Estimating anisotropic heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity and dispersivity in a layered coastal aquifer of Dakshina Kannada District, Karnataka.

Highlights • Constraining the 3D variable density numerical model with field measurements. • Estimation of anisotropic heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity. • A novel method to validate solute concentration results with ERT profile. • Verification of assigned aquifer topography and estimated geological formation. Abstract The solution for the inverse problem of seawater intrusion at an aquifer scale has not been studied as extensively as forward modeling, because of the conceptual and computational difficulties involved. A three-dimensional variable-density conceptual phreatic model is developed by constraining with real-field data such as layering, aquifer bottom topography and appropriate initial conditions. The initial aquifer parameters are layered heterogeneous and spatially homogeneous that are based on discrete field measurements. The developed conceptual model shows poor correlation with observed state variables (hydraulic head and solute concentration), signifying the importance of spatial heterogeneity in hydraulic conductivity and dispersivity of all the layers. The conceptual model is inverted to estimate the anisotropic spatially varying hydraulic conductivity and the longitudinal dispersivity at the pilot points by minimizing the least square error of state variables across the observation wells. The inverse calibrated model is validated for the hydraulic head at validation wells and the solute concentration is validated with equivalent solute concentration derived from the electrical resistivity, which shows good results against the field measurements. The verification of estimated anisotropic hydraulic conductivity with the electrical resistivity tomography image shows good agreement. This investigation gives an insight about constraining the highly parameterized inverse model with real-field data to estimate spatially varying aquifer parameters for an effective simulation of the seawater intrusion in a layered coastal aquifer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]