Validity Inferences Under High-Stakes Conditions: A Response From Language Testing.

The author references literature on language testing in discussing the validity of score-based inferences in ascertaining ability in a context that allows for "reallocation" and "coaching". High-stakes tests such as the International English Language Testing System (IELTS) are likely to distort the teaching and learning efforts and hence validity concerns. With examples of policy implications as in the Citizenship test, the need for such testing to be accountable, fair and just is highlighted.