Inequality in emissions: evidence from Indonesian household.

Although the literature on emission inequality is abundant, this study differentiates itself by focusing on emission inequality at the household-level. We further separate measures on emission inequality based on household characteristics as well as decompose it into sources of emission. The results show that as per capita expenditure increases, within group emission inequality tends to decline until the middle-income group but then further increase in expenditure worsens emission inequality. We also find that expenditure inequality is the predominant driver of emission inequality although recent increases in expenditure inequality have not lead to a commensurate increase in emission inequality. The decomposition of inequality based on emission sources suggests that energy-transportation predominantly contributes of the overall emission inequality; reducing the emission intensity of these sources would serve to lower emission inequality substantially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]