • Optimization techniques for exploiting DCs' electrical and thermal energy flexibility. • Optimization techniques for delay-tolerant workload relocation in federated DCs. • New revenue streams by acting as active energy players. • Identify synergistic opportunities for cross multi-utility networks optimization. • A "lighter" deployment where the DC collaborates with operators of the smart energy grids • An "extended deployment" in which DCs collaborates with other energy players in the grids. Abstract In this paper, we have considered Data Centres (DCs) as computing facilities functioning at the crossroad of electrical, thermal and data networks and have defined optimisation techniques to exploit their energy flexibility. Our methods are leveraging on non-electrical cooling devices such as thermal storage and heat pumps for waste heat reuse and IT workload execution time shifting and spatial relocation in federated DCs. To trade energy flexibility we have defined an Energy Marketplace which allows DCs to act as active energy players integrated into the smart grid, contributing to smart city-level efficiency goals. Reinforcing this vision, we have proposed four innovative business scenarios that enable next generation smart Net-zero Energy DCs acting as energy prosumers at the interface with smart energy grids within smart city environments. Simulation experiments are conducted to determine the DCs potential electrical and thermal energy flexibility in meeting various network level goals and to assess the financial viability of the defined business scenarios. The results show that DCs have a significant amount of energy flexibility which may be shifted and traded to interested stakeholders thus allowing them to gain new revenue streams not foreseen before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]