Large eddy simulations and parameterisation of roughness element orientation and flow direction effects in rough wall boundary layers.

We conduct a series of large eddy simulations (LES) of turbulent boundary layers over arrays of cuboidal roughness elements at arbitrary orientation angles (non-frontal orientations with the incident flow). Flow response to changing roughness orientation is systematically studied at two ground coverage densities, λp= 0.06 and 0.11. As expected, the effective roughness heightszomeasured from LES are higher for λp= 0.11 than for λp= 0.06, although appreciable changes both inzoand wall shear stress (friction velocity) are observed at both ground coverage densities as the roughness orientation angle changes. This suggests the necessity of accounting for detailed rough wall topology (including more information than just λp, λf) when relating rough wall morphology to its aerodynamic properties. To this end, a recently developed analytical rough wall parameterisation is used to predict the aerodynamic properties of the simulated rough surfaces. In this rough wall model, wake interactions among roughness elements are explicitly modelled using the concept of sheltering height and exponential attenuation coefficient. As a result, the parameterisation is responsive to detailed ground roughness arrangements and flow conditions, including roughness height variations, element orientation, incident flow direction, transverse displacements, etc. Model-predicted effective roughness heights, wall stress, mean velocity at the height of the roughness, and in some cases displacement height, are compared against the LES measurements from this study as well as numerical/experiment measurements from other authors. The predictions from the model are found to agree well with the measurements both in trends and in absolute values, thus extending the applicability of the analytical rough wall model to more general surfaces than those previously tested. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]