Helicobacter hepaticus model of infection: the human hepatocellular carcinoma controversy.

The discovery of Helicobacter 30 years ago by Marshall and Warren completely changed thought about peptic and duodenal ulcers. The previous paradigm posited the impossibility of the survival of microorganisms in the stomach's low pH environment and that, if any microorganisms survived, they would stay in the duodenum or elsewhere in the intestine. Today the role of H. pylori in carcinogenesis is indisputable, but little is known about other emerging species of the genus Helicobacter in humans. Helicobacter hepaticus is one of these species that has been studied most, after H. pylori. We now know about their microbiological, genetic and pathogenic relationships with HCC in murine and human infections. This review aims to show the medical and scientifi c community the existence of new species of Helicobacter that have pathogenic potential in humans, thus encouraging research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]