Trade-offs between seed output and life span - a quantitative comparison of traits between annual and perennial congeneric species.

The article quantitatively compares the traits between perennial and annual congeneric plant species, including in regard to the plants' seed yields, plant productivity, plant biomass and lifespans. An overview of the sustainability of grain crops, including in regard to their relationship with the ecosystem, is provided. An overview of variations in plant yields between perennials and annual plants is also provided.