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Recent scholarship has begun to transform the traditional view of George Herbert Mead as a micro-sociological theorist unable to effectively conceptualize conflict, especially by returning to his writings articulated during and after the First World War. Building on this emerging literature with the help of primary source documents, the article traces Mead's personal experiences during the war, including his contentious break with other pacifists, the pressures he felt to contribute war service at home, the serious battlefield injury of his son, his official duties inspecting officer training curricula, and his founding role in postwar political forums. This enables us to contextualize the ideas Mead developed on political institutions, the individual's social conscience, hostile impulses, nationalistic solidarity, institution building, and value-commitments in relation to the events that prompted his reflection. The early evaluations of Mead's ideas on war and politics by his colleagues help us understand how his late work on the development of "international-mindedness" revealed prescient social conditions and dynamics of inter-group conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diaspora governance strategies are part of an increasingly vibrant academic and policy debate. International organisations play a significant role in promoting diaspora institutions, collaborating with home states, diaspora communities, and other stakeholders. In post‐conflict states, the involvement, and evolving roles of international organisations, among a variety of actors in diaspora institution building, is implicit but has been underresearched. This article analyses a diaspora mapping exercise led by the IOM to demonstrate how an institutional logics perspective can help to better understand how such processes unfold. Taking an organisational perspective, it sheds light on the interplay among international organisations, state agencies, local government, and individual actors in diaspora and development. By focusing on Bosnia and Herzegovina, the study offers insights into the challenges and opportunities in diaspora engagement in post‐conflict countries. It underscores the need for further research and the long‐term implications of international organisations' efforts in diaspora development programs and diaspora governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The organizational decision-making perspective (ODM) has a legacy regarding its concern for budgeting as an essential organizational routine in decision-making. Budgeting has also become a direct concern to organizational institutional theory (OIT) because of its prominent role in institution building, where budgeting can build trust in inter-organizational relationships. This paper builds on these two perspectives to explore organizational budget processes' formation, disruption, and re-creation over time. Design/methodology/approach: We conducted a comprehensive review and critical analysis of the ODM and OIT perspectives, focusing on a fundamental paradox between ODM's emphasis on stability through organizational routines and OIT's focus on organizational legitimacy through the decoupled expression of organizational values. We then expanded on these paradoxical concerns in the context of budgeting, formalizing them into specific research propositions for future studies. Findings: Tensions around the stability, decay, and re-creation of budgets as organizational routines emerge as a pressing issue requiring further empirical investigation from the ODM perspective. A critical issue in the OIT perspective is the potential for organizational budgets to provide an opportunity to decouple from practice through routinized expressions of rationality and to facilitate loose coupling in practice. These findings offer a fresh perspective and open up new avenues for future research in this area. Originality/value: This paper contributes to the accounting and organizational research literature by shedding light on how organizations respond to the potential decay of budget routines and the manifestation of organizational values in decoupling processes by further re-creating and elaborating budget processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I am a passionate advocate for historical research. It provides insight, context, illuminates the dynamics of our discipline and should anchor everything we think, write, and profess in the present. Careful historical research can question, undermine, and revise the existing set of representations that underwire our subject. It may help us untangle why certain views of the subject, topic, period, or person remain in wide currency, explaining the power relations, politics, institution building and wider discursive and non-discursive factors that foreclose, enhance, or otherwise influence what we think, write, teach, and practice. We desperately need more research that challenges everything we take for granted and fail to subject to scrutiny. This paper reflects a call to action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NATO's unified command structure affords the US Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff influence in transatlantic foreign and security policy unparalleled with any other region. This, as Stephen Saideman has argued, is a function of the central role the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) plays in Alliance decision‐making. This paper explores the early development of this decision‐making structure. It is argued that the structures, norms, and rules that advantage US military advice in transatlantic security and foreign policy were a function of domestic US civil‐military and international bargaining in the early development of NATO institutions. In exchange for supporting new US commitments in Europe, uniformed Pentagon leadership insisted on German rearmament and a key set of provisions in the development of NATO military structures and institutions that ensured US military leadership, especially regards the duties and responsibilities of SACEUR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, both academic research and industrial relations practice have been increasingly concerned with whether, and to what extent, transnational forms of labour regulation might constitute a countervailing power to globally operating companies. And although numerous studies have analysed the various instruments and institutions of transnational labour regulation – such as Global Framework Agreements, trade union networks and European or World Works Councils – as yet there has been little in the way of exploration of their dynamics or interconnections. Against this backdrop and based on a comparison of three case studies of multinational companies, we focus on what we consider to be the 'missing link' between the dynamics of social action and the interdependencies of institutions in order to explain how transnational institution building can contribute to the development of transnational labour regulation. Specifically, we investigate how different pathways to transnational labour regulation have been the outcomes of actions taken by actors in a multinational corporation and how, in turn, these developments shaped the dynamics of subsequent action. The study underlines that those pathways can only be properly understood when seen in terms of social actors, their power resources and their willingness and capacities to deploy them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a period of some three decades (1940s–1970s) the faculty and graduate students at the Department of Sociology at Columbia University, and its associated research unit (the Bureau of Applied Social Research: BASR), successfully produced a stream of innovative sociological studies which was particularly important in building on the foundations of classical sociology to establish modern sociology. Modern Sociology was produced as a theoretically sophisticated scientific enterprise firmly based on a solid empirical foundation produced by appropriate social research methods (as master-minded by Paul F. Lazarsfeld). The 'Columbia Tradition' is an approach, rather than being focussed on any particular subject matter, involved the development of 'middle-range theory', often broken-out from classic theory (as propounded by Robert K. Merton), and backed up by efforts at knowledge cumulation and institution building. But the School included a glittering array of important sociologists and hosts of others who extended the work of the two leaders, developing it in further directions, as is expected of any school. This school was sustained by the vision of a developing scientific sociology propounded by its founders, but it faltered as its founders retired from active leadership roles, in addition to being impacted by changes in Columbia University and broader Sociology environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Africa Spectrum is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper explores the long-term trajectory and the recent acceleration of the conflict over the rule of law in the EU. It focusses on the motivation of the two governments in Hungary and Poland to challenge European core values increasingly aggressively even directly at EU level despite the threat of significant material costs to both countries. Putting forward a Gramscian understanding, we argue that this radicalization is the result of a counter-hegemonic strategy that aims at replacing the liberal order with a new, nationalist, ultraconservative, Christian order on domestic and European levels. The paper traces core elements of this strategy which are either disputed or underestimated in existing literature, most importantly the pursuit of a core ideology and the massive and long-term investment into winning moral and cultural leadership through the penetration of civil society which precedes and complements electoral strategies and autocratic institution building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Fomento Social is the property of ETEA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyses the impact of Germany's Basic Law on constitutions around the world to answer the question of whether the export of constitutions is a valuable contribution to nation building or a cementing of conflict. Particularly, the impact of the understanding of human dignity, the essence guarantee of basic rights (Wesensgehaltgarantie) and the organisation and functioning of the German State and its institutions will be highlighted. Malawi and South Africa will be used as examples of the impact of the German Basic Law. Comparing the constitutional setup with the practice in the country, the analysis shows that a comprehensive constitution itself does not guarantee compliance. A constitution that learns from other countries' constitutions and their interpretation of constitutionalism is a solid but not sufficient groundwork for a locally determined nation building of a free society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International organisations increasingly call for, and support efforts to gather, more comprehensive data on missing migrants incidents. This article explores current practices of counting missing migrants, focusing in particular on Panama and Colombia's shared Darien Gap. Drawing on a novel database of some missing migrants cases in the Darien, I demonstrate how insufficient counting practices can still provide essential information on the missing. The article examines, first, how detailing the demographic and event patterns of known missing migrants incidents can assist in estimating what may have happened to others travelling on the same migration pathway. Second, the article demonstrates how current institutional enumeration practices privilege state actors' knowledge while failing to account for other forms of crucial knowledge on missing migrants held by non-institutional actors. To remedy these challenges, this article incorporates information held by migrants' families and travel acquaintances on the missing together with institutional information. Ultimately, this article argues that by implementing a more inclusive counting approach for missing migrants, we can more explicitly begin accounting for the missing in the Darien Gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we explain howandwhy people become motivated to participate in institutional processes. Responding to recent efforts to address the micro and meso in institutional analysis, we introduce two interrelated constructs—a person’s embodied world of concern and a community’s shared world of concern—which shape how people experience, evaluate, and participate in institutional arrangements. The world of concern, which is the product of people’s sedimented experiences of thriving and suffering, becomes the basis for their commitments and antagonisms toward certain social arrangements. The world of concern, as a lens, sheds light on the complex ways the macro-, meso-, and microlevels are coimplicated in constructing commitments and attachments that animate action in institutional arenas by providing a new metaphor, one that links the realism of participant concerns to the microdynamics that underpin institutions.We conclude with a discussion of the implications of these ideas for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Institutional development is an approach that depends on the concept of manipulating, social dna stressing, leadership functioning on modern elite group, and also available alternatives on action strategies. The existence of potential conflict in society is an activity that must be monitored beforehand and the role of intelligence is highly expected to identify it early on. This study aims to analyze pattern interaction between actors who are awakened in community forums intelligence area in handler potency conflict. This is qualitative research with a descriptive approach. This research was carried out in Central Java Province because there are several activities in regional intelligence communication forums that are quite active in handling potential conflicts. Research results show that strengthening institutional building in Communication Internal Regional Intelligence Handling potency conflict in the Province Central Java is not yet fully optimal in sight from institutional building dimensions, namely leadership, doctrine, programs, resources, and internal structure. Importance of strengthening internal institutional building developing institutions involved various institutions capable of presenting an output that does not only applies to a certain situation but also a different context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2000, The United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 actively promoted the inclusion of women and their perspectives in peace processes, as well as promoted a gender perspective in post-conflict recovery and institution building. The number of gender provisions in civil war peace agreements has increased since 2001 as a result, but not all such provisions serve the same purpose. In this study, we present a provision typology that divides gender provisions into those that seek to empower women and compare them to those that address conflict victimization. We suggest that the context under which the peace agreement takes place, and conditions of the conflict itself, should influence where empowerment and victimization provisions are employed if they are to have the type of impact sought by the UNSC and improve post-conflict outcomes. We test our propositions on all civil war peace agreements occurring between 1990-2018. Findings indicate that gender provisions designed to empower women are unlikely to emerge in societies where they are perhaps most needed. Comparatively, it appears there is less resistance to gender provisions aimed at addressing conflict-related victimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher education institutions (HEIs) are under growing pressure to raise the standard of education they offer and to be more creative. Institutional accreditation acts as a quality control to make sure that institutions stay true to their mission and continue to benefit students academically. Accreditation has undergone major adjustments. As a per recent changes in higher education, the educational institutions and other bodies are rethinking how to demonstrate academic excellence to students who may not be participating in the traditional collegiate experience. Because of the pandemic, higher education had to quickly switch to a new approach to instruction, delivery, assessment and community engagement. These universities were able to experiment with new degrees of innovation while maintaining a high standard of quality through online and remote learning which justifies the need and motivation for this research. The article begins by outlining the increasingly varied spectrum of higher education stakeholders, including students, academicians and other interested parties, which has given rise to concerns about the quality of education and institution building. The relevance of leadership, governance, institution building and quality assurance in HEIs for accreditation requires properly carrying out its role as discussed in the later part of the article. The article is based on an extensive review of the accreditation system in India and summarises the implication of governance, leadership, quality assurance and institution building for better ratings. As the accreditation system is evolving with time, there lies a scope for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Stewart Davenport's book, "Sex and Sects: The Story of Mormon Polygamy, Shaker Celibacy, and Oneida Complex Marriage," which compares the practices and histories of the Mormons, Shakers, and Oneida communities. Davenport aims to historicize these groups and explore the power of religious stories in their lives. The book provides detailed narratives of each community, drawing on primary sources and focusing on key themes such as children, institution building, and gender. Davenport argues that understanding the parallel stories of these radical religious communities in the 19th century can shed light on their theological experimentation, authoritarian leadership, and family dynamics. The article suggests that further comparative analysis of these groups and their relationship to the broader historical context could be a fruitful area of research. [Extracted from the article]

Informal institutions are important platforms for renegotiating global governance, but there is disagreement on how they operate and challenge the United States (US). Realists view some informal institutions like Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) as counter-hegemonic entities, while rational institutionalists focus on their structure and performance in specific areas. However, neither approach explains the internal dynamics that make these institutions robust and potentially counter-hegemonic. To fill this gap, we first develop a new convergence approach for analysing informal institutional dynamics, and then we apply this approach to examine BRICS robustness and BRICS–US relations. Our BRICS Convergence Index measures policy convergence of the BRICS states using a novel data set of BRICS cooperation on 47 policy issues between 2009 and 2021. Using data on US policy preferences on the same issues, we also identify the key sites of BRICS–US contestation. We find an overall increase in BRICS policy convergence and limited divergence from US preferences across a wide range of policy issues. However, since BRICS has engaged with more security issues after 2015 and substantively deepened its cooperation, its capability to counter US influence has grown. Our convergence-focused analysis of informal institutions embraces members' agency and pathways for institution building, while identifying the issues that bind rival countries. As such, it helps explain how informal institutions gain robustness and provides empirical insights into the rise of new powers and global governance reform efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pan-Africanism is a well-thought-out crusade that entails a dedicated process of economic rebirth involving rebuilding Africa's institutions, structures, and conditions that ensure sustainable economic development. These efforts are considered critical to any development process. However, their efficacy remained less effective in solving the continent's daunting multifaceted challenges because they are largely directed at institution building for enhanced continental peace, security, cooperation, and integration, as shown by the Pan- African ideal of "the 'new' African agenda". The new idea of African renaissance directed at awareness creation for African re-birth, unity, development, and advancement of African history, culture and values is one of the attestations to the failure of Pan-Africanism. This is not to claim that no attempts at several regional and sub-regional integration programmes and efforts have been made. Some of these remained inadequate to realise the objectives of both Pan-Africanism and the African Renaissance. The challenges, however, lie specifically in the extent to which African history, culture, and values can be utilised to drive the process of economic reconstruction. The absence of this analysis provides a gap in the literature and challenges Pan Africanism and Africa's drive towards economic reconstruction. Therefore, the paper, using qualitative data, descriptive analysis, and thematic analysis, aims to interrogate how AIK, a totally neglected resource in Pan Africanist ideals, can be innovatively and strategically utilised for Africa's sustainable economic development agenda. The study found that underlying any economic development agenda is the effective understanding, recognition, and integration of people's history, culture, heritage, and shared values, on which efforts must be directed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses three projects of economic significance that the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) completed in the last year: First, we discuss the dynamic competition concerns that were at the heart of the CMA's analysis of the Meta/GIPHY merger; this was the first case of a competition authority's blocking an acquisition by one of the 'Big Tech' firms. Second, our work on the road fuels market study examined pricing behaviour in an important consumer-facing market and found that competition had weakened because historic price leaders have been taking a less aggressive approach to pricing, Third, we established a new research centre—the Microeconomics Unit—to bring economic expertise on competition, innovation, and productivity closer to regulatory and policy decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What was ribāṭ in early Islamic Ifrīqiya and what was its primary function? The answer often differs depending on the sources that are used, and whether they focus on the building or the institution more generally. Rather than approaching the question through either of these aspects, this study will consider the expectations, reflected in textual sources, about the behavior of the murābiṭūn, or the men who inhabited them. Analyzing expectations about the character of the murābiṭūn and the activities carried out in the ribāṭ offers an insight into how the writer of the text viewed the institution, including its function and significance in early Islamic society. By comparing the expectations reflected in various texts, it is also possible to recognize different views of the ribāṭ building and institution and to relate these to the historical context or the perspective of the writer. The analysis in this study will focus on the ribāṭ in the Ifrīqiyan tradition but will relate some of the developments to the significance of the institution in the wider Islamic Empire and its intellectual tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 50-kW grid-interactive solar photovoltaic (SPV) power plant was installed on the rooftop of the Government College of Engineering Kannur (GCEK) in Kerala, India (11◦59′9″N, 75◦22′55″E) on 28th May 2018. The plant was funded by an initial capital investment of ₹36 Lakh, including a subsidy of ₹16 Lakh from the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) of the Government of India. The plant has been operating smoothly, with an average energy production of 150 kWh per day. However, a review of the monthly electricity bills of the institution showed that the interconnection of the PV plant has resulted in a power factor penalty of approximately ₹3.5 Lakh for a period of 3 years. This prompted further analysis to identify the cause of the low power factor. The goal of this work is to study and analyze the 50-kW solar plant, focusing on the reasons for the low power factor and suggesting methods to improve the power factor of the GCEK power system. This type of analysis will be useful while designing a SPV power plant for a technical institution in a country like India with similar load profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The People's House is a building and institution born of the Industrial Revolution in Europe, offering a sociocultural alternative to both the church and the alehouse. In the first decades of the twentieth century, the People's House became a model of progress for a better society. The activists of socialist Zionism, who aspired to forge a new Jewish person along sociocultural lines, saw the People's House as a crucible for Jewish communities who came to Eretz Yisrael from different countries. Indeed, beginning in the early twentieth century, People's Houses were built in all manner of Jewish settlements in Eretz Yisrael, as centers for both creating and promulgating a new Hebrew culture. This article uncovers the historical link between the memory of the Holocaust and the conception and building of People's Houses in Eretz Yisrael and Israel, through a discussion of the houses' building initiatives, funding, ideological dependencies, naming, programs, and architectural and functional aspects. 1 The essay's conclusions are that: (1) The living memory of the Holocaust, both personal and communal, was a driving force in the conception and building of People's Houses; (2) The built, functioning result proclaimed the lessons of Holocaust memory, reflecting an inversion of the scars left by the trauma; (3) The People's House, designed as a workshop and a crucible for new Hebrew culture, was seen as a Holocaust-proof space, immune from the Holocaust's painful memories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goals are almost universally accepted as the central elements for directing the performance outcomes of individuals. Individuals set goals and strive to achieve them. They do not always succeed in attaining set goals. To set achievable and realistic goals, it is extremely important for individuals to understand their strengths and carve out their goals accordingly. With this understanding, the present paper aims to understand the role of knowledge of strength in performance expectation and outcome, i.e., whether goal setting moderates the role of knowledge of strength in impacting performance outcome. For the purpose of the study, data was collected from 350 academics from management institutes across India, for whom goal setting happens as a formal procedure in areas of teaching, research, institution building, and administrative responsibilities. Two Step Hierarchical structural equation modeling was conducted to examine the research questions and hypotheses of the study. The study found that knowledge of one's own strengths impacts performance outcome, and strength visibility and strength use have significant relationships with performance outcome;. In contrast, strength insight was not found to have a significant relationship. Goal autonomy, commitment, and difficulty have been found to positively impact performance outcomes. The model shows a good fit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura is the property of Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article provides an overview of academic and public policy debates on the role and effects of collective bargaining. The motivation behind this article is that the academic and political debate is – and ever was – characterized by many controversies. It is explained that these controversies often arise because of different disciplinary, theoretical and empirical approaches. It will also be outlined how the empirical and theoretical debates influenced the Zeitgeist in public policy making. Hence, the article provides an overview of the knowledge on the role and effects of collective bargaining as well as how this knowledge influenced and guided (or not) politically initiated institution building and reforms of collective bargaining systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central and Eastern European nations have undergone significant socioeconomic policy reforms since the collapse of their socialist centralized systems. Since 1992, the Republic of Albania has faced numerous significant obstacles, and at first, eliminating gender inequality was not given much priority. In addition to being a fundamental right and a shared ideal of EU institutions, gender equality is a crucial component that must be included in the legal systems of all candidate nations hoping to join the EU. Social exclusion in developing countries can take two forms: active or passive. Women's needs and interests are typically overlooked because they are shut out of numerous aspects of life, including work, education, access to the legal system, the realization of their property rights, and so on. The Republic of Albania has created several laws, policies, and action plans about gender equality in the wake of the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), in addition to policies against human trafficking, domestic abuse, closing the representational gap in politics and the economy, and other issues. In this essay, I examine Albania's approach to assessing European standards and, if applicable, modify them to fit regional political customs and cultural norms. The best way to enforce laws, rather than just creating rules, models, and regulations, is to ensure that the body of law is in harmony with the culture in which it operates. In pursuing full EU integration, this is an overall effort to assess and contrast some of the approaches and measures Albanian representatives and society have taken to address the gender factor in the democratization process and institution-building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article undertakes an exploratory analysis of the impediments and optimal approaches to building strong public institutions in Africa, with specific reference to Nigeria, through extensive literature review. Beyond clarifying concepts such as institutions and institutionalisation, the article provides a brief examination of the history of institutions building in Nigeria in order to show that the colonialists deliberately undermined institution building. The main colonial focus was on the exploitation of Africa, extraction of raw materials for the metro-poles, even during the post-independence era. The article identifies challenges to strong public institutions building in Nigeria, which include juxtaposing “weak” (otherwise wrongly styled “strong”) individuals/leaders for strong institutions, primordial issues, godfather syndrome, federal character system and jumbo pay for some public office holders. Basic elements that promote strong public institution building including availability of appropriate rules, authority-based administration, operational transparency and accountability, promotion of security, peace and order, political community, and positive political will and responsible government. Policy recommendations are: the compelling need for deliberate efforts at building strong public institutions in Africa, particularly Nigeria, as the only route to sustainable peace, security and development. Also, weak individuals/leaders should no longer be styled as strong individuals because the latter only operate within, not above institutional rules. Finally, challenges to strong institution building need to be taken care of because they constitute clogs in the wheel of progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preparing communities around mines to face the impacts of mine closures is crucial in order to reduce disruptions to their livelihoods. Building the adaptive capacity of these communities will alleviate the burden on governments or mining companies in the future. Unfortunately, adaptive capacity has not yet been integrated into post-mining planning policies. This research aims to develop an adaptive capacity framework for post-mining planning in local communities, focusing on a case study conducted in Indonesia. We developed this framework using the Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) method. The findings indicate that the adaptive capacity framework provides a comprehensive approach to building the capacity to adapt and thrive in post-mining situations. This highlights the importance of continuing to disseminate post-mining plan information, prioritizing access to capital and former mine sites, fostering collaboration, and creating job opportunities. Simultaneously, efforts to increase skills should be reduced, and reallocation of efforts towards community institution building, establishing information centers, and improving community bonds should be prioritized in more important fields and programs. By adopting this framework, communities around mines in Indonesia are expected to enhance their resilience and ability to effectively respond to changing circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teacher turnover is a long-standing and worsening problem for schools in England. Strategies to reduce turnover have been extensively researched; however, in England, fewer studies have engaged with how turnover affects students and staff, or how this impact can be mitigated. This article synthesises research suggesting that the negative impact of high turnover is linked to its corrosive impact on trust, student-centric and institutional knowledge, and collaboration and collegiality. It proposes that schools need to intentionally nurture relationships, establish routines and culture at an institutional level and create opportunities for informal professional development. It also argues that decisions about teacher allocation or assignment can drive within-school churn, undermining continuity of care. Teacher allocation decisions have a particularly negative impact on socio-economically disadvantaged and minority ethnic students, but 'looping' may reduce within-school churn and enhance continuity of care. Looping has been studied in several countries, but further research is needed in the English context, particularly given that teachers report being open to the strategy, if it is supported by evidence. However, as this article highlights, there are potential tensions between reducing teachers' influence over allocation and the impact this might have on teacher satisfaction and retention, as well as potential tradeoffs between grade-specific and student-specific expertise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under what conditions do regional countries engage in cooperation? Regional cooperation arguably matters as an essential factor for the peace and development of nations, yet few quantitative studies have observed only countries. Cooperation nevertheless occurs between countries. This study presents the first global analysis of the correlates of regional cooperation through an analyses of dyads—where cooperation occurs. The independence concerns of interstate dyads are addressed using dyadic clustering robust standard error estimation. The analyses offered here, of memberships in 76 regional organizations from 1945 to 2012, yield several factors as significant forces of regional cooperation. In order of importance, these are: joint democracy, joint language, equal material capability, and trade interdependence. I also explore if weaker countries are more hesitant to cooperate with stronger ones in the regions studied. This is an interesting contribution at the theoretical level, as it seems to privilege a liberal explanation of regional organizations (trade, democracy) over a hegemonic realist explanation (power asymmetry). Related Articles: Bishwakarma, Jham Kumar, and Zongshan Hu. 2021. "Problems and Prospects for the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)." Politics & Policy 50(1): 154–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12443. Genna, Gaspare M., and David A. Mayer‐Foulkes. 2011. "Beyond Borders: Migration, Security, and Cooperation in North America." Politics & Policy 39(1): 5–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2010.00280.x. Levine, Steven. 2007. "Asian Values and the Asia Pacific Community: Shared Interests and Common Concerns." Politics & Policy 35(1): 102–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2007.00050.x. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The building of the European Central Bank (ECB) in Frankfurt am Main is the result of a complex process that intersects and amplifies a set of issues concerning the relation between architecture and power at the turn of the millennium. From the initial competition, launched in 2002, to the inauguration of the tower designed by Coop Himmelb(l)au, this case highlights the reluctance, on the part of the institution, to use architecture to project power and showcase its mission. This hesitancy relates to the ECB's particular status as a supranational institution, operating between multiple national identities. While assuming an increasingly political role, the bank tried to present itself as a neutral, technical body, responding to a model of depoliticized governance. All that matters is what the institution does, not what it is. On a parallel level, this functionalist outlook aligned with a contemporaneous shift in architectural practice and thought. The traditional concern with representation was challenged by an evolving notion of materialism, which set aside questions of meaning in favor of questions of performance. All that matters is what buildings do. From this perspective, the performance of the technical infrastructure is believed to be the primary source of meaning, for both the institution and the architecture that housed it. The unfolding of the ECB project, however, revealed the limitations of such approaches. Given the importance of the bank within the governance of the European Union during a time of economic crisis, the building site became the stage for multiple symbolic rituals and forced a difficult reflection on the image of the European community. Despite the efforts to blend in and neutralize architecture, as in the case of the euro banknotes, the building process pushed the ECB to start addressing its unique political dimension, beyond reductive notions of technical efficiency.

IntroductionStrong and efficient institutions are vital to the development of well-functioning governments and strong societies. The term “institution building” encompasses the creation, support, development, and strengthening of organizations and institutions. Still, there is little aggregated evidence on “institution building” considering a wider system-thinking approach, best practices, or development cooperation specifically in the field of public health. In 2007, the International Association of National Public Health Institutes (IANPHI) created a guiding Framework that countries may use for developing National Public Health Institutes (NPHIs). This Framework is currently being revised.MethodsIn this context, we conducted a systematic review to facilitate this revision with recent evidence on institution building and its potential contribution to NPHI. We followed the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews, searching for relevant publications in seven scientific databases (Pubmed, VHL/LILACS, EconLit, Google Scholar, Web of Science, World Affairs Online, ECONBIZ) and four libraries (World Bank; European Health for All database of the World Health Organization European Region, WHO; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD; and the African Union Common Repository). The search was carried out in October 2021. We used the “framework analysis” tool for systematically processing documents according to key themes.ResultsAs a result, we identified 3,015 records, of which we included 62 documents in the final review. This systematic review fills a major gap of aggregated information on institution building in the field of public health and National Public Health Institutes. It is to our knowledge the first systematic review of this kind. The overriding result is the identification and definition of six domains of institution building in the health sector: “governance,” “knowledge and innovation,” “inter-institutional cooperation,” “monitoring and control,” “participation,” and “sustainability and context-specific adaptability.”DiscussionOur results show that the described domains are highly relevant to the public health sector, and that managers and the scientific community recognize their importance. Still, they are often not applied consistently when creating or developing NPHIs. We conclude that organizations engaged in institution building of NPHIs, including IANPHI, may greatly benefit from state-of-the-art research on institution building as presented in this study.

This article relates to the envisioning of museums in popular videogames as a possible indicator of how museums may or may not function in the future. In terms of popular videogames, data were collected from the 'The Museums in Popular Videogames' research project at the Museology Lab, Ionian University, Corfu, Greece. Taking into consideration that science fiction literature is strongly linked with visualising aspects of the future, we use its genres to classify the museums in videogames. Twenty-nine videogames with forty-two museum settings were identified and discussed. Museums were grouped and analysed by four museum-oriented aspects to further understand their nature in future settings: location; the museum as a building and as an institution; the museum exhibits, their nature and their state of care or preservation; museum visitors that the game character may encounter. This research has indicated that the speculative creativity of videogame developers concerning museums in the future is likely to be diverse, within cityscapes, into the ocean or in the sky, fully functional with different interiors, preserving objects of the past and offering shelter to humans, or destroyed because of natural disasters, external attacks and/or human actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is part of a research on posting in the construction industry in Albania and starts from the collaboration between the Polis University and Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini for YES Project (Youth Employment Skill Set on Posting). The intensification of the European integration process increases the pressure and responsibility of Albania to ensure a more efficient labour market. With the status of candidate country, currently Albania benefits in addition to component I - Transition Assistance and Institution Building and Component II - Cross-border Cooperation, also from component IV IPA - Human Resources Development, a transitional assistance for fund management of the European Social Fund in the future. This component is designed to help Albania meet more easily the future global challenges of employment and social cohesion, further boosting the country's development. Although there isn't a government website in Albania that focuses on informal work, several job promotion initiatives were launched in 1999 to encourage both training and employment. As part of those efforts, firms were given financial incentives to recruit unemployed people for a set length of time, and vulnerable groups like marginalized women were the focus of particular employment programs. Additionally, in 2004 referring the informal employment situation and its action plan, Albania fixed personal income tax at 10% in an effort to decrease the work informality. Construction in Albania has brought attention to the problem of inadequate enforcement of labor laws and practices. The public sector still struggles with corruption, which significantly hinders the efficient execution of legislation pertaining to informal employment. Employer payroll taxes are not correlated with employee payroll lists, making it difficult to identify tax fraud by employers through nonpayment of contributions and having a negative impact on employees' future pensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The writing of this article describes an Islamic-based education management system that is influenced by politics. The method used in this writing is literature study by collecting various appropriate references and supporting discussions about systems, management and policies that have an impact on politics. A quality and quality education management system will greatly influence policy in positive terms. One of the impacts discussed in this paper relates to the system of political management in Islam that exists in Indonesia in general. The relationship between educational institutions and political policies is a relationship that requires each other and has a balanced impact as well. Leading to a good management system, policies within the institution will run optimally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The building of the European Central Bank (ECB) in Frankfurt am Main is the result of a complex process that intersects and amplifies a set of issues concerning the relationship between architecture and power at the turn of the millennium. From the initial competition, launched in 2002, to the inauguration of the tower designed by Coop Himmelb(l)au, this case highlights the reluctance, on the part of the institution, to use architecture to project power and showcase its mission. This hesitancy relates to the ECB's particular status as a supranational institution, operating between multiple national identities. While assuming an increasingly political role, the bank tried to present itself as a neutral, technical body, responding to a model of depoliticized governance. All that matters is what the institution does, not what it is. On a parallel level, this functionalist outlook aligned with a contemporaneous shift in architectural practice and thought. The traditional concern with representation was challenged by an evolving notion of materialism, which set aside questions of meaning in favor of questions of performance. All that matters is what buildings do. From this perspective, the performance of the technical infrastructure was believed to be the primary source of meaning, for both the institution and the architecture that housed it. The unfolding of the ECB project, however, revealed the limitations of such approaches. Given the importance of the bank within the governance of the European Union during a time of economic crisis, the building site became the stage for multiple symbolic rituals and forced a difficult reflection on the image of the European community. Despite the efforts to blend in and neutralize architecture, as in the case of the euro banknotes, the building process pushed the ECB to address its unique political dimension, beyond reductive notions of technical efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]