Potential for maternal effects on offspring CO2 sensitivities in the Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia).

For marine fish, the influence of maternal provisioning on offspring sensitivity to high carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) conditions remains unknown. We separately reared offspring obtained from five wild-caught Atlantic silverside ( Menidia menidia ) females from fertilization to 16 days post hatch under contrasting CO 2 conditions (ambient: ~ 400 μatm, acidified: ~ 2,300 μatm), testing whether average survival during the embryo and larval stage, hatch length, final length, and growth rates were affected by CO 2, female identity, or their interaction. Average trait responses did not significantly differ between treatments (CO 2 or female identity), however, significant CO 2 × female identity interactions indicated that females produced offspring with different average CO 2 sensitivities. We then examined whether differential egg provisioning with fatty acids (FA) may partially explain the observed differences in offspring CO 2 sensitivities. Concentrations of 27 FAs in the unfertilized eggs of each female were measured. Cumulative absolute FA levels were negatively related to hatch length and to the log-transformed CO 2 response ratio of hatch length. Eggs with lower concentrations of 20:1 n 9 and 22:5 n 3 resulted in offspring where embryo survival was negatively impacted by high CO 2 . Eggs with higher concentrations of 18:3 n 3, 18:4 n 3, and 22:6 n 3 produced shorter offspring at hatching under high CO 2 conditions. These results indicate that maternal provisioning might be an additional determinant of CO 2 sensitivity in fish early life stages. Acidification experiments should therefore utilize large numbers of parents from different natural conditions and, where possible, track heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]