Pushing Cultural Artifacts: Anti-American Responses to Globalization and Power in the Developing World, 2002 and 2013.

Seeking to understand the multi-dimensional nature of anti-Americanism in the developing world, this study considers a five-component model, its theoretical dimensions, and operationalization. Gaining a more robust understanding of the five components: power imbalance, globalization, culture, contention, and media use, the paper examines the usefulness of current measures through the use of both individual-level and national-level data. Examining international opinion at two points in time (2002 and 2013) in eighteen developing countries, the full proposed model predicted 28.75% of the variance in the dependent variable, American Opinion Scale, a measure of favorable opinions of the United States and Americans while the 2002 only version of the model predicted 30.9% of the variance in American Opinion Scale. Through a discussion and analysis of Hofstede's Cultural Indicators, the paper also explores the changing dynamics of culture in the midst of globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]