Bubble-sphere interaction beneath a free surface.

Abstract The bubble-sphere interaction beneath a free surface is investigated experimentally and numerically, which is associated with underwater explosion and cavitation. We use the electric discharge technique to generate an oscillating bubble that is set above a movable sphere and below a free surface. The transient fluid-structure interaction (FSI) is recorded by high-speed imaging. We identify three distinctive bubble jet impact patterns, i.e., (i) jet impacts on the sphere top with water layer between them; (ii) the bubble partly envelops the sphere at first and then the jet impacts on the sphere top without water layer; (iii) the jet impacts on an annular ring, splitting the bubble into a toroidal bubble and a new singly-connected bubble. Such transient FSI events are modeled by the boundary integral method and the foregoing bubble splitting is modeled by an improved vortex ring model. The bubble, free surface, and sphere dynamics in experiments are found to be captured extremely well by numerical simulations. The bubble dynamic behaviors are associated with three dimensionless parameters and a systematic study of these parameters are provided. Lastly, the two types of cavitation phenomena on sphere surface are discussed and the detailed physical mechanisms are analyzed. Highlights • The bubble-sphere interaction beneath a free surface is investigated experimentally and numerically. • We identify three distinctive bubble jet impact patterns, which are classified in a graph according to two parameters. • A full coupling model based on boundary integral method reproduces the experimental observations well. • An improved vortex ring model is established to study the splitting of a bubble into a torus and a singly-connected bubble. • Two types of cavitation phenomena on sphere surface during the rebounding phase of the bubble. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]