An assessment of the behaviors of overwintering manatees as influenced by interactions with tourists at two sites in central Florida

We used a combination of focal animal and scan samples over the course of two winter seasons to assess behavioral patterns of manatees as a function of the presence and activities of recreational swimmers and boats in and around Crystal River National Wildlife Refuge, Florida. The nature and outcome of human–manatee interactions and the frequency of harassment of manatees by swimmers (as defined by the US Fish and Wildlife Service) were also recorded. The use of protected (no-entry) sanctuaries by manatees was significantly greater when both the numbers of swimmers and boats increased, and when water temperatures were lower in surrounding areas. The time manatees spent bottom-resting and nursing decreased while the time spent milling and swimming increased when swimmers were present compared with when they were absent. Over half of the direct interactions recorded between swimmers and manatees constituted some form of harassment as defined by Refuge guidelines, and manatees were far more likely to terminate these interactions than were swimmers. We conclude that the existence of no-entry sanctuaries is very important for the conservation of manatees in the area and thought must be given to expanding the sanctuary network. Furthermore, additional efforts at enforcement and public education are needed. We address, qualitatively, several potential management options to better-secure manatees at this critical time of the year. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]