Characterisation of Multi-Layer Actuators.

Multi-layer actuators are used for applications that require large displacements at comparatively low drive voltages compared to monolithic materials. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate methods by which the complete device is characterised by measuring (i) the displacement profile using a non-contact three-dimensional profilometer and (ii) an adapted piezometer to measure the charge per unit force of the device. Experimental measurements are compared with predicted values using a simple analytical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]