How to detect metal species preconcentrated by microextraction techniques?

Microextraction techniques, both liquid-liquid and solid-phase microextraction, are becoming increasingly popular as a sample pre-treatment step mainly due to their simplicity and environmental-friendliness. Nevertheless, the small amount of the sample obtained after preconcentration step requires application of special measurement techniques and/or development of different strategies used for introduction of micro-samples into spectroscopic instruments and chromatographs. In this review the most recent approaches that have been applied for introduction of micro-amounts of samples into different measurement systems are presented. Advantages and disadvantages of developed sample introduction systems as well as new achievements in these approaches are discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]