Functional ionotropic glutamate receptors on peripheral axons and myelin.

<bold>Introduction: </bold>Neurotransmitter-dependent signaling is traditionally restricted to axon terminals. However, receptors are present on myelinating glia, suggesting that chemical transmission may also occur along axons.<bold>Methods: </bold>Confocal microscopy and Ca(2+) -imaging using an axonally expressed FRET-based reporter was used to measure Ca(2+) changes and morphological alterations in myelin in response to stimulation of glutamate receptors.<bold>Results: </bold>Activation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors induced a Ca(2+) increase in axon cylinders. However, only the latter caused structural alterations in axons, despite similar Ca(2+) increases. Myelin morphology was significantly altered by NMDA receptor activation, but not by AMPA receptors. Cu(2+) ions influenced the NMDA receptor-dependent response, suggesting that this metal modulates axonal receptors. Glutamate increased ribosomal signal in Schwann cell cytoplasm.<bold>Conclusions: </bold>Axon cylinders and myelin of peripheral nervous system axons respond to glutamate, with a consequence being an increase in Schwann cell ribosomes. This may have implications for nerve pathology and regeneration. Muscle Nerve 54: 451-459, 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]