Investigation of crystalline silicon surface passivation by positively charged POx/Al2O3 stacks.

We investigate the passivation of crystalline Si (c-Si) surfaces by phosphorus oxide (PO x ) thin films deposited in an atomic layer deposition (ALD) reactor and capped in-situ by ALD Al 2 O 3 . Passivation is demonstrated on both n - and p -type (100) Si surfaces, and for PO x /Al 2 O 3 stacks deposited at both 25 °C and 100 °C. In contrast to Al 2 O 3 alone, PO x /Al 2 O 3 passivation is activated already by annealing at temperatures as low as 250 °C in N 2 in all cases. Best results were obtained after annealing at 350 °C and 450 °C for films deposited at 25 °C and 100 °C respectively, with similar implied open-circuit voltages of 723 and 724 mV on n -type (100) Si. In the latter case an outstandingly low surface recombination velocity of 1.7 cm/s and saturation current density of 3.3 fA/cm 2 were obtained on 1.35 Ω cm material. Passivation of p -type Si appeared somewhat poorer, with surface recombination velocity of 13 cm/s on 2.54 Ω cm substrates. Passivation was found to be independent of PO x film thickness for films of 4 nm and above, and was observed to be stable during prolonged annealing up to 500 °C. This excellent passivation performance on n -type Si is attributed partly to an unusually large positive fixed charge in the range of 3–5 × 10 12 cm −2 (determined from capacitance–voltage measurements) for stacks deposited at both temperatures, which is significantly larger than that exhibited by existing positively charged passivation materials such as SiN x . Indeed, passivation performance on n -type silicon is shown to compare favourably to state-of-the-art results reported for PECVD SiN x . PO x /Al 2 O 3 stacks thus represent a highly effective positively charged passivation scheme for c-Si, with potential for n -type surface passivation and selective doping applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]