Genetic diversity of indigenous soybean-nodulating Bradyrhizobium elkanii from southern Japan and Nueva Ecija, Philippines.

Aims: Understanding the factors that influence the diversity of soybean-nodulating rhizobia is important before doing inoculation. Since studies about this topic in tropical regions are limited, this could lay the groundwork for related research particularly on Bradyrhizobium elkanii. Methods: To determine the genetic diversity of B. elkanii in different regions, we conducted Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and rpoB gene. Also, sequence analysis of symbiotic nifD and nodD1 genes was conducted. Results: Analysis of the rpoB gene revealed a higher genetic diversity than the ITS region, and possible endemic B. elkanii strains were observed. Meanwhile, no variation was detected among the strains in both nifD and nodD1 phylogenies. Through rpoB gene analysis, variations in the ITS- rpoB type of B. elkanii strains were distinguished and differentiated with that of the closest reference strains. We identified potential soybean inoculants which possess symbiotic efficiency regardless of the Rj genotypes used, suggesting broad host-range of the strains. Conclusions: We show how the genetic diversity of soybean-nodulating B. elkanii strains in subtropical and tropical regions might be influenced by temperature and soil pH and, provided some insights between the symbiotic genes and Rj genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]