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International patent applications for non-injectable naloxone for opioid overdose reversal: Exploratory search and retrieve analysis of the PatentScope database.
- Source :
-
Drug & Alcohol Review . Feb2018, Vol. 37 Issue 2, p205-215. 1p. 2 Diagrams, 1 Chart, 1 Graph. - Publication Year :
- 2018
-
Abstract
- <bold>Issues: </bold>Non-injectable naloxone formulations are being developed for opioid overdose reversal, but only limited data have been published in the peer-reviewed domain. Through examination of a hitherto-unsearched database, we expand public knowledge of non-injectable formulations, tracing their development and novelty, with the aim to describe and compare their pharmacokinetic properties.<bold>Approach: </bold>(i) The PatentScope database of the World Intellectual Property Organization was searched for relevant English-language patent applications; (ii) Pharmacokinetic data were extracted, collated and analysed; (iii) PubMed was searched using Boolean search query '(nasal OR intranasal OR nose OR buccal OR sublingual) AND naloxone AND pharmacokinetics'.<bold>Key Findings: </bold>Five hundred and twenty-two PatentScope and 56 PubMed records were identified: three published international patent applications and five peer-reviewed papers were eligible. Pharmacokinetic data were available for intranasal, sublingual, and reference routes. Highly concentrated formulations (10-40 mg mL-1 ) had been developed and tested. Sublingual bioavailability was very low (1%; relative to intravenous). Non-concentrated intranasal spray (1 mg mL-1 ; 1 mL per nostril) had low bioavailability (11%). Concentrated intranasal formulations (≥10 mg mL-1 ) had bioavailability of 21-42% (relative to intravenous) and 26-57% (relative to intramuscular), with peak concentrations (dose-adjusted Cmax  = 0.8-1.7 ng mL-1 ) reached in 19-30 min (tmax ).<bold>Implications: </bold>Exploratory analysis identified intranasal bioavailability as associated positively with dose and negatively with volume.<bold>Conclusion: </bold>We find consistent direction of development of intranasal sprays to high-concentration, low-volume formulations with bioavailability in the 20-60% range. These have potential to deliver a therapeutic dose in 0.1 mL volume. [McDonald R, Danielsson Glende Ø, Dale O, Strang J. International patent applications for non-injectable naloxone for opioid overdose reversal: Exploratory search and retrieve analysis of the PatentScope database. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;00:000-000]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 09595236
- Volume :
- 37
- Issue :
- 2
- Database :
- Academic Search Index
- Journal :
- Drug & Alcohol Review
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 127745123
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12571