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Myopic marketing spending—curtailing marketing and research and development expenses to boost earnings—damages firms' long-term value. Despite this, top management teams are often myopic, and by the time investors or boards detect such short-termism, it is too late to react or intervene. This research introduces a novel prediction method by analyzing the language top management teams use in earnings calls, specifically focusing on marketing and earnings emphasis, to predict future instances of myopic marketing spending. Through linguistic dependency parsing of almost 11 million sentences extracted from nearly 25,000 quarterly earnings call transcripts of 1,197 firms between 2008 and 2019, the authors demonstrate that the proposed approach can predict myopic marketing spending at a quarterly frequency for up to one year in advance. They find that an increase of one standard deviation in earnings emphasis is associated with a 23.68% increase in the likelihood of future myopic marketing spending. Investments based on the proposed approach produce 1.61% additional annual abnormal returns compared with models that exclusively use known predictors of myopic marketing spending, while offering earlier foresight and more frequent opportunities for intervention. This reduces information asymmetry for investors and boards of directors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Europeana digital library features cultural heritage collections from over 3,000 European institutions described in 37 languages. However, most textual metadata describe the records in a single language, the data providers' language. Improving Europeana's multilingual accessibility presents challenges due to the unique characteristics of cultural heritage metadata, often expressed in short phrases and using in-domain terminology. This work presents the EuropeanaTranslate project's approach and results, aimed at translating Europeana metadata records from 23 EU languages into English. Machine Translation engines were trained on a cleaned selection of bilingual and synthetic data from Europeana, including multilingual vocabularies and relevant cultural heritage repositories. Automatic translations were evaluated through standard metrics and human assessments by linguists and domain cultural heritage experts. The results showed significant improvements when compared to the generic engines used before the in-domain training as well as the eTranslation service for most languages. The EuropeanaTranslate engines have translated over 29 million metadata records on Europeana.eu. Additionally, the MT engines and training datasets are publicly available via the European Language Grid Catalogue and the ELRC-SHARE repository. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research introduces behavioral labeling as the use of names or tags that reflect an associated activity, and it proposes that this can induce corresponding behavior. Contrary to the common intuition that descriptions of behaviors emerge as markings for popular actions (i.e., the label is a consequence of the behavior), the authors propose that a description itself might also induce the corresponding action (i.e., the label is an antecedent of the behavior). Building on linguistic relativity theory and based on five studies conducted in the lab and field, the authors show that merely attaching a fictitious name to a behavior can induce that very behavior. The authors also explore a potential explanation for this finding by showing that a behavioral label can evoke mental imagery regarding the associated behavior, which enhances the implementation of the behavior. The results contribute to marketing theory by introducing behavioral labeling and highlighting how language can shape behaviors. Marketers can use behavioral labels to promote their offerings based on the associated behaviors, while public policy makers can use behavioral labels to encourage prosocial and proenvironmental behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Influencer marketing is a popular strategy to connect with consumers. However, influencers' use of overly high-arousal language in promoting products (e.g., "it's totally AMAZING!") has raised questions about their true motivations. This article investigates how high-arousal language in micro- versus macro-influencers' sponsored posts might shape engagement. A multimethod approach, combining automated text, image, video, and audio analyses of thousands of Instagram and TikTok posts with controlled experiments, demonstrates that high-arousal language increases engagement with micro-influencers, but it decreases engagement with macro-influencers, seemingly because it makes micro- (macro-) influencers appear more (less) trustworthy. Yet the negative effect of arousal for macro-influencers can be mitigated if their posts provide counterbalanced valence (both positive and negative assessments) or if they indicate an informative, rather than commercial, goal. These findings deepen understanding of how language arousal shapes consumer responses, reveal a psychological mechanism through which language arousal affects perceptions, and provide actionable insights for crafting more effective social media content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last 50+ years, there has been a huge rise in interest in consumer language research. This article spotlights the emergence and evolution of this area, identifying key themes and trends and highlighting topics for future research. Work has evolved from exploration of broad language concepts (e.g. rhetorics) to specific linguistic features (e.g. phonemes) and from monologues (e.g. advertiser to consumer) to two-way dialogues (e.g. consumer to service representative and back). We discuss future opportunities that arise from past trends and suggest two important shifts that prompt questions for future research: the new shift toward using voice (vs. hands) when interacting with objects and the ongoing shift toward using hands (vs. voices) to communicate with people. By synthesizing the past, and delineating a research agenda for the future, we hope to encourage more researchers to begin to explore this burgeoning area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a commentary on Ramoglou and McMullen’s 2024 article “What is an opportunity?: From theoretical mystification to everyday understanding.” As in the original article, the authors here discuss linguistic philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein’s work in the context of the application of ordinary language in entrepreneurship.

This article is a commentary on Ramoglou and McMullen’s 2024 article “What is an opportunity?: From theoretical mystification to everyday understanding.” The original article is discussed here with a focus on the philosophy of ordinary language and actualization theory in the context of entrepreneurship theory.

Influencer marketing has become big business. But while influencers have the potential to spread marketing messages and drive purchase, some posts get lots of engagement and boost sales, while others do not. What makes some posts more impactful? This work examines how sensory language (e.g. words like "crumble" and "juicy" that engage the senses) shapes consumer responses to influencer-sponsored content. A multimethod investigation, combining controlled experiments with automated text, image, and video analysis of thousands of sponsored social media posts, demonstrates that sensory language increases engagement and willingness to buy the sponsored product. Furthermore, the studies illustrate that these effects are driven by perceived authenticity. Sensory language leads consumers to infer that influencers actually use the product they are endorsing, which increases perceived authenticity, and thus engagement and purchase. These findings shed light on how language shapes responses to influencer-sponsored content, deepen understanding of the drivers of authenticity, and suggest how to develop more impactful social media campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze the partisanship of Commissioners at the SEC and Governors at the Federal Reserve Board. Using recent advances in machine learning, we identify partisan phrases in Congress, such as "red tape" and "climate change," and observe their usage among regulators. Although the Fed has remained relatively nonpartisan throughout our sample period (1930–2019), we find that partisanship among SEC Commissioners rose to an all-time high during the 2010-2019 period, driven by more-partisan Commissioners replacing less-partisan ones. Partisanship at the SEC appears in both the language of new SEC rules and the voting behavior of SEC Commissioners. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix , which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sentiment analysis has fundamentally changed marketers' ability to assess consumer opinion. Indeed, the measurement of attitudes via natural language has influenced how marketing is practiced on a day-to-day basis. Yet recent findings suggest that sentiment analysis's current emphasis on measuring valence (i.e., positivity or negativity) can produce incomplete, inaccurate, and even misleading insights. Conceptually, the current work challenges sentiment analysis to move beyond valence. The authors identify the certainty or confidence of consumers' sentiment as a particularly potent facet to assess. Empirically, they develop a new computational measure of certainty in language—the Certainty Lexicon—and validate its use with sentiment analysis. To construct and validate this measure, the authors use text from 11.6 million people who generated billions of words, millions of online reviews, and hundreds of thousands of entries in an online prediction market. Across social media data sets, in-lab experiments, and online reviews, the authors find that the Certainty Lexicon is more comprehensive, generalizable, and accurate in its measurement compared with other tools. The authors also demonstrate the value of measuring sentiment certainty for marketers: certainty predicted the real-world success of commercials where traditional sentiment analysis did not. The Certainty Lexicon is available at www.CertaintyLexicon.com. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to investigate the language learning strategies and their contribution to the language competence of English major students in the teacher education program at Kapalong College of Agriculture Sciences and Technology. The researcher utilized a mixed-method design using the convergent parallel approach. Participants were English major students across all year levels at the college institution, with 204 students randomly selected for the quantitative phase and approximately 10 students purposively selected for the qualitative phase: 5 for in-depth interviews and 5 for focused group discussions. The results indicated that both the level of language learning strategies and language competence were high; the findings were rejected, which reveals that there is significant relationship between them. Further, the findings from both the quantitative and qualitative phases largely converged however, there was one divergent indicator. The study confirmed that language learning strategies significantly impact the enhancement of language competencies among English major students, facilitating effective and efficient language use in realistic contexts. It is recommended that language learners must also prioritize memory strategies despite from the indicators' lowest mean based from the results, such as mnemonic devices and spaced repetition techniques, to enhance vocabulary and grammar retention. Additionally, to improve speaking competency, students should engage in practical applications of the language within their specific contexts, allowing them to practice and develop fluency, essential for effective communication in professional, social, and academic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The value of language games has been embraced in language learning, yet it is crucial to evaluate these games and consider pedagogical mediations that may leverage their language learning potentials. Taking this need into consideration, this article reviews the once-a-day-only online word-guessing game, Wordle, by commenting on its design features and educational value. This review also offers some suggestions on maximizing the affordances of the game on learners' and teachers' sides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid advancement in video technologies in recent years has made the creating and editing of subtitles for a video increasingly feasible. For a long time, however, the pedagogical potentials of subtitling in language teaching and learning have been neglected. To fill this gap, this technology review introduces VisualSubSync, a free and flexible tool for subtitle editing, as a practical instrument to facilitate the teaching of listening and viewing skills. This review first provides an overview of the main features of the software and then discusses the possible benefits it offers to listening and viewing pedagogies in the English-as-a-foreign-language classroom. Finally, the challenges that teachers and learners may face with subtitling are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cent cinquante ans après la naissance du mot dans le lexique anglais, comment, aujourd'hui encore, parler de « psychothérapie » ? Si les objectifs et les méthodes originels du concept de « psychothérapie » apparaissaient simples et génériques, à savoir « soigner par l'esprit », notre psychiatrie et notre psychologie contemporaines ont développé une multitude de « psychothérapies » qui se présentent en général comme distinctes. Difficile pour les patients et leurs familles de s'y retrouver, difficile pour nos internes de psychiatrie et nos mastérisants en psychologie de s'y orienter, difficile pour nos autorités administratives de s'y investir. Comme elles nous apparaissent fondamentales à l'essence-même et à l'avenir de la notion de « psychothérapie », afin d'en approcher sa définition, nous convoquons les sciences du langage : (i) lexico-bibliographique en analysant la littérature scientifique des bases de données internationales et, plus globalement, le langage spécialisé psychologique et psychiatrique ; (ii) psycholinguistique en référence aux sciences cliniques du langage ; (iii) linguistique informatisée comme nous y invite le déploiement récent de l'intelligence artificielle pour l'espace de la santé mentale autant sur les plans diagnostiques que thérapeutiques, avec l'émergence des psybots. Notre objectif final sera de proposer une synthèse, une redéfinition de la notion de psychothérapie pour la psychiatrie et la psychologie clinique contemporaines. La majorité des sources retiennent une large indication aux psychothérapies, à la fois destinées à apaiser les maladies psychiatriques, les troubles psychologiques et psychosomatiques, les souffrances existentielles. Les notions d'inconscient et de prise de conscience, la place des langages verbaux et non verbaux, l'importance de la relation patient–praticien sont en majorité retenues. L'approche corporelle et les psychothérapies collectives ne sont mentionnées que plus aléatoirement. L'organisation des séances n'est évoquée que rarement, tout comme le statut du thérapeute ou l'idée que la singularité de celui-ci s'avère un élément central du traitement. La mention d'une nécessité de formation spécifique du praticien est davantage abordée, tout comme la possibilité d'association de la psychothérapie à des thérapeutiques pharmacologiques ou environnementales. Concernant l'évaluation du traitement, la définition d'objectif (global ou focal) n'est mentionnée que plus incidemment, tout comme l'intérêt d'une validité scientifique avec notamment, la prise en compte du risque d'effets indésirables. La notion dynamique de processus ou de mécanismes thérapeutiques n'est que peu évoquée or, l'étude des processus de changement pourrait participer à la définition des psychothérapies. L'évaluation des pratiques psychothérapeutiques serait à même de fédérer « la psychothérapie » à partir d'un socle commun et, s'appuyant sur celui-ci, d'ouvrir aux spécificités éventuelles « des psychothérapies » en fonction de leurs indications et/ou de leurs méthodes. Si de considérables investissements ont été placés dans l'évaluation des psychothérapies et dans les neurosciences, ils n'ont en 25 ans guère modifié la pratique psychothérapeutique de terrain et n'ont pas identifié, dans ce champ, de biomarqueurs spécifiques. Or parallèlement, depuis trois ans, des linguomarqueurs se développent à vitesse vertigineuse pour l'espace de la santé psychique, invitant les sciences du langage à mieux saisir la notion de psychothérapie, en particulier par l'analyse interlocutoire. Le développement des modèles logiciens, les méthodes d'intelligence artificielle, le tout doublé de l'augmentation exponentielle de la force de calcul d'ordinateurs personnels, ouvre la voie à un traitement automatisé du langage appliqué à la psychothérapie. Les intelligences artificielles commencent à identifier des linguomarquers en santé mentale tout en se donnant pour objectif de créer des soins scientifiquement évalués par des psybots. Qu'est-ce que la psychothérapie aujourd'hui ? Avec l'objectif d'un mieux-être, la psychothérapie est un ensemble de méthodes qui peuvent diversement s'associer dans le but d'apaiser les maladies psychiatriques, et/ou les troubles psychologiques, et/ou les souffrances existentielles. Les objectifs thérapeutiques et les moyens construits pour « faire aller mieux » sont le plus souvent concertés entre le patient avec sa demande de soins (ou nécessitant des soins sans consentement le cas échéant), d'une part, et le praticien qui y répond, d'autre part. Les thérapies peuvent être collectives en réunissant plusieurs patients (thérapies de couple, familiales, de groupe comme dans un débriefing par exemple) et, un ou plusieurs praticiens (co-thérapeute, psychothérapie institutionnelle). L'évaluation diagnostique médicopsychologique reste interdépendante des soins. Si les psychothérapies sont majoritairement efficaces, dans l'état actuel des connaissances scientifiques, les concepts théoriques sur lesquels se basent les psychothérapies (courants psychanalytiques, cognitifs, humanistes, existentiels, etc.) ne semblent pas strictement en adéquation avec les pratiques connues sous le même vocable et qui peuvent s'associer voire s'intégrer entre-elles, spontanément ou de manière formalisée. Une tendance actuelle consiste à considérer les domaines thérapeutiques existants comme des outils thérapeutiques. L'expression et l'association verbale, l'exposition, la prise de conscience corrélative à la reconstruction de représentations, la mise en pratique des volontés de changement, apparaissent comme de grands cadres structurants les psychothérapies. En d'autres termes, les psychothérapies possèdent des facteurs d'efficacité communs à toutes, et des facteurs spécifiques à chacune, ces derniers méritant d'être mieux axiomatisés. Le risque d'effets indésirables doit être pris en compte (aggravation de comportements d'évitement, re-traumatisation, majoration de traits de personnalité passifs-dépendants, etc.). Pour toute psychothérapie, la place du langage verbal apparaît prédominante, y compris en l'absence de langage vocalisé, comme lors de l'association à d'autres formes d'expression tels les arts picturaux, l'expression corporelle ou théâtrale, la relation avec un animal. Une psychothérapie est principalement constituée par une interaction monologique (avec soi-même) et dialogique (avec un clinicien) qui apaise les souffrances humaines grâce à des actions verbales permettant d'harmoniser les réseaux de représentations. Elle est scientifiquement caractérisable (et donc évaluable) par des linguomarqueurs lexico-sémantiques, syntaxiques et pragmatiques. Mais dans le même temps, la pratique de tout thérapeute lui est singulière autant qu'elle cherche à s'adapter à la singularité du patient et donc, ne s'inscrit pas uniquement dans une logique de normativité, au contraire. Les psychothérapeutes (médecins et psychologues pour la plupart) sont spécialement formés à la pratique psychothérapeutique et respectent les cadres réglementaires et déontologiques de leur profession. Dans l'idéal, ils devraient bénéficier d'une supervision, particulièrement dans les situations où le patient ne peut guère choisir son praticien (dans un camp de personnes réfugiées, en milieu militaire opérationnel, etc.). Le traitement est habituellement organisé en séances dont la durée et le rythme sont adaptées à la problématique. Les séances de thérapie peuvent, selon les modèles médico-économiques de chaque pays, être remboursées partiellement ou totalement. Une psychothérapie peut s'associer à d'autres dimensions thérapeutiques, notamment pharmacologiques (médicaments antidépresseurs, régulateurs de l'humeur, etc.), neuropsychologiques (remédiation cognitive essentiellement), environnementales (règles hygiénodiététiques, congé de maladie, etc.). De plus en plus, des robots conversationnels ou psybots proposent une offre de soin basique et complémentaire destinée à la régulation émotionnelle, la sophrologie, l'observance thérapeutique, etc. La psychothérapie reste une notion anthropologique, difficilement définissable en quelques phrases, autant qu'elle vise à apaiser les tourments issus de la nature humaine, dans son entièreté philosophique, mais également les tourments singuliers intimes à chaque être dont le cerveau et les réseaux de représentations demeurent uniques. Les tensions issues de nos réseaux de représentations les caractérisent au point de pouvoir être considérées comme homéostatiques, si elles ne font pas souffrir. La psychothérapie nécessite ainsi cette adaptation permanente, cette intelligence co-constructive avec le patient, et dont l'explicitation avancée des résultats ne sera jamais totalement certaine car c'est par cette création continue-même, toujours instable, toujours en devenir, y compris les soins parachevés, que se construit la psychothérapie. One hundred and fifty years after the word first appeared in the English lexicon, how can we still talk about "psychotherapy" today? While the original aims and methods of the concept of "psychotherapy" appeared simple and generic, namely "to heal through the mind," our contemporary psychiatry and psychology have developed a multitude of "psychotherapies", which generally present themselves as distinct. This makes it difficult for patients and their families to find their way around, difficult for our psychiatric interns and psychology master's students to orient themselves, and difficult for our administrative authorities to get involved. As they appear to us to be fundamental to the very essence and future of the notion of "psychotherapy," in order to approach its definition, we call upon the language sciences: (i) lexico-bibliographical, by analyzing the scientific literature in international databases and, more generally, specialized psychological and psychiatric language; (ii) psycholinguistics, with reference to the clinical sciences of language; (iii) computerized linguistics, as the recent deployment of artificial intelligence in the field of mental health invites us to do, at both diagnostic and therapeutic levels, with the emergence of psybots. Our final objective will be to propose a synthesis and redefinition of the notion of psychotherapy for contemporary psychiatry and clinical psychology. The majority of sources indicate that psychotherapy is widely used to treat psychiatric illnesses, psychological and psychosomatic disorders, and existential suffering. The notions of the unconscious and awareness, the place of verbal and non-verbal languages, and the importance of the patient–practitioner relationship are the most widely accepted. The somatic approach and group psychotherapy are mentioned less frequently. The organization of sessions is rarely mentioned, as is the status of the therapist or the idea that the therapist's uniqueness is a central element of the treatment. The need for specific training for the practitioner was mentioned more often, as was the possibility of combining psychotherapy with pharmacological or environmental therapies. With regard to the evaluation of treatment, the notion of defining an objective (global or focal) is mentioned only incidentally, as is the importance of scientific validity, in particular taking into account the risk of undesirable effects. The dynamic notion of therapeutic processes or mechanisms is rarely mentioned, yet the study of change processes could help to define psychotherapies. The evaluation of psychotherapeutic practices would be capable of federating "psychotherapy" on the basis of a common foundation and, building on this, opening up to the possible specificities of "psychotherapies" according to their indications and/or methods. Although considerable investment has been made in the evaluation of psychotherapies and in neuroscience, over the last 25 years there has been little change in psychotherapeutic practice in the field, and no specific biomarkers have been identified. At the same time, over the last three years, linguomarkers have been developing at breakneck speed in the field of psychological health, inviting the language sciences to gain a better grasp of the notion of psychotherapy, in particular through interlocutory analysis. The development of logician models and artificial intelligence methods, coupled with the exponential increase in the computing power of personal computers, is paving the way for automated language processing applied to psychotherapy. Artificial intelligences are beginning to identify biomarkers in mental health, with the aim of creating scientifically evaluated care by psybots. What is psychotherapy today? With the aim of improving well-being, psychotherapy is a set of methods that can be combined in various ways to alleviate psychiatric illnesses and/or psychological disorders and/or existential suffering. The therapeutic objectives and the means devised to "make people feel better" are most often agreed between the patient requesting treatment (or requiring treatment without consent when legally applicable) and the practitioner who responds. Therapies may be collective, bringing together several patients (couples therapy, family therapy, group therapy such as debriefing, for example) and one or more practitioners (co-therapist, institutional psychotherapy). Medical diagnosis and psychological assessment remain interdependent with care. While most psychotherapies are effective, given the current state of scientific knowledge, the theoretical concepts on which psychotherapies are based (psychoanalytical, cognitive, humanist, existential, etc.) do not seem to be strictly in line with the practices known under the same name, which may be associated or even integrated with each other, either spontaneously or in a formalized way. A current trend is to consider existing therapeutic areas as therapeutic tools. Expression and verbal association, exposure, awareness correlating with the reconstruction of representations, and putting into practice the will to change, appear to be the main frameworks structuring psychotherapies. In other words, psychotherapies have factors of efficacy that are common to all of them, and factors that are specific to each, the latter deserving to be better axiomatized. The risk of undesirable effects must be taken into account (aggravation of avoidance behavior, re-traumatization, increase in passive-dependent personality traits, etc.). In all psychotherapy, the role of verbal language appears to be predominant, even in the absence of vocalized language, such as when associated with other forms of expression such as the pictorial arts, bodily or theatrical expression, or a relationship with an animal. Psychotherapy consists mainly of monological interaction (with oneself) and dialogical interaction (with a clinician) that alleviates human suffering through verbal actions that harmonize networks of representations. It can be scientifically characterized (and therefore evaluated) using lexical-semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic linguomarkers. But at the same time, every therapist's practice is singular in that it seeks to adapt to the patient's uniqueness, and therefore does not fit solely into a logic of normativity, on the contrary. Psychotherapists (mostly doctors and psychologists) are specially trained in psychotherapeutic practice and respect the regulatory and ethical framework of their profession. Ideally, they should benefit from supervision, particularly in situations where the patient has little choice of practitioner (in a refugee camp, in an operational military environment, etc.). Treatment is usually organized in sessions, the length and pace of which are adapted to the problem. Depending on the medical and economic model in each country, therapy sessions may be partially or fully reimbursed. Psychotherapy can be combined with other therapeutic approaches, particularly pharmacological (antidepressants, mood regulators, etc.), neuropsychological (mainly cognitive remediation) and environmental (dietary hygiene rules, sick leave, etc.). Increasingly, conversational robots or psybots are offering basic and complementary care for emotional regulation, sophrology, therapeutic compliance, etc. Psychotherapy remains an anthropological notion, difficult to define in a few sentences, in as much as it aims to soothe the torments arising from human nature, in its philosophical entirety, but also the singular, intimate torments of each being whose brain and networks of representations remain unique. The tensions arising from our networks of representations characterize them to such an extent that they can be considered homeostatic, if they do not cause suffering. Psychotherapy therefore requires this permanent adaptation, this co-constructive intelligence with the patient, the results of which can never be totally certain, because it is through this very continuous creation, which is always unstable, always in the process of becoming, even when the treatment has been completed, that psychotherapy is constructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Après une revue des recherches actuelles en art-thérapie, le présent article discute l'efficacité thérapeutique des ateliers d'argile dans les cas de traumatismes individuels ou collectifs. Plus spécifiquement, il soutient l'intérêt et l'indication de cette méthode pouvant supporter des processus de création sanogènes. En quoi ces processus favorisent-ils la reconstruction identitaire et psychique des victimes ? Dans un atelier d'argile, dix séances groupales, étalonnées sur un an, ont été proposées à quatre femmes et quatre hommes ayant survécu à l'explosion, le 4 août 2020, du port de Beyrouth. À l'aide d'une étude de cas comportant l'analyse des productions artistiques d'un patient, les processus psychiques favorisés par ce type de thérapie ont été mis en évidence. Déterminant l'inclusion dans le groupe, les progrès cliniques ont été évalués à l'aide du Traumaq qui offre une évaluation exhaustive des aspects cliniques liés au traumatisme, telles l'anxiété, la dépression, les troubles de la mémoire, et les difficultés à retrouver un sentiment de sécurité. Administré en début, à mi-parcours et en fin de prise en soin, le PCL-5 (Post-traumatic stress disorder Checklist) a permis d'apprécier l'évolution clinique du patient de manière quantitative. Enfin, six séances individuelles ont apporté, avec l'analyse des productions en atelier groupal, les éléments qualitatifs nécessaires à la compréhension clinique du patient. Notamment la symbolisation par l'argile et l'indépendance de l'art-thérapie des capacités langagières ont été mis en évidence comme un des leviers premiers pour aider le sujet lourdement traumatisé à sortir de son mutisme, de sa dépression et sa sidération. Ainsi, le recours à l'expression non verbale a permis au patient d'éviter une retraumatisation par le récit immédiat de l'explosion. Une meilleure estime de soi et une capacité d'être à nouveau en lien ont été observées, soutenant l'appétence du patient à former de nouveaux projets. Les réactions émotionnelles et comportementales telles que l'évitement, l'hypervigilance, la dysphorie et les flashbacks du patient ont été atténuées grâce à l'expérience sécurisante, relaxante et sensorielle de la manipulation de l'argile. Dans l'atelier, la dimension groupale est apparue avec force, montrant l'intérêt d'un partage de l'expérience tant du média que de l'événement traumatique. Ces résultats encourageants invitent à renforcer la recherche sur les processus de création en art-thérapie. C'est en élargissant les cohortes étudiées, en diversifiant les médias et les outils évaluatifs utilisés, puis en étendant l'indication à d'autres pathologies que l'efficacité de l'art-thérapie pourra être encore mieux démontrée. After reviewing current research in art therapy, this article discusses the therapeutic effectiveness of clay workshops in cases of individual or collective traumas. Specifically, it advocates for the interest and specific indication of this method, which promotes health-generating creative processes. How do these processes facilitate identity reconstruction and psychological repair for the victims? In a clay workshop, 10 group sessions, spread over a year, were offered to four women and four men who survived the explosion on August 4th, 2020, at the port of Beirut. Using a case study involving the analysis of a patient's artistic productions, the psychic processes facilitated by this type of therapy were highlighted. Determining inclusion in the group, clinical progress was assessed using Traumaq, which provides a comprehensive evaluation of clinical aspects related to trauma, such as anxiety, depression, memory disorders, and difficulties regaining a sense of security. Administered at the beginning, midway, and at the end of treatment, the PCL-5 Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist aimed at identifying different trauma characteristics, allowing for a quantitative assessment of the patient's clinical evolution. Finally, six individual sessions, combined with the analysis of productions in the group workshop, provided qualitative elements necessary for a clinical understanding of the patient. Notably, symbolization through clay and the independence of art therapy from language skills were highlighted as key factors in helping heavily traumatized individuals overcome mutism, depression, and shock. Thus, resorting to non-verbal expression allowed patients to avoid re-traumatization through an immediate narrative of the explosion. Their PCL-5 scores significantly decreased at the end of treatment, indicating an important clinical improvement. Heightened self-esteem and the return of the ability to relate to others were observed, supporting the patients' desire to recommit to new projects. Emotional and behavioral reactions such as avoidance, hypervigilance, dysphoria, and flashbacks in the patient were alleviated through the secure, relaxing, and sensory experience of working with clay. In the workshop, the group dimension emerged strongly, demonstrating the importance of sharing the experience of both the medium and the traumatic event. These encouraging results invite further research into creative processes in art therapy. By expanding the studied cohorts, diversifying the media and the evaluative tools used, and by extending the indication to other pathologies, the effectiveness of art therapy will be even better demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyse the cover cartoons of the Boşboğaz [Bigmouth] magazine to reveal how misogynist attitudes were reproduced in Turkish media representations of women at the beginning of the multi-party period. The interpretive content analysis method is applied to front cover cartoons, the analysis is also feminist in the sense that it focuses on misogynistic representations of women. The results reveal that urban women are represented as exploiters of wealthy men, victimising both the men and their wives in the process. Hence, urban women are depicted as cunning predators. Paraphrasing Michael Billig, who introduced the term 'banal nationalism', it would be appropriate to describe the depictions of women in the Boşboğaz magazine as a case of banal misogynism since they contain illustrations of everyday scenes, captioned in everyday language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Non-judgmental language to refer to people who use drugs is replacing terms that can be stigmatizing. A study by Pivovarova and Stein found people in treatment for heroin use preferred person-first terms. Aim one of our study is to add to knowledge of term preferences among people in the US who use heroin by replicating the Pivovarova and Stein study with a sample of people who use heroin but are not in treatment. Aim two is to extend findings with insights from qualitative analysis. Methods: Our mixed method study replicated survey questions on what labels are preferred. Qualitative questions probed the meaning of terms and the impact of changing language. We recruited 206 participants between November 2019 and May 2021. We compare the results of the treatment sample with a not-in-treatment sample. Results: Both similarities and differences were found in the quantitative analysis. The qualitative analysis revealed that only a third of our sample indicated that changes in language were helpful, while another third indicated that changing the terms did not result in changing attitudes towards people who use drugs. Conclusion: While stigmatizing language should be avoided, language is constantly evolving and subject to political trends. More emphasis is needed on changing attitudes toward people who use drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infants' speech perception is characterized by substantial changes during the first year of life that attune the processing mechanisms to the specific properties of the ambient language. This paper focuses on these developmental changes in vowel perception. More specifically, the emergence and potential cause of perceptual asymmetries in vowel perception are investigated by an experimental study on German 6- and 9-month-olds' discrimination of a vowel contrast that is not phonemic in German. Results show discrimination without any asymmetry in the 6-month-olds but an asymmetrical pattern with better performance when the vowel changes from the less focal to the more focal vowel than vice versa by the 9-month-olds. The results concerning the asymmetries are compatible with the Natural Referent Framework as well as with the Native Language Magnet model. Our results foster two main conclusions. First, bi-directional testing must be mandatory when testing vowel perception. Second, when testing non-native vowel perception, the relation of the stimuli to the native language vowel system has to be considered very carefully as this system impacts the perception of non-native vowels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persian polar questions are characterized by a rise-fall followed by a low F0 plateau and a final rise. A production experiment was designed which systematically manipulated question length and the position of stress in the nuclear accented word in the question. Results revealed that distances between tones can strongly affect their scaling and alignment in predictable manner. With respect to scaling, our data show that the postnuclear low F0 target is realized considerably higher in short questions in which tonal crowding is more acute. This scaling adjustment of the L affects the following H tone, such that the final H is realized higher in tonal space, relative to the other crowding contexts. The results for duration show that in short questions, syllable duration is significantly lengthened so that there is room for tonal targets to be realized. In addition, the alignment data in this study suggest that crowding contexts incrementally affect the temporal adjustment of tonal targets. In some circumstances, tonal crowding results in anticipatory retraction of tones, while in others it results in carry-over tonal displacement depending on the direction of the prosodic pressure. These results can best be explained in an auto-segmental approach to intonational phonology in which intonation contours are treated as strings of distinct high and low tones associated with specific elements in the segmental string. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructed languages, frequently invented to support world-building in fantasy and science fiction genres, are often intended to sound similar to the characteristics of the people who speak them. The aims of this study are (1) to investigate whether some fictional languages, such as Orkish whose speakers are portrayed as villainous, are rated more negatively by listeners than, for example, the Elvish languages, even when they are all produced without emotional involvement in the voice; and (2) to investigate whether the rating results can be related to the sound structure of the languages under investigation. An online rating experiment with three 7-point semantic differential scales was conducted, in which three sentences from each of 12 fictional languages (Neo-Orkish, Quenya, Sindarin, Khuzdul, Adûnaic, Klingon, Vulcan, Atlantean, Dothraki, Na'vi, Kesh, ʕuiʕuid) were rated, spoken by a female and a male speaker. The results from 129 participants indicate that Klingon and Dothraki do indeed sound more unpleasant, evil, and aggressive than the Elvish languages Sindarin and Quenya. Furthermore, this difference in rating is predicted by certain characteristics of the sound structure, such as the percentage of non-German sounds and the percentage of voicing. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to theories of language attitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background sounds at home—namely those from television, communication devices, music, appliances, transportation, and construction—can support or impede infant language interactions and learning. Yet real-time connections at home between background sound and infant–caregiver language interactions remain unexamined. We quantified background sounds in the home environment, from 1- to 2-hr video recordings of infant–mother everyday activities (infants aged 8–26 months, 36 female) in two samples: European-American, English-speaking, middle-socioeconomic status (SES) families (N = 36) and Latine, Spanish-speaking, low-SES families (N = 40). From videos, we identified and coded five types of background sound: television/screens, communication devices, music, appliances, and transportation/construction. Exposure to background sounds varied enormously among homes and was stable across a week, with television/screens and music being the most dominant type of background sounds. Infants' vocalizations and mothers' speech to infants were reduced in the presence of background sound (although effect sizes were small), highlighting real-time processes that affect everyday language exchanges. Over the course of a day, infants in homes with high amounts of background sounds may hear and produce less language than infants in homes with less background sounds, highlighting potential cascading influences from environmental features to everyday interactions to language learning. Public Significance Statement: Numerous features of the home environment affect infants' learning. In two samples, we video-recorded infants and mothers during everyday activities and examined associations between background sounds and language interactions. Infants experienced a variety of background sounds, including sounds from music, television, and appliances. Mothers and infants were less likely to talk in the presence than in the absence of background sounds, suggesting reduced opportunities for infants to hear and learn from language in "noisy" environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic papers in the social sciences were once more essayistic in their form. The carefree launching of concepts and ideas of academic value were the order of the day, all without the security of the present standardized paper format inspired by the natural sciences. This text draws on the most cited paper by the acclaimed scholar Carol Weiss, as an outset to discussing academic writing; why we write as we do and what we may lose by doing so. This means exploring the history of academic writing as well as discussing the complex, yet exciting, relationship between writing, identity, language, and the very process of conducting research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores change possibilities towards status improvement in vocational education's social construction. Following other researchers, it assumes that higher-status vocational education should give vocational learners perspectives that would accord with their identities and desires, broadly ranging between working in a particular company and further studies. The article proposes that change in this direction must concern the transmitter-acquirer-knowledge-relation and also curriculum, evaluation and the external relations of education. To think systematically about changes of these 'adjusting screws', this article proposes a realist approach with Bernstein's conceptual language, and Moore's Bernstein-based model of education where vocational learners, plausibly, receive an orientation towards broad futures beyond narrow job roles. Moore's model implies fundamental changes of all these 'adjusting screws' and, importantly, of the principle underlying their realisation in schools. The case of company-based education in Germany's 'dual system' is advanced as a real-life example for the highly theoretical model. Findings from a Bernsteinian analysis of the transmitter-acquirer-relation in regulated company transmission made sense, when the system was understood as realising the principles envisioned in Moore's model. The model and its underlying principles, together with their realisation in the DS, open up a perspective towards education (instead of job training) in workplaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Patients and healthcare professionals overestimate the risks of using antidepressants during pregnancy. According to current literature, approximately half of people stop taking an anti-depressant medication when they become pregnant. Discontinuing antidepressants during pregnancy increases risks of postnatal relapses. Factors like socioeconomic status, education, and planned pregnancies play a role in the decision to continue antidepressant medication, which can worsen disparities in maternal and child health. Our aim was to identify the sociodemographic factors associated with antidepressant continuation after awareness of pregnancy. Methods: We used representative data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study that captures maternal medication during pregnancy. We identified women who used antidepressants before awareness of their pregnancy. We calculated crude and adjusted associations between sociodemographic factors and continuation of antidepressant medication during pregnancy. Our model included age, education, ethnicity, first language, household income, living with a partner, having planned the pregnancy, pregnancy duration and smoking during pregnancy. Results: In total, 199 women continued antidepressants and 100 discontinued. The logistic regressions resulted in only one significant factor: first language. Native English speakers were more likely to continue medication than other mothers (adjusted OR = 14.94, 95% CI = [2.40; 291.45], p =.015). Conclusions: Language differences were associated with continuation of antidepressants. Non-native English speakers were more likely to discontinue antidepressants, which may lead to health inequities. This finding should be taken into account to reinforce information about the limited risks of antidepressants among people with non-English speaking backgrounds in the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the relationship between literacy skills and implicit learning? To address previous mixed findings, we compared school‐aged readers, typical (CON, n = 54) and with dyslexia (DYS, n = 53), in relation to their performance on a serial reaction time task. For the first time, we also included an isolated spelling deficit group (ISD, n = 30) to control for distinctive effects of reading and spelling deficits. A linear reaction times analysis did not reveal between‐group differences in implicit learning. However, further examination revealed that most CON (65%) and ISD (63%) were implicit learners, whereas most DYS were nonlearners (64%). Brain activity showed differences in early learning phases: CON learners and DYS nonlearners activated the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and left insula more than other groups. Our findings imply that implicit learning is more frequently disrupted in children with dyslexia than in typical readers, and that activation of the left IFG and insula contributes to effective learning in the latter group but it does not in the former. A one‐page Accessible Summary of this article in nontechnical language is freely available in the Supporting Information online and at https://oasis‐database.org [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some listeners exhibit higher sensitivity to subphonemic acoustic differences (i.e., higher speech gradiency). Here, we asked whether higher gradiency in a listener's first language (L1) facilitates foreign language learning and explored the possible sources of individual differences in L1 gradiency. To address these questions, we tested 164 native Spanish speakers with different linguistic profiles. Speech gradiency was assessed via a Visual Analogue Scale task, and foreign language proficiency was assessed via an English vocabulary test. Possible sources of gradiency included domain‐general auditory acuity, overall exposure to spoken language (indexed by age), and exposure to phonological diversity. Control measures were collected to account for variables such as phoneme categorization consistency, working memory, and musical training. The results revealed a positive link between L1 speech gradiency and vocabulary acquisition in a foreign language over and above all other variables. L1 speech gradiency itself was predicted by domain‐general auditory acuity and overall exposure to spoken language. A one‐page Accessible Summary of this article in nontechnical language is freely available in the Supporting Information online and at https://oasis‐database.org [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patient involvement in the interdisciplinary bedside round (IBR) increases care quality and safety but is influenced and perceived differently by different round participants. Nursing and medical students are still not structurally embedded in the healthcare system, and they participate in interdisciplinary bedside rounds for educational purposes. Thus, the students may give a valuable perspective on patient involvement from the 'outside view'. Aim: This study aimed to describe nursing and medical students' perceptions of patient involvement in IBRs. Methods: This study has a qualitative design with individual interviews. Eighteen informants were recruited with the help of gatekeepers from two sites in Sweden: a university training health clinic and a county hospital. They participated in one‐to‐one semi‐structured interviews, which were analysed with an inductive qualitative content analysis approach. Ethical Issues and Approval: The study has been approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority. Informed consent was received from all participants. Results: The results yielded five categories. Two sub‐themes and one theme of meaning emerged as a 'red thread' across the categories. The theme of meaning was: 'In hospital rounds, the patient is a respected guest, but with a disadvantaged "alien status" due to the hosts' difficult medical language and unclear routines'. Students perceive patients are not fully involved in IBRs, and the healthcare team controls this involvement due to patients' lack of knowledge and vulnerability, the hectic hospital environment, and complicated medical language. Doctors lead IBRs and encourage or discourage patient involvement and nurses act as patient advocates, supporting their involvement. Conclusions: According to nursing and medical students, patients are seldom involved in IBRs due to multiple interaction barriers and despite communicational facilitators. Their involvement depends on healthcare professionals. Further research should investigate other IBRs stakeholders' perspectives on patient involvement in IBRs to facilitate it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The English‐language Postpartum Specific Anxiety Scale (PSAS) is a valid, reliable measure for postpartum anxiety (PPA), but its 51‐item length is a limitation. Consequently, the PSAS Working Group developed the PSAS Research Short‐Form (PSAS‐RSF), a statistically robust 16‐item tool that effectively assesses PPA. This study aimed to assess and validate the reliability of an Arabic‐language version of the PSAS‐RSF in Jordan (PSAS‐JO‐RSF). Methods: Using a cross‐sectional methodological design, a sample of Arabic‐speaking mothers (N = 391) with infants aged up to 6 months were recruited via convenience sampling from a prominent tertiary hospital in northern Jordan. Factor analysis, composite reliability (CR), average variance extracted (AVE), McDonald's ω, and inter‐item correlation measures were all examined. Results: Explanatory factor analysis revealed a four‐factor model consistent with the English‐language version of the PSAS‐RSF, explaining a cumulative variance of 61.5%. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the good fit of the PSAS‐JO‐RSF (χ2/df = 1.48, CFI = 0.974, TLI = 0.968, RMSEA = 0.039, SRMR = 0.019, p < 0.001). The four factors demonstrated acceptable to good reliability, with McDonald's ω ranging from 0.778 to 0.805, with 0.702 for the overall scale. The CR and AVE results supported the validity and reliability of the PSAS‐JO‐RSF. Conclusion: This study establishes an Arabic‐language version of the PSAS‐JO‐RSF as a valid and reliable scale for screening postpartum anxieties in Jordan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study was motivated by the need to enhance Mandarin learning through embodied interactions and physical engagement methods. While most studies confirm the positive effects of touchscreen devices on learning, mixed findings suggest a need for more engaging methods. This research addresses these gaps by exploring the benefits of embodied interaction through the Shaking‐On game app, an embodied question‐response platform, in comparison to Kahoot. Objectives: To compare the learning effectiveness of the Shaking‐On app, which incorporates physical shaking interactions, with the conventional quiz platform Kahoot in promoting Mandarin learning and positive emotional experiences. Methods: A total of 158 junior high school students participated in the study, engaging in 15‐minute sessions once a week for 3 weeks in a formal classroom setting. Participants were divided into two groups: one using the Shaking‐On app and the other using Kahoot. The study employed a comparative analysis framework based on achievement emotion theory to evaluate learning outcomes and emotional responses. Furthermore, the classroom response system (CRS) analysis was used to assess the cognitive and affective parameters of the learning tasks in the Shaking‐On app and Kahoot, providing detailed insight into how different interactive tasks contributed to learning. Results and Conclusions: The results indicated that the Shaking‐On app significantly enhanced Mandarin learning and engagement compared with Kahoot. Participants using Shaking‐On experienced higher levels of interactive situational interest and flow, while test anxiety remained consistent across both groups. These findings suggest that incorporating embodied interactions into digital learning tools can substantially benefit student engagement and learning outcomes. The study indicated that such apps could be effectively integrated into classroom settings to enhance student learning. Educators and game developers are encouraged to integrate such interactive elements to improve the efficacy and appeal of educational applications. Lay Description: What Is currently known about this topic?: Digital game‐based learning enhances motivation, critical thinking and retention.Embodied cognition links bodily experiences to improved learning outcomes.Physical activities in learning can boost motivation, interest and performance.Engagement through physical interaction may help reduce test anxiety. What does this paper add?: Shaking‐On is more effective in Mandarin learning than Kahoot as classroom response system.Bodily engagement in Shaking‐On enhances situational interest and flow.No significant difference in test anxiety between Shaking‐On and Kahoot users.Embodied interactions provide substantial benefits in digital learning tools. Implications for practice: Educators should integrate embodied interactions to enhance student engagement.Game developers can design more effective learning apps with embodied elements.Future research should explore Shaking‐On's impact on other subjects.Policies should support the development of interactive digital learning tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Augmented reality can provide a 3D virtual experience, widely used in modern education. However, the impact of these applications on the underdeveloped tribal community has yet to be investigated. To our knowledge, no markerless augmented reality application has been developed especially for learning the language of the Bodo tribe. Therefore, we have developed a markerless augmented reality application—BodoRao to teach the alphabet and numerals of the Bodo tribal language. Objective: This study aims to assess the usability and efficacy of the BodoRao application. To investigate how augmented reality apps affect students' academic achievement in language acquisition. Also, assess the students' attitude towards using an augmented reality application. Method: A mixed‐method approach that combined quantitative and qualitative methods was used to gather the data. A total of 80 students drawn from two user groups: native speakers and non‐native speakers were evaluated, to determine if the BodoRao application can benefit a variety of speakers. Furthermore, from each of the user groups, experimental and control groups were formed. The experimental group used an augmented reality application to learn while the control group studied using a traditional textbook. Eight teachers were also interviewed to get their opinions on the BodoRao application. Results and Conclusion: The findings found a significant difference in the achievement test results between the experimental and control groups for both native and non‐native users. Students' positive attitudes toward the application were also observed, as represented by their high application satisfaction, low anxiety and readiness for use. Additionally, it was observed that there was a positive and significant correlation between the academic achievements and attitudes of native and non‐native students in the experimental group. Lay Description : What is already known about this topic: Augmented reality has been used for educational purposes, including language acquisition.Augmented reality applications increase learning interest, motivation and engagement among learners. What this paper adds: This study develops a markerless augmented reality application—'BodoRao' for teaching a vulnerable Bodo tribal language.This is a novel technology as it is the first augmented reality application developed for teaching the Bodo language.This application will teach the Bodo language to the tribe's younger generations, helping to preserve the language at the same time.This study has done usability testing on two user groups—native and non‐native—to ascertain whether the BodoRao application can benefit a variety of speakers. Implications for practice and/or policy: More augmented reality applications should be developed for endangered languages to safeguard and educate the next generation of speakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background study: Chinese tone pronunciation instruction gains increasingly attention and various instructional strategies have been studied to develop effective tones in students. Students usually listen to successful pronunciation stimuli provided by the teacher or peers, to be copied by themselves. However, individuals seem more sensitive to learn from their own voice to develop adequate tone pronunciation. Self‐Modelling is an instructional strategy that builds on learning from ones' own behaviour to develop target behaviours. Most available research builds on visual cues; hence the label Visual Self Modelling (VSM) that presents learners with videoclips of their own behaviour. VSM had been found to be successful to develop a range of skills. However, when focusing on language pronunciation, audio cues are to be preferred to direct the modelling process. This inspired the authors to the design of audio self‐modelling (ASM) that starts from recordings of students' pronunciation. These auditory recordings are hypothesized to be more appropriate as a base for self‐modelling. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of ASM when training Chinese as a foreign language students' tone pronunciation (focus on contour, pitch, duration. Additionally, the study explores the impact of ASM on students' self‐efficacy and motivation and the relationship between students' tone pronunciation skill, self‐efficacy, and motivation. Method: A quasi‐experimental design was adopted, involving 26 students in a six‐week intervention to study the improvement of their pronunciation of Chinese tones at word level. Seventeen students in the experimental condition were trained via ASM; the other nine students studied pronunciation as usual on the base of teacher provided pronunciation stimuli and corrective feedback. Students in the ASM were also individually interviewed about their learning experience. Results: Analysis of the quantitative pre‐ and post‐tests scores show that ASM results in a significantly higher posttest score for in each of the tone criteria as compared to the control group (contour, pitch and duration). Also, students' self‐efficacy and motivation improved to a significantly higher extent in the ASM research condition. No significant correlations were found between CFL students' tone pronunciation performance and their self‐efficacy and motivation. Analysis of the interview data further indicated that CFL students put forward positive attitudes and perceptions about ASM, next to some concerns. Conclusion: The significant findings present empirical evidence as to the efficacy of ASM as an instructional strategy to develop L2 skills, and push the idea to adopt self‐modelling on the base of person auditory recordings to direct L2 pronunciation instruction. Lay Description: What is currently known about the subject matter: There are four tones plus a neutral tone in Modern Chinese.Chinese tones are very difficult to acquire for non‐native Chinese people.Listening to one's own voice has been proved to be effective for learning music What the paper adds to this: It demonstrates that listening to one's own adaptive voice is effective for learning Chinese tones.Chinese as a foreign language (CFL) students feel more confident when listening to their own adaptive pronunciation. The implications of study findings for practitioners: Individuals learning a foreign language can consider using audio self‐modelling—listening to their own adaptive pronunciation—as a strategy to practice their pronunciation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a tension at the heart of Aristotle's understanding of organic activities, created by his appeals to the productive activities of craftsmen and his use of normative language to characterize the goals of such activities. In this paper I discuss two ways of interpreting Aristotle's teleology aimed at resolving this tension, and discuss a closely analogous tension at the heart of a number of contemporary defenses of teleological reasoning in biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Misinformation can lead to adverse outcomes on the health beliefs and behaviors of individuals. Therefore, health literacy skills are needed as a central competency to recognize the trustfulness of health‐related knowledge in any resources. To ensure this, a time‐efficient, skill‐oriented psychometric tools are needed to measure the comprehensive general health literacy level of communities. Aims and Objectives: This research was conducted to evaluate the psychometric properties of the 12‐item Health Literacy Survey‐Europe (HLS19‐Q12) regarding Turkish culture. Method: A methodological design was adopted. The population consisted of adult individuals registered to two family health centers in Ankara. The sample was determined based on 5–10 times the number of scale items rule (ntotal = 192). A questionnaire and Health Literacy Survey‐Europe‐Q12 were used to collect data. Language, content and construct validities and internal consistency reliability tests were performed through IBM‐SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 24.0 programs. The content validity was determined via the Davis technique. The construct validity was examined by exploratory (EFA) (n1 = 120) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) (n2 = 72). Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Time invariance was evaluated by test‐retest method (nretest = 32) 4 weeks later. Results: The mean age was 30.17 ± 10.37 (min. 18‐max. 61). The Kaiser‐Meyer Olkin test result was 0.898, and the Bartlett's Test of Sphericity result was 604.889 (p < 0.001). The model‐fit indices showed good fit. The difference between the first and the second measurements was statistically insignificant (t = −1.659, p = 0.107). The Cronbach's alpha was 0.88. Conclusions: The HLS19‐Q12‐TR was a valid and reliable measurement tool in determining the health literacy level of the Turkish adult population. As one of the social determinants of health, easy measurement and generating a general health literacy map of the population is considered a necessity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Artificial Intelligence (AI) large language models (LLM) are tools capable of generating human‐like text responses to user queries across topics. The use of these language models in various medical contexts is currently being studied. However, the performance and content quality of these language models have not been evaluated in specific medical fields. Aims and objectives: This study aimed to compare the performance of AI LLMs ChatGPT, Gemini and Copilot in providing information to parents about chronic kidney diseases (CKD) and compare the information accuracy and quality with that of a reference source. Methods: In this study, 40 frequently asked questions about CKD were identified. The accuracy and quality of the answers were evaluated with reference to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes guidelines. The accuracy of the responses generated by LLMs was assessed using F1, precision and recall scores. The quality of the responses was evaluated using a five‐point global quality score (GQS). Results: ChatGPT and Gemini achieved high F1 scores of 0.89 and 1, respectively, in the diagnosis and lifestyle categories, demonstrating significant success in generating accurate responses. Furthermore, ChatGPT and Gemini were successful in generating accurate responses with high precision values in the diagnosis and lifestyle categories. In terms of recall values, all LLMs exhibited strong performance in the diagnosis, treatment and lifestyle categories. Average GQ scores for the responses generated were 3.46 ± 0.55, 1.93 ± 0.63 and 2.02 ± 0.69 for Gemini, ChatGPT 3.5 and Copilot, respectively. In all categories, Gemini performed better than ChatGPT and Copilot. Conclusion: Although LLMs provide parents with high‐accuracy information about CKD, their use is limited compared with that of a reference source. The limitations in the performance of LLMs can lead to misinformation and potential misinterpretations. Therefore, patients and parents should exercise caution when using these models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study in hand quantitatively content analyzes the news frames in the leading Pakistani Urdu language and English language newspapers for 3 years. The study contributes to the theory of framing and the extended parallel process model. English language newspapers in comparison to Urdu language dailies in Pakistan had somewhat responsibly communicated the risk of climate change by covering both the effects of climate change and the climate efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To explore reactions to and preferences for words/phrases used in communications about diabetes among adults with diabetes and parents of children with diabetes. Methods: Eligible adults (aged 18+ years) living with diabetes, or parenting a child with diabetes, were recruited via social media to complete an online cross‐sectional, mixed‐methods survey. Study‐specific items were used to examine 22 commonly used diabetes words/phrases in terms of participants' cognitive perceptions ('helpful', 'respectful', 'accurate', 'harmful', 'judgmental' and 'inaccurate') and emotional reactions ('optimistic', 'motivated', 'supported', 'understood', 'offended', 'blamed', 'distressed' and 'angry'). Open‐ended questions invited further feedback on (non‐)preferred language and its impact(s). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and inductive thematic analysis. Results: Participants (N = 865) included adults with diabetes (type 1: n = 519; type 2: n = 180, other types: n = 48) and parents of children with diabetes (n = 118). Words/phrases most commonly associated with negative perceptions/emotional responses were 'non‐compliant' (60% judgmental; 47% felt blamed) and '...good/bad' (54% judgmental; 43% blamed). Positive perceptions were reported for 'managing diabetes' (73% helpful, 47% felt understood), 'person with diabetes' (72% respectful; 49% understood), '...within/outside target range' (60% helpful, 44% understood), and 'condition' (58% respectful; 43% understood). Participants' qualitative responses illuminated perceptions, experiences and impacts across five themes: (1) accuracy and simplicity; (2) identity; (3) blame, judgement and stigma; (4) respect and trust and; (5) support, hope and feeling understood. Themes were consistent across diabetes types. Conclusions: These findings provide novel evidence into (non‐)preferred, and potential (negative and positive) impacts of, commonly used diabetes words/phrases, supporting the international #LanguageMatters movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Relative clauses present a well-known processing asymmetry between object-extracted and subject-extracted dependencies across both typical and atypical populations. The present study aimed at exploring the comprehension of object and subject relative clauses as conceptualized by the Relativized Minimality framework in autistic children and in a group of age- and IQ-matched typically-developing children. The study also explored the way performance in relative clauses would be affected by the children's language and executive function skills. Method: Relative clause comprehension was tested through a sentence-picture matching task and language was tested with a receptive vocabulary task. Executive functions were assessed through backward digit recall and a Flanker test. Results: Object relative clauses were harder to parse for both groups than subject relatives, while number mismatch between the moved object Noun Phrase and the intervening subject Noun Phrase in object relatives boosted both groups' performances. Typically-developing children's performance in object relatives was predicted by both language and executive functions, while autistic children failed to use language and did not systematically draw on their executive functions in object relative clause comprehension. Conclusion: The findings suggest that relative clause processing in autism follows a normal developmental trajectory, and that difficulty with parsing object relative clauses stems from reduced language and executive functions rather than deficits in the children's morphosyntactic skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents quantitative and qualitative findings from an interdisciplinary research project exploring student teachers' positive perceptions of people on the autism spectrum. The set of findings reported in this paper asked 704 student teachers from one university in England (n = 191), Finland (n = 251) and Sweden (n = 262) to write down the first three words they thought of to identify the characteristics of people on the autism spectrum. Data was analysed using a multi-layered, deductive co-rated coding approach. Through this approach repeated words were extracted as were negative and undetermined words, leaving only positive words. Examination of the positive words identified found differences in the manner student teachers focus on the positive characteristics of people on the autism spectrum as this is an understudied area of research. Finnish student teachers more frequently used language to describe the positive characteristics of people on the autism spectrum that reflected their perception of learning being their primary professional role. However, English and Swedish student teachers used language that showed they perceived their role as encompassing the social and emotional development of their pupils, with little reflection about the positive characteristics of people on the autism spectrum as learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since autism diagnosis is directly linked to the availability of supportive services, identifying best practices for early diagnosis of autism has long been a concern of professionals and families. Meanwhile, studies show persistent racial disparities in autism diagnosis. Although numerous clinical diagnostic guidelines have been published, there is not enough discussion of diagnostic procedures through the lens of culturally diverse families. Purpose. This study focuses on the autism diagnostic experiences that Korean immigrant mothers had with their children. Methods. Eleven first-generation Korean-American mothers of children with autism were included in the study. The data was collected using semi-structured interviews in Korean. Results. The main five factors (i.e., cultural beliefs and values, language barriers, complex emotions, immigration and navigating systems, and facilitators and assets) that mainly influence the diagnosis process were identified through thematic analysis. Conclusion. Dynamics are interactive within and between the factors, influencing the entire diagnostic process by either delaying or facilitating the identification of a child's autism and the provision of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Book distribution or book provision programs that provide free books to families with young children have become increasingly popular approaches to promote home literacy practices. This qualitative study aimed to understand parents' perceptions of the implementation of a book provision program and its impact on their families' literacy practices and behaviors. Forty-three parents participated in twelve focus groups in which they were asked about the perceived benefits of participating in the program. Participant parents were born in the U.S., Mexico, Central and South America, and Africa, had spent more than five years living in the U.S., and had attained different levels of education. At home, parents spoke only English, mostly Spanish, or two different languages in addition to English. Thirty-nine percent of the parents were Black (not all of whom were African American), and 53% were Latinx. Findings suggested that parents had positive views towards the program's impact on their family's literacy practices. Specifically, Spanish-speaking families reported appreciation for learning new ways of engaging their children in shared reading. Parents considered the opportunities offered by the program, congruent with their cultural models. They believed that participating in the program allow them to be part of a community and that shared reading was a means to strengthen their relationship with their children. Results highlight the importance of considering families' cultural models in the design and implementation of book provision programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a research study that involves five preschool teachers working in linguistically diverse classrooms. It focuses on how these teachers' beliefs regarding language teaching and learning have emerged from their own experiences, and how they affect their understanding of their work. The study draws on the concept of plurilingualism and, to explore what the participants think, know and believe about language learning and language use, employs a dynamic and situated view of teacher cognition —that is, a view which pays particular attention to the specific context of teachers' biographies and their emotional lives. Findings emerging from this research study suggest that, although teachers usually have numerous language learning experiences, their understanding of bilingualism is founded on monolingual assumptions, and, as a result, bilingualism is seen as complete fluency in both languages. In addition, the study proposes an extension of the current understanding of who a language teacher is by including early childhood educators in this conceptualization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: According to the risk and resilience perspective, protective factors can attenuate the effect of risks and challenges on children's adjustment. For immigrant and refugee children, supportive relationships in the new context can be particularly beneficial. We expected that supportive school relationships play a protective role for the school adjustment of first‐generation immigrant and refugee and non‐immigrant children, by moderating the effect of one acculturative challenge (i.e., school language proficiency). Aims: We investigated the moderating roles of teacher–child and peer relationship quality on the association between German language proficiency and school adjustment (i.e., school achievement and belongingness) among first‐generation immigrant and refugee and non‐immigrant children. Sample: We recruited n = 278 fourth grade children (Mage = 10.47, SDage =.55, 53.24% female; 37% first‐generation immigrant and refugee children). Methods: Questionnaires assessed children's reported teacher–child and peer relationship quality and school belongingness. One vocabulary test measured children's German proficiency. School achievement was assessed by their grade point average (GPA) and by a reading comprehension test. To investigate our hypotheses, we performed path analyses. Results: Teacher–child relationship mitigated the effect of German proficiency on children's reading comprehension among all children and on GPA among immigrant and refugee children only. Peer relationship buffered the negative effect of German proficiency on school belongingness. Conclusions: Teacher–child and peer relationship quality can be beneficial for the school adjustment of both first‐generation immigrant and refugee children and non‐immigrant children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores missed pediatric speech and language pathology (SLP) appointments to identify barriers for patients with speech disorders. Data from 839 referrals at Boston Medical Center, including demographics, appointment details, COVID-19 lockdown, and number of items on patient problem lists, were analyzed using chi-square tests and logistic regression. The findings revealed that lockdown status, appointment timing, appointment type (in-person vs telemedicine), referral department (ear, nose, and throat [ENT] vs non-ENT), sex, race, primary language, birthplace, and primary care provider presence had no significant impact on attendance. However, the number of patient-listed problems, prior cancelations, and missed appointments were significant predictors of patients who did not keep appointments. In conclusion, this research emphasizes the patient's problem list and past appointment behavior as critical factors in predicting missed SLP appointments for pediatric speech disorder patients. These insights can guide targeted interventions to improve attendance and enhance SLP engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ongoing expansion of early education services in the United States is often rooted in these programs' contribution to development that promotes later academic and behavioral competence. Multi-tiered systems of support (MTSS, sometimes referred to as Response to Intervention) represent one increasingly common resource to promote desired outcomes for all children. MTSS requires seasonal screening of all students and progress monitoring of those selected for more intensive intervention. This study explores development and evaluation of measures for these uses, designed specifically to assess the language and early literacy development of 3-year-old children. Results from assessment of 449 children describe measure reliability, growth across three seasonal screenings, development of criterion-referenced benchmarks, and variations in growth for children at different levels of initial performance. Results are discussed in terms of normative versus criterion-referenced standards for building MTSS assessment systems as well as future directions for research, policy, and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]