Efficacy of oral rabies vaccination in individual age groups of juvenile red foxes.

Highlights • No difference in seropositivity and bait uptake level between 1–4 and 5–8-month old foxes. • Significant differences between 9–12-month old individuals and younger ones. • Autumn campaigns have similar efficacy to 9–12-month old juveniles and adults. • Reconsideration proposed in implementation and evaluation of oral rabies vaccination. Abstract Although juvenile red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are considered a single age group, essential for monitoring the effectiveness of the oral rabies vaccination (ORV), there appear to be significant differences among age subgroups. Herein, a subset of 335 foxes aged 0–1 year that had not consumed bait in previous campaign were collected for monitoring the effectiveness of the first seven ORV campaigns in Greece, carried out from 2013 to 2017. These juveniles were additionally assigned to three individual 4-month age groups, according to the exact date on which they were killed. The aim was to identify differences in seroconversion rate and bait uptake level and determine whether reconsideration is needed in the way that ORV monitoring is being implemented and evaluated. Statistically significant differences were observed following the analysis of mandible bone, teeth and blood samples obtained from 1–4 and 5–8-month old foxes as compared to the respective samples derived from 9–12-month old animals, whereas no differences were revealed in samples between foxes aged 1–4 and 5–8 months. Hunting juveniles during the whole period of spring ORV campaigns monitoring should be reevaluated and even discouraged. On the contrary, juvenile foxes hunted for the evaluation of autumn campaigns, aged > 8 months, had similar assessment rates to adult individuals and are equally helpful for assessing the efficacy of an ORV campaign. Taking the above into consideration and by distinguishing recent and old tetracycline uptake, ORV monitoring and evaluation could be performed in an alternative, more comprehensive way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]