The effects of lead and aluminum exposure on congenital heart disease and the mechanism of oxidative stress.

Highlights • Higher level of fetal aluminum was found in CHDs group compared to in controls. • Oxidative stress level was relation with the concentration of Pb and Al. • Imbalance of oxidative stress may bring about the occurrence of CHD. Abstract Objectives This study aimed to analyze the association between fetal lead or aluminum exposure and congenital heart disease (CHD) occurrence as well as to explore the mechanism of oxidative stress in heart development. Methods Lead and aluminum concentrations were measured by ICP-MS in umbilical serum. The oxidative stress statuses were analyzed by measuring SOD, GPx and MDA with colorimetric assays. Results Higher concentrations of Al were seen in the CHD groups compared to the controls. The risk of CHD occurrence increased markedly in the highly elevated Al group (aOR 2.08, 95%CI 1.11–3.88). With increasing Al and Pb levels, the activity of SOD decreased, and the level of MDA increased. Significantly decreased activity of SOD and GPx were found in the CHD groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion Fetal aluminum exposure may contribute to CHD occurrence. Oxidative stress was related to the concentration of Pb and Al, which may be involved in the occurrence of CHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]