Graded effects of metallic foam cores for spherical sandwich shells subjected to close-in underwater explosion.

A fluid model is developed and used in combination with Abaqus/Explicit to investigate the effects of graded foam cores on the loading of a sandwich spherical shell subject to underwater explosion from the inner side, after having validated the modeling technique by reproducing results by other authors. Based on the relation between the core strength and the stiffness of the outer face sheet (OFS), four different situations are considered to discuss the graded effects. It is demonstrated that for the case of relatively strong cores and the OFS with low stiffness or soft cores and the OFS with high stiffness, the core arrangement of low/medium/high (relative density from the inside to the outside) has the best performance to shock loadings which is a consequence of the effects of the fluid–structure interaction and the energy absorption capability; on the other hand, for the case of intermediate core strengths and stiffness of the OFS where the pulling-back force due to the stretching of the OFS is close to the core strength, the configuration of high/medium/low has the best performance due to its higher energy absorption efficiency of the foam and lower transmitted stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]