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The magnetic performance of NdFeB permanent magnets rapidly decreases as their operation temperature increases. This limits the power output of electric motors as their internal temperature quickly increases with the power demand. This is particularly problematic for applications where high peak power is required for a short period of time, for example during automobile highway acceleration or during an airplane lift-off. With the advances in additive manufacturing, one can envision to fabricate more complex motor geometries and magnetic structures, without additional costs, allowing for enhanced functionalities such as better thermal management. In this context, this paper investigates the feasibility of using phase changing materials (PCMs) to mitigate the temperature rise in permanent magnets (PMs) fabricated by additive manufacturing. The potential of PCM and its relevance was validated by modeling the thermal response of an electric motor during a representative electric vehicle driving scenario. It was found that segmented magnets with embedded phase changing materials would allow to efficiently control temperature rise. To validate the simulation results, PM test pieces with and without embedded PCMs were fabricated using cold spray additive manufacturing and tested using a custom laser thermal cycling setup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The correlated semiconductor vanadium dioxide (VO2) exhibits an insulator–metal transition (IMT) near room temperature, which is of interest in various device applications. Precise IMT temperature control is crucial to determine the use cases across technologies such as thermochromic windows, actuators for robots or neuronal oscillators. Doping the cation or anion sites can modulate the IMT by several tens of degrees and control hysteresis. However, modeling the effects of control parameters (e.g., doping concentration, type of dopants) is challenging due to complex experimental procedures and limited data, hindering the use of traditional data-driven machine learning approaches. Symbolic regression (SR) can bridge this gap by identifying nonlinear expressions connecting key input parameters to target properties, even with small data sets. In this work, we develop SR models to capture the IMT trends in VO2 influenced by different dopant parameters. Using experimental data from the literature, our study reveals a dual nature of the IMT temperature with varying tungsten (W) doping concentrations. The symbolic model captures data trends and accounts for experimental variability, providing a complementary approach to first-principles calculations. Our feature-driven analysis across a broader class of dopants informs selectivity and provides qualitative insights into tuning phase transition properties valuable for neuromorphic computing and thermochromic windows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports light narrowing in paraffin-coated vapor cells from room temperature 27 to 59 °C, where spin-exchange relaxation is suppressed. By means of a coating lock and eliminating the reservoir effect, an ultra-narrow magnetic resonance linewidth of 0.36 Hz and an atomic coherence lifetime of T 2 = 0.9 s are achieved. In cells free of buffer gas, the narrow linewidth over this broad temperature range is a result of enhanced spin polarization, which is facilitated by the effective suppression of radiation trapping benefiting from the stability of the vapor density. Using such cells in atomic magnetometers, the photon shot noise limit is estimated as 0.2 fT / Hz 1 / 2 and the spin-projection noise limit is estimated as 1.1 fT / Hz 1 / 2 . Also, a magnetometer system with the stable coated cell is identified, which demonstrates the potential for achieving relatively stable magnetometer sensitivity without precisely controlling the cell temperature. The long coherence lifetime and the broad operating temperature range expand the potential applications of quantum memory and other quantum sensors such as atomic clocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An accurate and efficient heat bath method plays a key role in atomic simulations of the thermal and mechanical properties of single-crystal silicon. Here, focusing on the single-crystal silicon (111) layer, which is a crucial lattice structure commonly employed as a substrate for chips, we propose a heat jet approach for finite temperature atomic simulations of silicon layers. First, we formulate the linearized dynamic equations for the silicon atoms and calculate the dispersion relation and lattice wave solutions. Then, an appropriate matching boundary condition is chosen for designing the two-way boundary condition, which allows incoming waves to inject into the lattice system while eliminating boundary reflections. Combining the two-way boundary condition and phonon heat source, the heat jet approach for the silicon (111) layer is proposed. Numerical tests illustrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the heat jet approach in simultaneously resolving thermal fluctuations and controlling temperature. Furthermore, we simulate the propagation of a Gaussian hump at a given temperature with the heat jet approach compared to the Nosé–Hoover heat bath. Numerical results demonstrate that the heat jet approach can well describe the movement of large structural deformations among thermal fluctuations without boundary reflections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine structural and magnetic properties of a series of La–Fe–Si alloys in the region of concentrations where they naturally form two-phase LaFeSi–LaFe13−xSix composites with variable content and connectivity of LaFe13−xSix grains distributed within the LaFeSi matrix. Theoretical calculations confirm that the LaFeSi constituent is magnetically and structurally inert below room temperature and at pressures between −10 and 10 GPa. The LaFe13−xSix constituent, on the other hand, is magnetically and structurally active: it exhibits first-order magnetostructural transformations that, in addition to xSi, can be controlled with temperature, magnetic field, and pressure. In composites where the concentration of the inactive constituent is ∼70 wt. % or greater, the standard, single-step, LaFe13−xSix first-order phase transformation proceeds in two steps separated by over 30 K in a zero magnetic field. Increasing the magnetic field recouples the two steps and restores the single-step phase transformation pathway. We analyze the roles of stresses caused by both thermal expansion mismatch and the first-order magnetic phase transition in LaFe13−xSix to rationalize the observed physical behaviors that emerge as the temperature or/and magnetic field vary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermoelectric coolers (TECs) offer a promising solution for direct cooling of local hotspots and active thermal management in advanced electronic systems. However, TECs present significant trade-offs among spatial cooling, heating, and power consumption. The optimization of TECs requires extensive simulations, which are impractical for managing actual systems with multiple hotspots under spatial and temporal variations. In this study, we present a novel machine learning-assisted optimization algorithm for thermoelectric coolers that can achieve global optimal temperature by individually controlling TEC units based on real-time multi-hotspot conditions across the entire domain. We train a convolutional neural network with a combination of the inception module and multi-task learning approach to comprehend the coupled thermal-electrical physics underlying the system and attain accurate predictions for both temperature and power consumption with and without TECs. Due to the intricate interaction among passive thermal gradient, Peltier effect and Joule effect, a local optimal TEC control experiences spatial temperature trade-off which may not lead to a global optimal solution. To address this issue, we develop a backtracking-based optimization algorithm using the machine learning model to iterate all possible TEC assignments for attaining global optimal solutions. For any m × n matrix with NHS hotspots (n, m ≤ 10, 1 ≤ NHS ≤ 20), our algorithm is capable of providing 52.4% peak temperature reduction and its corresponding TEC array control within an average of 1.64 s while iterating through tens of temperature predictions behind-the-scenes. This represents a speed increase of over three orders of magnitude compared to traditional finite element method strategies which take approximately 27 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhanced sampling algorithms are indispensable when working with highly disconnected multimodal distributions. An important application of these is the conformational exploration of particular internal degrees of freedom of molecular systems. However, despite the existence of many commonly used enhanced sampling algorithms to explore these internal motions, they often rely on system-dependent parameters, which negatively impact efficiency and reproducibility. Here, we present fully adaptive simulated tempering (FAST), a variation of the irreversible simulated tempering algorithm, which continuously optimizes the number, parameters, and weights of intermediate distributions to achieve maximally fast traversal over a space defined by the change in a predefined thermodynamic control variable such as temperature or an alchemical smoothing parameter. This work builds on a number of previously published methods, such as sequential Monte Carlo, and introduces a novel parameter optimization procedure that can, in principle, be used in any expanded ensemble algorithms. This method is validated by being applied on a number of different molecular systems with high torsional kinetic barriers. We also consider two different soft-core potentials during the interpolation procedure and compare their performance. We conclude that FAST is a highly efficient algorithm, which improves simulation reproducibility and can be successfully used in a variety of settings with the same initial hyperparameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PtS2, a member of the group 10 transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), has received extensive attention because of its excellent electrical properties and air stability. However, there are few reports on the preparation of single-crystal PtS2 in the literature, and the growth mechanism of single crystal PtS2 is not well elucidated. In this work, we proposed a method of preparation that combines magnetron sputtering and chemical vapor transport to obtain monocrystalline PtS2 on a SiO2/Si substrate. By controlling the growth temperature and time, we have synthesized a single crystalline PtS2 of hexagonal shape and size of 1–2 μm on a silicon substrate. Combining the molecular dynamics simulation, the growth mechanism of single crystal PtS2 was investigated both experimentally and theoretically. The synthesis method has a short production cycle and low cost, which opens the door for the fabrication of other TMDs single crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrate modulation of insulator metal transition (IMT) of VO2 films grown on single crystalline substrates through the effect of in-plane compression with crystallization of capping chalcogenide layer on the targeted VO2 films. Chalcogenide germanium–antimony–telluride (Ge2Sb2Te5: GST), which shows large volume reduction of 6.8% with its phase change from amorphous to crystal, was deposited on VO2 films grown on Al2O3 (001) and TiO2 (001) substrates, where V–V atoms along the cR-axis in the tetragonal VO2 phase align parallel and perpendicular to the substrate surfaces, respectively. As a result, counter shifts in temperature-dependence of resistance characteristics, to lower and higher directions, were observed for VO2 films on Al2O3 (001) and TiO2 (001), consistent with the lattice modulation of VO2 films by the in-plane compression introduced by GST crystallization. The obtained results open a way to realize large resistance change of IMT under constant temperature by controlling GST phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding and modulating the spin-pair correlation of conjugated polymer materials in π-conjugated polymer light-emitting devices (PLEDs) plays a crucial role in the development of their applications. We investigated the relationships between the internal hyperfine interactions (HFIs), triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA), and triplet–charge annihilation (TCA) spin evolution processes in π-conjugated PLED. Research has shown that in a unipolar π-conjugated PLED, the "M" shaped ultra-small magnetic field effect is due to the HFI between hole polarons and the spin-mixing process of charge carriers. Under high magnetic fields (15 mT<|B|<350 mT), the TCA process dominates the negative magneto-conductance (MC), and its intensity and sign are not controlled by temperature. In polar π-conjugated PLED, excess carriers can provide conditions for the generation of TCA. Moreover, π-conjugated polymers (emission layers) have relatively strong electron–phonon coupling, which can capture triplet excitons into adjacent organic layers to obtain higher triplet exciton concentrations, resulting in the TTA process. Under low-temperature conditions, excess carriers induce the magneto-electroluminescence (MEL) effect to undergo TTA and form P-type delayed fluorescence. This study can provide a new mechanism explanation for the HFI in PLED devices and a new approach for the effective utilization of triplets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular dynamics simulations have been widely used in exploring the nucleation behavior of many systems, including gas hydrates. Gas hydrates are ice-like solids in which gas molecules are trapped in water cages. During hydrate formation, a considerable amount of heat is released, and previous work has reported that the choice of temperature control scheme may affect the behavior of hydrate formation. The origins of this effect have remained an open question. To address this question, extensive NVE simulations and thermostatted (NPT and NVT) simulations with different temperature coupling strengths have been performed and compared for systems where a water nanodroplet is immersed in a H2S liquid. Detailed analysis of the hydrate structures and their mechanisms of formation has been carried out. Slower nucleation rates in NVE simulations in comparison to NPT simulations have been observed in agreement with previous studies. Probability distributions for various temperature measures along with their spatial distributions have been examined. Interestingly, a comparison of these temperature distributions reveals a small yet noticeable difference in the widths of the distributions for water. The somewhat reduced fluctuations in the temperature for the water species in the NVE simulations appear to be responsible for reducing the hydrate nucleation rate. We further conjecture that the NVE-impeded nucleation rate may be the result of the finite size of the surroundings (here the liquid H2S portion of the system). Additionally, a local spatial temperature gradient arising from the heat released during hydrate formation could not be detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercooling can preserve food in its original fresh state below its ice point temperature without freezing. However, the supercooled state is unstable in thermodynamics, state breakdown can occur at any moment, resulting in irregular and larger ice crystals formation, leading to food tissue damage, and loss of quality and nutrients. While the effectiveness of supercooling preservation has been verified in the lab and pilot scale tests, the stability of the supercooled state of food remains an open question, posing a limitation for larger industrial-scale application of supercooling preservation. Based on this background, this review presents the instability mechanisms of supercooling preservation and summarizes the factors such as food properties (e.g., material size, food components, specific surface area, and surface roughness) and preservation circumstances (e.g., cooling rate, temperature variation, and mechanical disturbance) that influence the stability of the supercooled state of food. The review also discusses novel techniques for enhancing the supercooling capacity and their limitations (e.g., precise temperature control and magnetic field). Further studies are necessary to comprehensively evaluate the effects of influence factors and supercooling technologies on supercooling, realizing the true sense of 'no-crystal' food products under subzero temperature preservation conditions in commercial applications. HIGHLIGHTS: Supercooling can maximize the potential of low temperature in food preservation. Supercooled state of food is unstable, with many factors affecting its stability. The quality of foodstuffs with supercooled failure is unacceptable. Instability of supercooling limits its large application in food industry. Novel technologies are developed to enhance the state stability of food supercooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep within coal gangue hills, there is a substantial amount of wasted thermal energy. Prolonged accumulation of these hills leads to significant damage to the atmosphere and soil. Gravity heat pipes, as efficient heat transfer components, can safely, efficiently, and conveniently extract the accumulated heat in gangue hills to achieve effective thermal control. In this study, we first analyzed the optimal height of the heat dissipation fins through a single fin heat dissipation model. Then, we determined the optimum spacing between the heat dissipation fins through analysis with multiple fins. The results showed that when the height of the heat dissipation fins was 80 mm and the spacing between fins was 80 mm, the heat dissipation performance and economic costs were most reasonable. Through an engineering trial conducted for 143 days at the Maotergou coal mine gangue hill, it was found that the average heat dissipation rate of a single gravity heat pipe ranged from 243.52W to 494.32W. The total heat dissipation during the entire experimental process was 54.39 kJ, and the total heat dissipation at the elevation of 890 meters was 1087.71 kJ. This indicates that managing the internal temperature accumulation in coal gangue hills using gravity heat pipes is entirely feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Gasification-combustion reduces the volatilization rate of heavy metals. • The ideal gasification temperature to control heavy metal volatilization is 700 °C. • The ideal RA to control heavy metal volatilization is 0.5. • Composition is the key factor affecting heavy metal migration of RSW. • An evaluation index of heavy metal volatilization risk was proposed. The miniaturized gasification-combustion model has potential advantages in treatment of rural solid waste (RSW) in China. In this study, the gasification-combustion technology concerning air-staged technology was employed in the treatment of seven combustible components in RSW, focusing on the analysis of heavy metal migration characteristics. Firstly, a comparison was made between combustion and gasification-combustion regarding the migration characteristics of heavy metals, demonstrating that gasification-combustion effectively reduces the volatilization rate of heavy metals. The largest reduction in volatility was 12.99 % for Cu. Secondly, this study explored reaction temperatures and oxygen concentration in the gasification zone, concluding that under experimental conditions mentioned herein, optimal gasification temperatures for curing heavy metals were determined to be 700 °C while maintaining an optimal ratio of air (RA) at 0.5 during gasification. Finally, the interaction of inorganic elements with different components on heavy metal migration was revealed by co-gasification-combustion of equal mass mixture of two components. The P, S, Cl contents and the inorganic mineralogical composition of the RSW are the key factors influencing the transport properties of heavy metals. The two-component synergistic effect of RSW studied in this paper has guiding significance for limiting the proportion of RSW components to control heavy metal emission in gasification-combustion process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modeling of electrochemical and thermal characteristics of proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer is significant in the hydrogen production process. However, the calculation of electrode impedance and double-layer capacitance during operation is not accurate enough currently, and the electrothermal coupling characteristics of hydrogen production devices are not fully considered. In this paper, the multi-stage equivalent circuit of the PEM electrolyzer is designed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the time-constant fitting method. In addition, according to the temperature control system of the actual hydrogen production device, the electro-thermal model of the PEM electrolyzer is established, in which the fuzzy PID control is used to maintain the temperature stability. Moreover, the electrical characteristics and temperature characteristics are simulated in different time scales. Finally, compared to the existing models, the proposed model is more accurate, and it indicates that the proposed model has better accuracy against the existing models. • This model of PEM electrolyzer considers both electrical and thermal characteristics. • The equivalent circuit model contains three stages of starting, electrolysis and shutdown. • EIS fitting and time-constant method are combined to simulate the dynamic characteristics. • Temperature control system based on Fuzzy PID algorithm is modeled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

–High-temperature Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell (SOEC) may generate excessive local temperature differences during transient operation, which can affect its electrochemical performance and thermal safety. Therefore, this study develops a localized temperature difference control strategy based on a temperature observer, which can avoid a series of issues such as sealing failure caused by the installation of thermocouples. Firstly, a discrete thermoelectric coupling model was developed, dividing SOEC along the flow direction into five nodes. This model was rigorously validated and refined using actual sensor data, including voltage and outlet temperature. Subsequently, a temperature observer for the SOEC's local temperature distribution was designed using a NARX neural network. Finally, an adaptive PID algorithm-based local temperature difference controller was developed, employing the local temperature data provided by the observer as the controlled variable. The effectiveness of the controller was verified under conditions such as excessive electrolysis current and air leakage. The test results show that the response time of the open-loop NARX observer is only 2 s, with the observation error controlled within 0.09K, providing a stable and reliable control variable for the local temperature difference controller. The local temperature difference control strategy effectively ensures that all thermal safety indicators remain within the specified range, demonstrating higher safety and reliability compared to traditional inlet and outlet temperature difference control methods. • A discrete thermoelectric coupling model for the SOEC was developed and subsequently validated by experiments. • A temperature observer based on NARX neural network was designed to eliminate the need for thermocouple. • A local temperature difference control strategy based on adaptive PID algorithm was proposed to enhance SOEC thermal safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of renewable energy, dynamic control is crucial for large-scale alkaline water electrolysis systems. Under traditional Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control, the system's temperature and impurity levels may exceed safe limits during sudden load changes, compromising system safety. Therefore, this study proposes a control strategy based on mathematical models of system temperature and impurities, including Model Predictive Control (MPC) for temperature and Optimal Curve Tracking (OCT) for impurities. The MPC controller offsets the disturbances in temperature caused by current fluctuations through state prediction, while the OCT controller ensures that impurity levels remain within safe limits. Real-time application of these control strategies is achieved through MATLAB-PLC communication, validating controller performance. Experimental results show that the MPC controller exhibits excellent dynamic response and stability in controlling the stack temperature, with a maximum temperature peak deviation of only 2.9 K and a temperature fluctuation range of 5.9 K. This represents a reduction of 1.6 K in peak deviation compared to traditional PID controllers and significantly decreases the temperature fluctuation range. The OCT controller also demonstrates good safety and stability in controlling hydrogen to oxygen (HTO) impurity levels, consistently maintaining the HTO content at the set upper limit of 1.5%, thereby expanding the safe operational range of the system and reducing the need for frequent adjustments to the system setpoints. • Established thermal dynamic and steady-state impurity models for the system. • Proposed new temperature and impurity control strategies for chemical production. • Proposed a MPC temperature controller and an OCT impurity controller. • Implemented a real-time control system with MATLAB-PLC communication. • Enhanced system stability and expanded operating margins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peromyscus sonoriensis is a widespread species ranging from southern Texas to the Yukon, from the Mississippi to the Pacific. Because of this extensive range, there are substantial differences in morphology due to variation in temperature, precipitation, and habitat. We used 2 data sets (n = 4,840 and n = 20,175) to study morphological differences of their crania and appendages. Consistent with Allen's rule (shorter appendages with colder temperature), both data sets show a strong, positive, correlation between tail length and the average January temperature. However, there was an equally strong, but negative, correlation between tail length and average July temperature. We observed similar results for feet and crania. Ear length had a significant negative correlation with July average temperature but no correlation with January average temperature. When we controlled for temperature, cranial and appendage length increased with latitude, which was opposite of what we expected. Furthermore, longitude had a strong impact as mice trapped further west had longer appendages. When divided into habitats, forest deer mice are more likely than prairie or desert deer mice to demonstrate morphological responses to differences in climate, location, and year trapped. Our results show that P. sonoriensis exhibit notable morphological variation linked to location, habitat, and climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small-scale pumps for controlling microfluidics have promising applications in drug delivery and chemical assays. Liquid metal (LM) demonstrates excellent flow pumping performance due to its simple structure and the electrocapillary effect under an electric field. However, LM droplets risk escaping from constrained structures, which can lead to pump failure. Temperature regulation is also a critical parameter in optimizing chemical reactions in fluidic systems, however, integrating it into a compact system remains challenging. Here, we develop a temperature-triggered gallium-based actuator (TTGA) by introducing a gallium (Ga) droplet wetted on a copper (Cu) plate as the core element for flow actuation. The Cu plate prevents the Ga droplet from escaping the chamber and significantly increases the flow rate. By leveraging the electrochemical method to inhibit the supercooling effect of Ga, the TTGA enables activation/deactivation for flow actuation at different temperatures. We investigate the impact of electrode position, solution concentration, and applied voltage on TTGA's pumping efficiency. By dynamically tuning the Ga droplet's temperature to control phase transition, TTGA allows for accurate flow actuation control. Furthermore, placing Ga and eutectic Ga-indium (EGaIn) droplets in different channels enables the expected flow divergence for fluids with different temperatures. The development of TTGA presents new opportunities in microfluidics and biomedical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Temperature abnormalities are common after spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Here, we aimed to describe the evolution of temperature burden despite temperature control and to assess its impact on outcome parameters. Methods: This retrospective observational study of prospectively collected data included 375 consecutive patients with SAH admitted to the neurological intensive care unit between 2010 and 2022. Daily fever (defined as the area over the curve above 37.9 °C multiplied by hours with fever) and spontaneous hypothermia burden (< 36.0 °C) were calculated over the study period of 16 days. Generalized estimating equations were used to calculate risk factors for increased temperature burdens and the impact of temperature burden on outcome parameters after correction for predefined variables. Results: Patients had a median age of 58 years (interquartile range 49–68) and presented with a median Hunt & Hess score of 3 (interquartile range 2–5) on admission. Fever (temperature > 37.9 °C) was diagnosed in 283 of 375 (76%) patients during 14% of the monitored time. The average daily fever burden peaked between days 5 and 10 after admission. Higher Hunt & Hess score (p = 0.014), older age (p = 0.033), and pneumonia (p = 0.022) were independent factors associated with delayed fever burden between days 5 and 10. Increased fever burden was independently associated with poor 3-month functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale 3–6, p = 0.027), poor 12-month functional outcome (p = 0.020), and in-hospital mortality (p = 0.045), but not with the development of delayed cerebral ischemia (p = 0.660) or intensive care unit length of stay (p = 0.573). Spontaneous hypothermia was evident in the first three days in patients with a higher Hunt & Hess score (p < 0.001) and intraventricular hemorrhage (p = 0.047). Spontaneous hypothermia burden was not associated with poor 3-month outcome (p = 0.271). Conclusions: Early hypothermia was followed by fever after SAH. Increased fever time burden was associated with poor functional outcome after SAH and could be considered for neuroprognostication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ready-to-eat sea cucumbers (RSC) are highly sensitive to quality deterioration during storage at room temperature. The study investigated the anti-deterioration effects of high-pressure steam sterilization (HPSS) and high-temperature boiling (HTB) on RSC, as well as the impact of secondary bonds on HTB-treated RSC. The results indicated that there were no significant changes in the secondary structure following thermal treatment. Compared to day 0, the maximum thermal denaturation temperature of collagen in the control (CT) group decreased by 24.49℃, while decreases in the HPSS and HTB groups were 8.53℃ and 9.8℃, respectively. This confirmed that the stabilization of RSC could be enhanced through HPSS and HTB treatment during storage. When hydrogen bonds are destroyed, the texture properties of HTB-treated RSC significantly decrease, with hardness values dropping to 3.65±0.514 N and 2.41±0.615 N, springiness to 7.52±1.342 mm and 7.69±0.066 mm, and chewiness to 19.7±1.211 mj and 16.6±1.837 mj, respectively. Furthermore, the degradation of collagen fibers due to the breaking of hydrogen bonds prior to storage was more pronounced. These findings indicate that hydrogen bonds play a crucial role in maintaining the storage stability of RSC. These results offer a theoretical foundation and technical assistance for the processing and storage of RSC. [Display omitted] • Ready-to-eat sea cucumbers was subjected to self-degradation during storage at 25℃. • Thermal treatment could improve the storage stability of ready-to-eat sea cucumbers. • Hydrogen bonds affects the texture properties of ready-to-eat sea cucumbers. • Hydrogen bonds have a greater impact on the quality of ready-to-eat sea cucumbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Climate‐change‐induced shifts in the timing of leaf emergence during spring have been widely documented and have important ecological consequences. However, mechanistic knowledge regarding what controls the timing of spring leaf emergence is incomplete. Field‐based studies under natural conditions suggest that climate‐warming‐induced decreases in cold temperature accumulation (chilling) have expanded the dormancy duration or reduced the sensitivity of plants to warming temperatures (thermal forcing) during spring, thereby slowing the rate at which the timing of leaf emergence is shifting earlier in response to ongoing climate change. However, recent studies have argued that the apparent reductions in temperature sensitivity may arise from artefacts in the way that temperature sensitivity is calculated, while other studies based on statistical and mechanistic models specifically designed to quantify the role of chilling have shown conflicting results. Methods: We analysed four commonly used combinations of phenology and temperature datasets obtained from remote sensing and ground observations to elucidate whether current model‐based approaches robustly quantify how chilling, in concert with thermal forcing, controls the timing of leaf emergence during spring under current climate conditions. Results: We show that widely used modeling approaches that are calibrated using field‐based observations misspecify the role of chilling under current climate conditions as a result of statistical artefacts inherent to the way that chilling is parameterised. Our results highlight the limitations of existing modelling approaches and observational data in quantifying how chilling affects the timing of spring leaf emergence and suggest that decreasing chilling arising from climate warming may not constrain near‐future shifts towards earlier leaf emergence in extra‐tropical ecosystems worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-split backplane cooling, a typical rack-level cooling technology, has the advantage of solving local hot-spot problems with huge energy-saving potential. These systems adopt the multi-split mode, and the operation effect is affected by terminal control performance. However, there are factors in the operation process, such as superheat degree (SH), rack airflow, evaporating/condensing pressures, etc., which improve the control complication, particularly under large head load differences among different terminals. Therefore, appreciative control strategies for outlet air temperatures of terminal evaporators, including single-loop control limited by minimum stable superheat degree (SLC) and fan/electronic expansion valve (EEV) double-loop control (DLC), are proposed considering that cooling performance can be affected by both refrigerant flow and airflow. Then, comparative simulation studies are carried out to evaluate energy efficiency, control effect, and feasibility under the condition of different server heat distribution characteristics. Results indicate that the DLC strategy achieves 23 % higher energy efficiency than the SLC strategy with a better temperature control effect when the inlet air temperature (IAT) difference between terminal evaporators is within ±5K. The SLC strategy has better reliability by more stable control of SH at IATs below 42°C, but it may lead to cooling failure when IATs exceed 42°C. An insufficient liquid supply problem may happen to the evaporator adopting the DLC strategy when the IAT is too high, which can be solved by adjusting the pressure differential between the evaporator and condenser. Moreover, the DLC system exhibits intense coupling effects, and how to decouple it is worthy of further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The dynamic model for VCRS based on the Switched Moving-Boundary method is built. • The impact of environmental disturbances on the refrigeration performance is studied. • A hybrid paradigm combining online identification and adaptive control is proposed. • The overshoot performance is optimized at 10–4 magnitude in uncertain environments. • Adaptive control's IAE by 2–3 orders of magnitude compared to traditional control. Vapor compression refrigeration systems (VCRS) occupy a crucial position in modern society and in the field of thermal sciences. However, the operation of VCRS is subjected to both external disturbances (dynamic-changing environment) and inherent system characteristics (coupling or nonlinear features), leading to issues like reduced refrigeration efficiency and significant fluctuations in cooling capacity. To address these challenges and enhance the adaptability of VCRS in dynamically changing environments, this study establishes a dynamic simulation model for VCRS based on the Switched Moving-Boundary method. The impact of external environmental disturbances on refrigeration performance is investigated, and continuous online identification methods are employed to elucidate its internal coupling characteristics and nonlinear features. The adaptive temperature control method is introduced, benefiting from the developed recursive least squares method with a forgetting factor for online identification, achieving precise model identification which facilities the real-time parameters tuning of adaptive controller. The results indicate that the hybrid paradigm of online identification and adaptive control algorithm not only effectively handles various disturbances but also reduces overshoot and IAE by 2–3 orders of magnitude compared to traditional PID controllers. Adaptive PID control maintains overshoot in the 10–4 order of magnitude and IAE in the 10–5 order of magnitude. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elastomeric foams are composite materials comprising of a polymeric elastomer and interconnected gas‐filled pores, endowing them with exceptional compliance and the ability to undergo large, reversible deformations along with substantial volume change. These foams find extensive utility in contexts demanding compliance and compressibility, such as impact protection and cushioning, spanning a diverse range of applications. Changing temperature can dramatically alter foam stiffness, strength and deformation characteristics specifically around the material's glassy‐rubbery transition temperature (Tg). With the aim of informing new constitutive model developments for elastomeric foams, we conducted a comprehensive series of large deformation, homogeneous compression and tension tests across strain rates from 10−2 s−1 to 100 s−1 and ambient temperatures ranging from −10°C to 50°C covering an even range around the material's Tg of 20°C. To achieve precise control of ambient temperatures during mechanical testing, we constructed a custom‐designed environmental chamber for controlling the ambient temperature from −10°C to 50°C with a variation of less than 1°C. The obtained digital image correlation based stress‐strain data shows significant tension‐compression asymmetry as well as significant dependence on strain rate and ambient temperature, especially above and below the glass transition temperature. We provide full access to these data sets for the future development of rate‐ and temperature‐dependent constitutive models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to further advance the manufacturing and precision machining of the internal meshing gear with parabola curve configuration, we offer a grinding manufacturing process in this study. Based on the fundamental principle of gear transmission, in the form grinding process, we calculate the gear-wheel contact line equation using Newton–Raphson method. Furtherly, we established the spatial coordinate system for the grinding wheel-internal gear and derived the normal profile of grinding wheel for forming process. To estimate tooth profile errors after simulating the form grinding process, we introduced an enhanced transversal algorithm and the outcomes affirm the accuracy of the form grinding process. A single tooth of the meshing gear is created and the simulation analysis to investigate the influence of different grinding parameters on temperature variation was also carried out under both dry and wet grinding conditions. This information will be instrumental in optimizing and controlling temperature during the grinding process. The research conclusions provide a crucial theoretical basis and engineering analysis for the practical application of new internal gears in form grinding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pursuit of energy-efficient and uniform processing drives ongoing research in microwave-assisted freeze drying (MWFD). While microwave application is acknowledged for its potential to reduce energy consumption of freeze drying applications, it introduces new challenges to gentle processing, particularly in achieving uniformity of processing due to the inherent uneven microwave field distribution in the drying chamber. This study investigates the impact of maximum drying temperature (Tmax) and microwave power input on energy consumption and uniformity in temperature-controlled MWFD. Experimental results reveal that shorter equilibration times associated with higher Tmax significantly amplify the inhomogeneity of temperature distribution. Further, higher Tmax was associated with a significant reduction in total energy demand of MWFD. Despite noticeable trends, microwave power input did not yield statistically significant differences in energy consumption or uniformity. The limited range of explored values, combined with the temperature-controlled nature of the process, may have rendered a potential influence of microwave power input negligible. This research elucidates the extent of inhomogeneity in MWFD, with implications for achieving uniform, gentle drying. It highlights the critical role of temperature control in MWFD. The study contributes to advancing the understanding of optimal processing in temperature-controlled MWFD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technology of post-larval farming is increasingly being valued by aquaculture farmers and enterprises. The objective of this study is to determine an appropriate temperature restriction mode through temperature training to achieve greater compensatory growth potential. We cultured PL whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) at either low (25℃) or high (31℃) temperature for 20 days (restriction stage) and then transferred them to a control temperature (28℃) for 20 days (compensation stage). The compensatory growth observed under low temperature restriction showed that shrimp can recover and exhibit over-compensatory growth after growth restriction. Specific growth ratio and enzyme activity analyses indicated that the shrimp required 10 days or more to adapt to temperature stress. The relative expression levels of hsp60, tor, and s6k in the low temperature group were downregulated during the early stage of the restriction period, but were continually upregulated during the compensation period. This result indicates that although short-term restrictions may lead to growth retardation, growth will resume as the temperature recovers. When shrimp were challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus E1, the damage caused by infection after low temperature restriction and compensation was delayed and not severe. This indicates that the disease resistance of shrimp was improved after low temperature restriction. In contrast, shrimp in the high temperature group showed more severe damage than those in the control group at all time points after pathogen infection, indicating that high temperature restriction made the shrimp more susceptible to pathogenic Vibrio. Transcriptome analysis revealed abundant pathways related to energy metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, protein synthesis, and cell growth in the low temperature restriction-recovery group, which highlighted the importance of optimizing the nutrient supply, especially protein and amino acid to enhance compensatory growth. In summary, after 20 days of low temperature training, PL shrimp exhibited significant compensatory growth, which not only promoted the growth, but also enhanced the body's resistance to V. parahaemolyticus. Therefore, this culture technique can be used for aquaculture practices in PL shrimp cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Oxygen vacancy engineering in transition metal oxides is an effective strategy for improving catalytic performance. Herein, defect-enriched Mn 2 O 3 catalysts were constructed by controlling the calcination temperature. The high content of oxygen vacancies and accompanying Mn4+ ions were generated in Mn 2 O 3 catalysts calcined at low temperature, which could greatly improve the low-temperature reducibility and migration of surface oxygen species. DFT theoretical calculations further confirmed that molecular oxygen and toluene were easily adsorbed over defective α-Mn 2 O 3 (2 2 2) facets with an energy of −0.29 and −0.48 eV, respectively, and corresponding O O bond length is stretched to 1.43 Å, resulting in the highly reactive oxygen species. Mn 2 O 3 -300 catalyst with abundant oxygen vacancies exhibited the highest specific reaction rate and lowest activation energy. Furthermore, the optimized catalyst possessed the outstanding stability, water tolerance and CO 2 yield. In comparison with the fresh Mn 2 O 3 -300 catalyst, the physical structure and surface property of the used catalyst remained almost unchanged regardless of whether undergoing the stability test at consecutive catalytic runs as well as high temperature, and water resistance test. In situ DRIFTS spectra further elucidated that introducing the water vapor had little effect on the reaction intermediates, indicating the excellent durability of the defect-enriched catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a battery thermal management system based on L-shaped heat pipes coupled with liquid cooling. Experimental and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation studies have been conducted on the performance of the thermal management system. The thermal performance of three heat dissipation methods including forced air cooling, bottom liquid cooling and heat pipe coupled liquid cooling were compared. The results demonstrate that the coupling system can control the maximum temperature and temperature difference of the module at 30.12°C and 2.02°C at a 3C discharge rate. Compared with forced air cooling and bottom liquid cooling, the maximum temperature was decreased by 30.16% and 17.01% and the temperature difference was decreased by 72.14% and 77.20%, respectively. Studied the impact of factors such as coolant flow rate, the number of liquid-cooled plate channels, and the coolant inlet temperature under different ambient temperatures on the thermal management performance of the coupled system. By monitoring the maximum temperature of the module and the ambient temperature, a method for controlling the flow rate and the inlet temperature of the cooling water has been developed to implement an intermittent liquid cooling strategy for the battery module. Intermittent liquid cooling at various ambient temperatures can obtain similar thermal management performance to continuous liquid cooling, while significantly reducing liquid cooling energy consumption. Compared to continuous liquid cooling, intermittent liquid cooling can reduce energy consumption by a maximum of 97.05% and a minimum of 30.00%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-geothermal damage is one of the major challenges in high-speed railway tunnel construction. Current studies have shortcomings in the formation mechanism of tunnel environment and the environment evaluation system. This may lead to an over-optimal environmental acceptability evaluation and jeopardize tunnel construction safety. This study established a mathematical model of the tunnel environment formation mechanism, proposed the wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) standard (26.49°C) for the tunnel construction, analysed the cooling efficiency of different environmental control measures. The results show that increasing the mechanical air supply volume can reduce tunnel temperature. Fog cannon can reduce the air temperature near the tunnel working face, the cooling range in front of the tunnel working face is 10.8 m. The cooling shield can control the WBGT below the standard. Under the 90°C rock temperature, the environmental acceptability of the tunnel under pure mechanical ventilation is 0%; the single fog cannon and double fog cannon (both cooperate with double-duct ventilation) are 22.85% and 54.29% respectively; the cooling shield with one fog cannon and double duct ventilation is 95.72%. This study improves the tunnel environment evaluation system during the construction stage, and provides design reference for temperature control measures in tunnel construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooling applications in machining have a significant role to play, and many functions cannot be carried out effectively without cooling. Coolant controls tool life by reducing cutting temperatures, dimensional precision, surface roughness, and power consumed in machining, there by improving productivity. Conventional coolants are commonly used to control the cutting temperature. However, the hike in global carbon emissions has happened due to excessive use of coolants in manufacturing industries. As a result, according to the International Organization for Standardization, it is critical to minimise the demand for energy consumption and carbon emissions. The need for renewable and biodegradable coolants is due to environmental concerns and rising regulations on pollution and emissions. In this paper, various attempts carried out by researchers are discussed to overcome these challenges. Hence, the uses of biodegradable coolants are being suggested to improve the machinability of metals. However, the research in the sea areas is relatively less. Hence, present review explores advances in biodegradable coolants through the use of different biodegradables and their efficiency in machining. Indeed, these biodegradable coolants significantly decreased the ecological problems caused by mineral-based coolants. As a conclusion, future research should concentrate on these aspects. This is a step towards sustainable greenmachining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is of paramount importance to gain a comprehensive understanding of the internal and external factors contributing to thermal runaway in commercial LiFePO4 lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in order to ensure the safe operation of the battery and to control any potential risks. In this work, we investigate the progression of internal temperature and cycle performance of commercial LiFePO4 LIBs when they are subjected to a range of extreme operational conditions, including short circuits, overcharging, punctures, and external pressure. A simulation has been employed to elucidate the mechanism of thermal runaway induced by continuous high temperatures. The findings indicate that, while harsh operating environments can elevate internal battery temperatures and reduce performance, they are not the fundamental cause of thermal runaway. Instead, it is the continuous exposure to high temperatures above a critical threshold that serve as the primary trigger. Therefore, the most effective method of preventing heat-related loss of control in batteries is to control the ambient temperature and avoid prolonged exposure to high temperature. Furthermore, it is imperative to implement comprehensive emergency protocols for high-temperature scenarios and to take proactive measures in extreme environments to prevent safety incidents resulting from battery thermal runaway. This study offers insights into exploring the root causes of thermal runaway, investigating both internal and external factors with the aim of enhancing safe and stable operation within large-scale LiFePO4 LIBs energy storage systems. It contributes towards revealing the complex multi-dimensional evolution mechanism and coupling effects within LiFePO4-based LIBs energy storage systems throughout their lifecycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysaccharides isolated from microalgae species have shown various biological properties. In this study, the response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the extraction conditions of crude polysaccharides from Chlorella by double enzymatic hydrolysis method (DEH). The systematic analysis of RSM revealed that the maximum yield of crude polysaccharides was obtained by adding 1.48% double enzymes (cellulose: papain = 1:1), controlling the hydrolysis temperature of 38.13 °C and pH of 5.34. Then, the crude polysaccharides were divided into three parts, named as F1, F2, and F3, using a DEAE Sepharose FF column, and the molecular weights of F1, F2, and F3 are 21.75 KDa, 1058 KDa, 5576 KDa, respectively. Monosaccharide composition analysis showed that the main constituents in F1 and F2 were Galactose (62.90% and 41.85%), while F3 was commonly composed of 39.55% Arabinose and 32.33% Rhamnose. All polysaccharides contained characteristic absorption peaks of polysaccharides with functional groups (O-H, C-H, C = O), confirming that DEH did not affect the primary structural properties of polysaccharides. Furthermore, the Chlorella polysaccharides demonstrated good thermal stability below 180 °C and perfect antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water management plays an important role in crop-stress tolerance; however, its effect on the cold tolerance of rice seedlings is unclear. Therefore, we set four different water contents (25%, 45%, 65% and 85%) in the substrate with Liangyou 6326 as the experimental material to study the influence of different water contents on the cold tolerance of rice seedlings. The results showed that in the control temperature treatment, length and number of white roots, dry matter weight, stem base width and strong seedling index first increased and then decreased with decreasing water content, and the seedlings were more robust when the water content was 45%. In the cold treatment, the survival rate and strong seedling index first increased and then decreased with decreasing water content, and the cold tolerance of seedlings was the best when the water content was 45%. The mechanism of improving the cold tolerance is that moderate water deficit improved the antioxidant enzyme activity, reduced the content of malondialdehyde and improved root activity and leaf photosynthetic performance. Correlation analysis showed that the survival rate of seedlings was significantly positively correlated with root activity, antioxidant enzyme activity and seedling quality in the control temperature and cold treatment. The above results showed that soil water played an important role in regulating the cold tolerance of rice. Reasonable water management could not only cultivate high-quality seedlings but also improve the cold tolerance of rice seedlings, helping to guarantee high and stable rice yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soils support a highly diverse community of plant pathogens, which are highly responsive to global change. Climate and livestock grazing are the main global changes in grasslands, yet, how long-term grazing alone, and in interaction with climate, influence the distribution of soil-borne plant pathogens remain virtually unknown. Here, we present the first long-term regional-scale experimental investigation on the impacts of livestock grazing on soil-borne fungal plant pathogens and their association with plant community across 10 experimental sites spanning a climate gradient in the steppe in Northern China. Our results showed that long-term grazing effects on the diversity and proportion of soil-borne fungal plant pathogens are strongly controlled by temperature, with grazing increasing pathogen richness and proportions largely in cooler grasslands. We further show that long-term grazing supported stronger connections between soil-borne fungal pathogens and plant communities. Our work demonstrates that climate controls the effects of grazing on plant pathogens, which is critical to understand and manage grasslands in a changing world. Long-term effects of grazing on soil-borne fungal plant pathogens are strongly controlled by temperature, posing greater potential threats to plant pathogen infections in cooler grasslands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-sensitivity and rapid-response measurements of micro zone cutting temperature are crucial for characterizing and optimizing machining states in the ultra-precision cutting process. This innovative method uses a locally boron-doped diamond (LBDD) tool itself as the sensor for in-process measurements of cutting temperature. However, the heterogeneity of boron doping and the resulting lattice distortions considerably affect the mechanical properties and temperature-sensing performances of the tool. In this work, optimized synthesis processes and structural designs for LBDD tools that function as self-sensing cutting temperature devices were proposed. Annealing treatments under high-pressure conditions were conducted to promote the diffusion and ionization of boron multimers in the boron-doped diamond zone, thereby enhancing the crystal quality and semiconductor electrical properties of the LBDD. Various LBDDs with thin-layer temperature-sensing structures of different doping concentrations and thicknesses were synthesized. The optimal components and structures were identified as the temperature-sensing cutting tool through comparative analyses of temperature measurement capabilities and semiconductor properties. The selected tool was employed for in-process cutting temperature measurement during single-point diamond turning of copper and carbon fiber. Results indicate that the LBDD tool can accurately monitor cutting temperature during steady cutting processes and identify the micromorphological features of the machined surfaces based on cutting temperature characteristics. These insights are pivotal for controlling cutting temperature and refining the ultra-precision cutting process. Highlights: An innovative locally boron-doped diamond tool for high-sensitivity and high-response rate cutting temperature measurement in ultra-precision machining. A multilayered structure of diamond tool, completely eliminating gap heat loss between additional sensors and tools, enabling a resolution of 0.1 °C and a response time of 90 ms. A creative approach for in-process identifying machined surface's morphologies under micro/nano scale through accurate in-process cutting temperature measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To target development of bioelectrochemical systems, we developed an advanced microfluidic method to identify reaction bottlenecks in the metabolic activity of a pure‐culture Geobacter sulfurreducens electroactive biofilm (EAB). The microfluidic system was devised to include perpendicular flow orientation for improved boundary layer uniformity and was combined with an embedded 3‐electrode system to accurately apply a constant potential during the entire experimental duration which lasted se. A 3‐sensor temperature control system provided the basis of accurate temperature pulsing, which modified the EAB metabolic activity over short time intervals relative to the bacterial doubling rate. The system, together with the unique ability to control hydrodynamic, electrochemical, and thermal conditions, was used as the basis for an Arrhenius approach to obtain activation energy barrier values at different growth times, acetate concentrations, and flow rates. The results indicated that bottlenecks in the overall metabolic activity after 1 month of growth time were related to electron transfer through extracellular cytochrome c. After the EAB further matured to 4 months old, the bottleneck appeared to switch to enzyme‐driven acetate oxidation. Based on this hypothesis, we observed after 4‐months, that strong increases in effective enzyme concentration were primarily obtained by increasing flow rate, and secondarily by increasing acetate concentration [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low temperature storage is widely used for storage and transportation of fruits and vegetables after harvest. As a cold-sensitive fruit vegetable, post-harvest solanaceous vegetables and fruits are susceptible to chilling injury during low temperature storage, which reduces its sensory quality and edible quality and shortens its storage period, thus leading to huge economic losses. Therefore, it is an essential to clarify the occurrence mechanism of chilling injury caused by low temperature storage in solanaceous vegetables and fruits, and to propose corresponding prevention and control measures for chilling injury. In recent years, a series of progress has been made in the research on chilling injury prevention and control and low temperature stress tolerance of solanaceous vegetables and fruits. This paper describes the chilling injury symptoms of postharvest solanaceous vegetables and fruits, clarifies the physiological and biochemical mechanisms in the chilling injury process, the molecular mechanisms, and prevention and control measures, and summarizes the latest research advancements on chilling injury and chilling tolerance regulation of solanaceous vegetables and fruits, which can provide valuable references for low temperature storage and chilling injury prevention and control measures of solanaceous vegetables and fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionogels, recognized for their flexibility and ionic conductivity, show considerable promise across various applications including electronic skins, biomedical electronics, and smart robotics. However, the majority of ionogels are plagued by suboptimal mechanical strength, a restricted range of operating temperatures, and poor recyclability. Here, an acetone‐stimulated supramolecular reinforcement strategy to develop robust and environmentally tolerant ionogels is introduced. The bio‐based ionogels feature a firm supramolecular architecture formed by the entwining of soybean protein molecules around cellulose macromolecular chains. This coiled design, inspired by cucumber vines, endows the ionogels with remarkable tensile strength (>30 MPa), enables them to withstand temperature above 85 °C with tensile strength over 15 MPa, and maintains notable cold resistance down to −20 °C with tensile strength exceeding 10 MPa. Further, the bio‐based ionogels exhibit excellent recyclability, reprocessing capabilities, shape customizability, good biocompatibility, and full biodegradability. This study provides a valuable strategy for manipulating supramolecular conformation to create robust ionogels that overcome the traditional trade‐offs of high strength and environmental tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring food safety and quality is paramount for consumers. Water, a fundamental component of food, exhibits diverse crystalline structures under high pressure (HP) and experiences alterations in freezing points. Exploiting these water characteristics has spurred the development of innovative high-pressure sub-zero temperature (HPST) techniques. This review systematically categorizes HPST technologies based on their adherence to the temperature-pressure phase diagram, encompassing high-pressure freezing (HPF), high-pressure thawing (HPT), solid-solid phase transition (SSPT) treatment, and isochoric freezing (IF). Furthermore, the review elaborates on the latest advancements in HP cryogenic equipment, focusing on temperature and pressure control units. The underlying principles of the HPST technologies and their inactivation effects on various food materials, such as beverages and meat, are elaborated, and the effects of the HPST treatments on the appearance, texture, moisture content, and other quality characteristics of the food products are discussed. Emphasis is placed on delineating the advantages, disadvantages, and application scopes of different HPST technologies. To propel comprehensive research and foster the industrialization of HPST technology, future endeavors should concentrate on validating the commercial viability of HP cryogenic equipment, establishing dependable temperature regulation and detection systems, and compiling a comprehensive melting point database for real food under HP conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temperature coefficient of dielectric constant (τ ε) is a crucial parameter for assessing the performance stability of microwave devices operating under varying temperature conditions. In this study, polyphenylene oxide (PPO) resin was utilized as the matrix and six types of ceramics with distinct temperature coefficients of dielectric constant were employed as fillers. Six PPO-based composites were fabricated through twin-screw extrusion combined with hot pressing route. The dielectric properties of the ceramics and their influence on the dielectric properties of the composites, particularly the τ ε , were systematically investigated. The results revealed that all six types of composites exhibited dense structures and uniform filler distribution, with a relative density exceeding 98.0 % and a water absorption below 0.1 %. The dielectric constant and its temperature coefficient of the fillers had a more pronounced effect on the dielectric properties of the composites, compared to dielectric loss. The dielectric constants of the six types of composites aligned well with the theoretical values predicted by the effective medium theory. Reaching up to 9.7 (at 10 GHz). The dielectric loss ranged from 1.0 × 10−3 to 3.0 × 10−3. Notably, the PPO/Mg 0.95 Ca 0.05 TiO 3 composite substrate with a filler ratio of 40 vol% exhibited exceptional dielectric properties: ε r = 6.8, tg δ = 1.4 × 10−3, τ ε = −8.6 ppm/°C, highlighting its significant advantages for communication applications under varying temperature conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an innovative approach for automating the traditional injera production process, a staple food in Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, and the Horn of Africa. Existing semiautomatic and manual methods suffer from inefficiencies, inconsistent product quality, and significant health risks owing to prolonged exposure to high temperatures and smoke. These limitations necessitate the development of more effective solutions. The proposed method involves the design and implementation of a fully automated injera‐making machine that integrates a relay‐based control system, microcontroller‐driven temperature regulation, and automated dough‐handling mechanisms. This novel design ensures consistent baking conditions, minimizes manual intervention, and enhances baker safety. The experimental results demonstrate that the machine can produce 20 injera per hour, reflecting a 33.33% increase in efficiency compared to traditional methods. In addition, the system reduces the energy consumption through precise temperature control to address sustainability concerns. This research offers a comprehensive solution to the challenges of traditional injera production, significantly improving both the production process and well‐being of those involved. Future work will focus on optimizing the design for mass production and exploring alternative energy sources to enhance sustainability further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MHT) is a minimally invasive adjuvant therapy capable of damaging tumors using magnetic nanoparticles exposed radiofrequency alternating magnetic fields. One of the challenges of MHT is thermal dose control and excessive heating in superficial tissues from off target eddy current heating. Methods: We report the development of a control system to maintain target temperature during MHT with an automatic safety shutoff feature in adherence to FDA Design Control Guidance. A proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control algorithm was designed and implemented in NI LabVIEW®. A standard reference material copper wire was used as the heat source to verify the controller performance in gel phantom experiments. Coupled electromagnetic thermal finite element analysis simulations were used to identify the initial controller gains. Results: Results showed that the PID controller successfully achieved the target temperature control despite significant perturbations. Discussion and Conclusion: Feasibility of PID control algorithm to improve efficacy and safety of MHT was demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coagulation cooling system is a common key component in many industrial processes, and reasonable temperature control is crucial. However, due to the complexity of the coagulation cooling system, traditional temperature control methods often cannot achieve optimal performance. To solve this problem, we design an intelligent temperature control decision model by a combination of genetic algorithm and fuzzy neural network. The study firstly utilizes genetic algorithm to optimize the objective function and constraint conditions of the coagulation cooling PID system. At the same time, fuzzy neural network is fused with genetic algorithm to establish a dedicated T-S/2 neural network structure, completing the complete model design of this study. Finally, cooling efficiency, task completion rate and model stability analysis are evaluated on real-world datasets. To validate the proposed model, an example of a coagulation cooling system was constructed in the laboratory and compared with traditional temperature control methods. The experimental results show that the proposal can significantly improve the performance of temperature control and reduce energy consumption under different conditions. In addition, the proposal has the characteristics of adaptability and optimization performance, and can effectively achieve optimal temperature control in uncertain and complex environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing demand for personalized and high-quality jewelry, the jewelry industry is continuously innovating to meet consumer needs. A new type of amethyst, called lavender amethyst, has emerged in the market in recent years. However, limited research has been conducted on this crystal, leaving gaps in our understanding of its gemological features, optical effects, source, and artificial refinement methods. The milky texture is the primary distinguishing feature of lavender amethyst. This study reveals that the milky appearance of lavender amethyst is caused by light scattering from silica spherules ranging from 20 to 50 nm in size. These spherules form during the recrystallization process near crystal defects, gradually accumulating silica and leaching onto larger defects during heat treatment. It is determined that existing lavender amethyst has been artificially optimized, with precise control of treatment temperature and heating time to achieve the desired milky white gradient. Effective transformation into lavender amethyst requires amethyst with sufficient crystal defects, exhibiting specific absorption peaks in the low-temperature infrared spectrum. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the gemological features, optical effects, and artificial refinement of lavender amethyst, shedding light on its hazy appearance and offering insights for optimizing and controlling similar gem crystal structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Thermal governance' has been discussed elsewhere as the regulation of temperature through infrastructure, technology and social and political organisation. We extend it here to include a subtle and heretofore under-recognised element of public health: the governance of recent urban epidemics by the Chinese state. The SARS epidemic of 2002–2003 in Guangzhou and more markedly the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan triggered massive emergency responses by public health authorities which differed from previous strategies in more fully activating the state health sector known in China as Chinese Medicine (zhongyi) and outside China as Traditional Chinese Medicine. With this enlistment comes a body of theory and practice which makes meteorology central to diagnostic and prescriptive processes, and reinforces as part of state discourse the long-standing Chinese cultural understanding of 'heat' as an internal micro-climatic element transcending temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elimination of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has recently emerged as a reliable route to inhibit metastasis of cancer. Despite some progress of photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy (PTT), their unsatisfying efficacy or difficult operation has limited their clinical application. Herein, inspired by an immersion heater, an electrothermal therapy (ETT) strategy for the elimination of CTCs in the peripheral blood was proposed by using a functionalized injection needle. CTCs can be captured by the nanostructured surface of the injection needle and then killed in the energized state due to the temperature increase caused by electrothermal conversion. ETT not only avoids the irradiation through an external light source but also controls the temperature of the needle more easily and accurately than PTT. Thus, this study proposes a more applicable strategy for the elimination of CTCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a 1300 MPa grade complex phase steel with high formability (CH) is developed, which is achieved through the formation of cementite during pretreatment and the control of austempering temperature to enhance the stability of retained austenite (RA). Due to the insufficient diffusion of Mn during cementite dissolution, Mn enrichment enhances the mechanical stability of austenite, thereby increasing austenite content at room temperature. As the austempering temperature increases from 340 °C to 400 °C, the RA content increases, but its stability decreases significantly. Compared with the content of RA, its stability is more critical for enhancing plasticity. RA formed at lower austempering temperatures is highly stable, enlarging the strain range of the transformation‐induced plasticity effect and improving material plasticity. The experimental steel achieves optimal plasticity while maintaining strength when overaged at 360 °C. Specifically, the yield strength is 963 MPa, the ultimate tensile strength is 1394 MPa, and the total elongation is 14.0%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]