A discrete element approach for modelling bendable crop stems.

A requirement for optimising crop processing machinery using DEM simulations is the application of virtual stems that behave realistically during deformation. In this study, data based bending models were developed for virtual segmented crop stems. These models combine realistic bending behaviour with a minimal number of model parameters. Also the effects of plastic deformation and damage were incorporated in the model. The bending model was successfully used to validate the bending behaviour of individual stems through comparison of simulations and validation measurements. It was also shown that the model is suitable for virtual stems with different numbers of segments. Moreover, based on a stem measurement it could be predicted what would happen to the same stem if it would have other dimensions or if it would be supported at different locations. Additional stem measurements were used to validate this. No significant difference ( α = 0.05 ) was observed between measurements and simulations. Finally, pendulum experiments showed that the deformation rate has no significant effect ( α = 0.05 ) on the deformation behaviour of individual crop stems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]