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Variations from equilibrium Young's angle, known as contact angle hysteresis (CAH), are frequently observed upon droplet deposition on a solid surface. This ubiquitous phenomenon indicates the presence of multiple local surface energy minima for the sessile droplet. Previous research primarily explains CAH via considering macroscopic roughness, such as topographical defects, which alter the effective interfacial energy between the fluid phase and the solid phase, thereby shifting the global surface energy minimum. One typical example is the classic Cassie–Baxter–Wenzel theory. Here, we propose an alternative microscopic mechanism that emphasizes the complexity of molecular rearrangements at the fluid–solid interface, treating their interfacial tensions as variables, which results in multiple local surface energy minima. Our theoretical framework demonstrates that CAH can occur even on chemically homogeneous and mechanically smooth-flat substrates, aligning with previously unexplained experimental observations. In addition, we explore the interplay between macroscopic and microscopic roughness in influencing CAH and clarify the contrasting wetting behaviors—the lotus effect and the rose petal effect—on hierarchical roughness from a thermodynamic perspective. This work provides valuable insights into surface tension determination by restoring the natural physical properties of interfaces and illuminates the multifaceted mechanisms underlying the everyday occurrences of CAH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural disorder in mesoporous solids gives rise to complex phase behavior for materials confined within their pore spaces. As a result, a wide spectrum of possible phase configurations associated with spatial distributions of thermodynamic phases throughout the pore networks can be realized in experiments. Despite their importance, quantifying these states remains largely unaddressed. By considering solid–liquid equilibria as a representative example and using a simple random network model, we investigate the spectrum of such states accessible in real experiments and relate this spectrum to the structural characteristics of porous solids. We classify these states by their free energies and demonstrate how network effects break degeneracies for specific phase compositions and temperatures. Furthermore, we identify the experimental conditions that delineate boundary free energy states, differentiating accessible from inaccessible states. The insights from this study on solid–liquid equilibria are also equally applicable to gas–liquid equilibria in confined spaces and contribute to a deeper understanding of relaxation dynamics associated with hysteresis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The generation of above-bandgap photovoltage, referred to as the anomalous photovoltaic effect (APV), is an extraordinary characteristic sought after property in bulk ferroelectric photovoltaic devices. Despite the fact that the relatively narrow bandgap of BiFeO3 (BFO) (2.7 eV) induces a comparatively larger generation of photocurrent than other ferroelectric photovoltaic, it falls short in producing an anomalous photovoltage (Eg ≪ Voc) and exhibits leaky ferroelectric hysteresis due to unavoidable oxygen vacancies. This work revealed a reduction in oxygen vacancies through the substitution of Ba(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O3 in BFO, leading to improved structural, morphological, synchrotron XPS, and electrical properties. This reduction in oxygen vacancies has resulted in an impressive above-bandgap photovoltage (APV) of 4.41 V for 80BFO–20BFN with greater ferroelectric polarization (Pr = 20.45 μC/cm2) observed at the co-existence of polar and non-polar phases. Moreover, both theoretical and experimental optical analyses have demonstrated a significant decrease in the bandgap to 1.92 eV, effectively extending the visible region close to 653 nm. As a result, a larger population of photoexcited charge carriers is generated, enabling the attainment of a high current density (Jsc) of 0.75 μA/cm2 under 100 mW/cm2 light irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates wake-up and imprint in ferroelectric Al0.70Sc0.30N films. The study employs a series of electrical measurements with varying field amplitudes and waveforms to understand the origin and underlying principle of wake-up and imprint as well as their relation. It is shown that the material can be considered wake-up free. However, inherent imprint and imprint variation of the polarization-electric field hysteresis in combination with minor loops result in a wake-up like effect. This effect is most likely related to the formation of persistent inversion domain nuclei—a mechanism that is discussed in detail and compared with alternative explanations based on charged defects. Investigations using unipolar fields are conducted to explore the reversibility of imprint and ways to program it, while partial switching is applied to investigate domain propagation and support the aforementioned explanation for the evolution of the polarization-electric field hysteresis. It is concluded that after an energetically more demanding domain nucleation, domain wall motion can switch the majority of polarization in Al1−xScxN. As a consequence, the presence of initial domains reduces the coercive field with respect to unipolar films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The time-dependent quantum transportation through a metal/polymer/metal system is theoretically investigated on the basis of a Su–Schrieffer–Heeger model combined with the hierarchical equations of motion formalism. Using a non-adiabatic dynamical method, the evolution of the electron subspace and lattice atoms with time can be obtained. It is found that the calculated transient currents vary with time and reach stable values after a response time under the bias voltages. However, the stable current as the system reaches its dynamical steady state exhibits a discrepancy between two sweep directions of the bias voltage, which results in pronounced electrical hysteresis loops in the current–voltage curve. By analyzing the evolution of instantaneous energy eigenstates, the occupation number of the instantaneous eigenstates, and the lattice of the polymer, we show that the formation of excitons and the delay of their annihilation are responsible for the hysteretic current–voltage characteristics, where electron–phonon interactions play the key factor. Furthermore, the hysteresis width and amplitude can also be modulated by the strength of the electron–phonon coupling, level-width broadening function, and temperature. We hope these results about past condition-dependent switching performance at a sweep voltage can provide further insight into some of the basic issues of interest in hysteresis processes in conducting polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal hysteresis exhibited in plastic crystal compounds greatly reduces their cyclic efficiency, limiting their potential for replacing current environmentally harmful refrigerants. A mechanistic understanding of the origins of this hysteresis has yet to be established. Here, we systematically investigate the transformation kinetics of the model plastic crystal, neopentyl glycol (NPG), through microscopic and calorimetric techniques. We reveal an asymmetry between the forward (heating) and reverse (cooling) transitions. We also demonstrate that the forward transformation is rate-limited by the rate of growth of rotationally disordered domains. In contrast, the reverse transformation is rate-limited by the nucleation of the ordered crystal domain, demonstrated by the sharp exothermic peaks in calorimetry and rapid self-nucleation phenomena observed optically. This nucleation limitation is largely responsible for the large thermal hysteresis in NPG, which we observe to be as large as 16.7 °C for an approximately 10 mg sample cooled at 0.5 °C min−1. These findings demonstrate the underlying origin of the thermal hysteresis and introduce a direction to mitigate hysteresis in plastic crystal transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, three atomic layer deposition (ALD) approaches are used to deposit an Al2O3 gate insulator on n-GaN for application in vertical GaN power switches: thermal ALD (ThALD), plasma-enhanced ALD (PEALD), and their stacked combination. The latter is a novel method to yield the most ideal insulating layer. Also, the influence of an in situ NH3 or H2 plasma pre-treatment is studied. Planar MIS capacitors are used to investigate the electrical properties and robustness of the gate insulators. In vacuo x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is used to study the changes in chemical composition after every surface treatment. XPS shows that all plasma pre-treatments efficiently remove all carbon contamination from the surface, but only NH3 plasma is observed to additionally remove the native oxide from the n-GaN surface. The water precursor step in the ThALD process does not completely remove the CH3 ligands of the trimethylaluminum precursor step, which might electrically be associated with a reduced forward bias robustness. The O2 plasma step in the PEALD process is associated with the removal of carbon and a tremendous increase of the O content in the GaN surface region. Electrically, this strongly correlates to an enhanced forward bias robustness and an increased forward bias hysteresis, respectively. The ThALD/PEALD stack method mitigates the shortcomings of both ALD processes while maintaining its advantages. Electrical measurements indicate that the stack method alongside NH3 plasma pretreatment provides the best characteristics in terms of hysteresis, threshold voltage, forward bias robustness, and interface trap density of states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advancement of magnetic materials with coupled magneto-structural phase transition (MST) to fulfill the ultimate objectives of practical solid-state cooling applications requires a better understanding of the hysteresis phenomenon linked across the phase transition region along with the large magnetocaloric parameters. For the present sample Mn0.65Ni0.65Fe0.70Si, the MST is associated with a sharp jump in magnetization along with a small thermal hysteresis of ∼13 K. A giant isothermal magnetic entropy change (| Δ S M max |) of ∼37.6 J kg−1 K−1 at 299 K and effective refrigerant capacity (R C effe ) of ∼214.3 J kg−1 under ΔH = 30 kOe is obtained with excellent compatibility between the martensite and austenite phases. The geometrical compatibility condition, i.e., very small (∼0.55%) deviation of the middle eigenvalue (λ 2) from unity justifies the observation of small hysteresis in the present material. The investigation of hysteresis behavior under different extents of the driving forces (temperature or magnetic field) reveals that both the driving forces trigger equally the phase transition and are responsible equivalently for the hysteresis phenomenon. The present study provides a pathway to understand the complexity of the hysteresis behavior, its impact on the reversibility of magnetocaloric effect, and its minimization by optimizing the geometrical compatibility condition between the austenite and martensite phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanowires (NWs) composed of 2,4-bis[(4-diethylamino)-2-hydroxyphenyl] squaraine were prepared by evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA). NWs were ∼560 nm wide (aspect ratios: 10–90). X-ray diffraction analysis indicated polymorphism (monoclinic/triclinic). Optical data reported the triclinic phase with energetic disorder. Given the favorable alignment of the Au work function and squaraine HOMO energy, symmetric, unipolar metal–insulator–metal devices were formed by the EISA of NW meshes on inter-digitated Au electrodes. Room temperature DC I–V characteristics displayed hysteretic I–V loops, indicating memristive behavior. At low bias, data indicated Ohmic transport with carrier extraction facilitated by thermionic emission. At high biases, devices exhibited space-charge-limited conduction in the presence of shallow traps. At 77 K, data indicated Ohmic transport at low bias with carrier extraction by thermionic emission while, at high biases, trap-limited space-charge-limited conduction in the presence of traps distributed in energy, with carrier extraction by Fowler–Nordheim tunneling, was observed. The I–V hysteresis was eliminated at 77 K and attenuated by fast scan rates at room temperature, suggesting that carrier trapping/de-trapping underpinned the hysteresis. In impedance measurements, the device response fitted a Randles equivalent circuit indicating purely electronic conduction. By applying voltage waveforms, I–V hysteresis and analog resistive switching (memristive) functionality were observed. Device conductance could be increased sweep by sweep, giving conductance tuning through distinct states, with wait time- or voltage-erase options, consistent with trap filling/emptying effects. Repeated erase–write–read of multiple distinct states over many voltage cycles during continuous use in air was demonstrated. Finally, synaptic functions, e.g., pulse-dependent plasticity, and short- to long-term memory transition, were successfully emulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the fight for legitimacy, understanding the rules of status games is critical. This idea holds true in the wedding marketplace. However, when legalization of marriage for same-sex couples disrupted the binary wedding script, the rules of the game became less clear to consumers. Couples sometimes found their gendered bodies, roles, and expressions were out of sync with the evolving script of a destabilized wedding field, thus raising legitimacy questions. This situation is defined as hysteresis—meaning delays in the realignment between habitus and the field. Hysteresis results in consumers' disorientation about what forms of capital are valued as well as perceived absences of materials or recognition from the market. This study investigates consumers' attempts to mobilize gendered capital to resolve hysteresis through realignment of habitus and the script. Grounded in a Bourdieuian field-level analysis of depth interviews with 30 same-sex couples and ethnographic observation in the wedding field, four consumption alignment strategies are identified that consumers leverage to address hysteresis: confronting, masking, collaborating, and experimenting. Consumers' variations in gendered capital explain which consumption alignment strategies they use, with different possibilities for updating habitus and expanding the script. Throughout this process, consumers' moral judgments hinder this pursuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the promising room temperature nuclear radiation detection materials, the all-inorganic perovskite CsPbBr3 single crystal has been receiving much attention in recent years. Even though the performance of the CsPbBr3 detector is improving continuously, the disadvantages of detection instability have not been solved fundamentally, and this instability is mainly caused by ionic migration in the CsPbBr3 single crystal itself. In this paper, a reasonable ionic migration model is proposed based on an in-depth study of the current hysteresis phenomenon and ionic migration mechanism in the Ti/CsPbBr3/Ti detector. The model shows that the ions migrate to the anode or cathode under an external electric field, and the accumulated ions subsequently form an inverted internal electric field inside the crystal and carrier transport barriers at the metal–semiconductor interface simultaneously. The photoelectric characteristic and ionic migration activation energy (E a i o n) fitting results also prove the rationality of the ionic migration model. Furthermore, the ionic migration model can also be used to explain the left-shift of the energy response peak and the decrease in the normalized charge collection efficiency in the Ti/CsPbBr3/Ti detector. This paper systematically investigates the intrinsic origin of migrated ions and the influence of ionic migration on detection stability, which will provide a potential solution to improve detection stability by suppressing ionic migration in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report an analysis of reverse current mechanisms observed in GaN Schottky barrier diodes leading to hysteretic behavior of the I–V curves at low temperature. By means of DC measurements from 33 to 475 K, we demonstrate the presence of two leakage mechanisms when comparing the experiments with the results obtained using a unified model to predict the ideal reverse current of the diode. Poole–Frenkel emission is the dominant mechanism for temperatures above 200 K, while trap-assisted tunneling prevails for lower temperatures, where also, hysteresis cycles are revealed by means of DC dual-sweep voltage measurements. The energy of the corresponding traps has also been determined, being around 0.2 and 0.45 eV, respectively. The hysteresis phenomenon is attributed to the bias-induced occupancy of the energy states originating the leakage-current processes, which leads to the reduction of the reverse current after a high negative voltage is applied to the diode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical pressure is widely applied to antiferroelectrics (AFEs) as a criterion to enhance their antiferroelectricity. However, NaNbO3 (NN)-based ceramic with well-defined double polarization hysteresis (P–E) loops was rarely reported based on this strategy, and the effect of chemical pressure on antiferroelectricity remains to be understood. In this work, the Me cations (Me is Ti, Sn, Zr) with different ionic radii were introduced into the component system 0.76NaNbO3–0.20AgNbO3–0.04CaMeO3 to tune the negative chemical pressure and investigate its effect on antiferroelectricity. The enhancement of negative chemical pressure can effectively stabilize the AFE phase and reduce hysteresis, as revealed by the P–E loops and dielectric properties, which is further confirmed by the change in crystal lattice parameters and in situ Raman spectra. Rietveld refinement of x-ray powder diffraction reveals that the enhanced negative chemical pressure mainly reduces the cation off-centering displacement and [BO6] octahedral tilting angles. As a result, the 0.76NaNbO3–0.20AgNbO3–0.04CaZrO3 exhibits good reversibility of the electric field-induced antiferroelectric–ferroelectric phase transition and well-defined double P–E loops. This work reveals the underlying mechanism of chemical pressure and provides an effective way of discovering new NN-based AFEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The domain reversal dynamics of the pristine and 10 wt. % BiFeO3 nanoparticle-embedded P(VDF-TrFE) (polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) flexible ferroelectric membranes were investigated. A scaling relation of A∝fαE0β relevant to the domain reversal dynamics was eventually determined. The pristine P(VDF-TrFE) flexible membrane takes the form of A∝f0.04077E00.39748 in stage III of high electric fields. Nevertheless, for BiFeO3-embedded P(VDF-TrFE) [BFO/P(VDF-TrFE)] flexible membranes, the relations are developed as A∝f−0.3326E02.74911 in the low electric fields of stage I and as A∝f0.04309E01.04872 in stage III separately. The negative α indicates that more and more domain reversal lags behind the alternating periodic electric field in stage I. Instead, in stage III, the positive α indicates that most domain reversals can occur anytime whatever the alternating speed of electric fields is. Analogously, the positive β indicates that at any selected frequency, domains can flip at an external electric field. Abnormally, for the pristine P(VDF-TrFE) membrane, the scaling relation in the first E0 stage is broken, reflecting only dielectric contributions this time. The dynamic scaling data are significant for the micromechanism accomplishments of copolymers and for the designs of flexible electric devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large magnetocaloric effects can be observed in materials with first-order magneto-structural phase transition. However, materials with large thermal hysteresis show a reduced effect in moderate fields (∼ 2 T) because the external field is insufficient to induce a fully reversible transformation. The hysteresis can be overcome or even exploited by applying a second external stimulus. A multi-stimuli test bench has been built to demonstrate the multicaloric effect in FeRh alloy using a pulsed magnetic field up to 9 T and a uniaxial stress of up to 700 MPa. A cyclic multicaloric effect of ± 2.5 K could be observed for a sequential application of a pulsed field of 3 T and a uniaxial stress of 700 MPa. The interplay among external field strength, thermal hysteresis, and the transition width enables the use of pulsed magnetic fields and allows a decoupling of the applied magnetic field and the heat transfer process in the multi-stimuli cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Habitus is society inscribed on the body, but Bourdieu does not explore how biological processes interact with habitus, namely, how action flows from a bio-habitus. I engage pain science to illustrate this point. First, I document how dispositions—specific components of habitus—mediate pain both before and after its onset. Second, I explain how pain alters cognition and affect, an interaction I contend inhibits the habitus. Far from placing the biological over the social, my discussion illustrates how the two are inseparable, a unity underlined by the term bio-habitus. I demonstrate how this concept intervenes in Bourdieusian debates over social reproduction and how the biological inhibition of habitus compares to work on hysteresis. I end by discussing resonances with and implications for disability studies.

Inkjet printing is a more sustainable and scalable fabrication method than spin coating for producing perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Although spin-coated SnO2 has been intensively studied as an effective electron transport layer (ETL) for PSCs, inkjet-printed SnO2 ETLs have not been widely reported. Here, we fabricated inkjet-printed, solution-processed SnOx ETLs for planar PSCs. A champion efficiency of 17.55% was achieved for the cell using a low-temperature processed SnOx ETL. The low-temperature SnOx exhibited an amorphous structure and outperformed high-temperature crystalline SnO2. The improved performance was attributed to enhanced charge extraction and transport and suppressed charge recombination at ETL/perovskite interfaces, which originated from enhanced electrical and optical properties of SnOx, improved perovskite film quality, and well-matched energy level alignment between the SnOx ETL and the perovskite layer. Furthermore, SnOx was doped with Cu. Cu doping increased surface oxygen defects and upshifted energy levels of SnOx, leading to reduced device performance. A tunable hysteresis was observed for PSCs with Cu-doped SnOx ETLs, decreasing at first and turning into inverted hysteresis afterwards with increasing Cu doping level. This tunable hysteresis was related to the interplay between charge/ion accumulation and recombination at ETL/perovskite interfaces in the case of electron extraction barriers.

Increased ventilator use during the COVID-19 pandemic resurrected persistent questions regarding mechanical ventilation including the difference between physiological and artificial breathing induced by ventilators (i.e., positive- versus negative-pressure ventilation, PPV vs NPV). To address this controversy, we compare murine specimens subjected to PPV and NPV in ex vivo quasi-static loading and quantify pulmonary mechanics via measures of quasi-static and dynamic compliances, transpulmonary pressure, and energetics when varying inflation frequency and volume. Each investigated mechanical parameter yields instance(s) of significant variability between ventilation modes. Most notably, inflation compliance, percent relaxation, and peak pressure are found to be consistently dependent on the ventilation mode. Maximum inflation volume and frequency note varied dependencies contingent on the ventilation mode. Contradictory to limited previous clinical investigations of oxygenation and end-inspiratory measures, the mechanics-focused comprehensive findings presented here indicate lung properties are dependent on loading mode, and importantly, these dependencies differ between smaller versus larger mammalian species despite identical custom-designed PPV/NPV ventilator usage. Results indicate that past contradictory findings regarding ventilation mode comparisons in the field may be linked to the chosen animal model. Understanding the differing fundamental mechanics between PPV and NPV may provide insights for improving ventilation strategies and design to prevent associated lung injuries.

We employ the theory of asymptotic homogenization (AH) to study the elasto‐plastic behavior of a composite medium comprising two solid phases, separated by a sharp interface and characterized by mechanical properties, such as elastic coefficients and "initial yield stresses" (i.e., a threshold stress above which remodeling is triggered), that may differ up to several orders of magnitude. We speak of "plastic" behavior because we have in mind a material behavior that, to a certain extent, resembles plasticity, although, for biological systems, it embraces a much wider class of inelastic phenomena. In particular, we are interested in studying the influence of gradient effects in the remodeling variable on the homogenized mechanical properties of the composite. The jump of the mechanical properties from one phase to the other makes the composite highly heterogeneous and calls for the determination of effective properties, that is, properties that are associated with a homogenized "version" of the original composite, and that are obtained through a suitable averaging procedure. The determination of the effective properties results convenient, in particular, when it comes to the multiscale description of inelastic processes, such as remodeling in soft or hard tissues, like bones. To accomplish this task with the aid of AH, we assume that the length scale over which the heterogeneities manifest themselves is several orders of magnitude smaller than the characteristic length scale of the composite as a whole. We identify both a fine‐scale problem and a coarse‐scale problem, each of which characterizes the elasto‐plastic dynamics of the composite at the corresponding scale, and we discuss how they are reciprocally coupled through a transfer of information from one scale to the other. In particular, we highlight how the coarse‐scale plastic distortions influence the fine‐scale problem. Moreover, in the limit of negligible hysteresis effects, we individuate two viscoplastic effective coefficients that encode the information of the two‐scale nature of the composite medium in the upscaled equations. Finally, to deal with a case study tractable semi‐analytically, we consider a multilayered composite material with an initial yield stress that is constant in each phase. Such investigation is meant to contribute to the constitution of a robust framework for devising the effective properties of hierarchical biological media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Investigating solid–liquid interactions to determine advancing and receding contact angles, and consequently contact angle hysteresis, is crucial for understanding material wetting properties. A reliable, automated, and possibly open-source tool is desirable, to standardize and automatize the measurement and make it user-independent. This study introduces an open-source software, DropenVideo, as an extension of Dropen. DropenVideo automates frame-by-frame video analysis for the advancing and receding contact angle determination, by considering needle presence, contrast tuning, and compensating for missing drop edge data. Contact angles are calculated using convolution mask, circle, and polynomial fittings. An innovative feature in DropenVideo is the automatic protocol for identifying advancing and receding contact angles: (i) the advancing contact angle is determined as the average value during drop inflation; and (ii) the receding contact angle is determined from the frame of incipient motion during drop deflation. Exploring the application of DropenVideo across a range of complex surfaces as representative test cases, we highlight existing challenges in interpreting wetting measurements by addressing different wetting scenarios. Our study demonstrates that employing frame-by-frame automatic analysis of contact angle measurement videos using DropenVideo significantly mitigates the potential risks of subjective bias associated with manual interpretation and enhances the precision of identified wetting characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coupling of hysteresis and low damping vibration in a piezoelectric actuator results in low modeling accuracy and adversely affects output motion precision. To mitigate this problem, this paper proposes an improved wavelet transform gated recurrent unit (WT-GRU) model. This model integrates a convolutional layer with WT-GRU to enhance its capability to express complex relationships. Firstly, the input voltage sequence undergoes wavelet transform to decompose it into a set of frequency subsequences. Then, using the feature extraction and representation ability of the convolutional layer, significant features are extracted from subsequences to construct a time series feature vector. Finally, a gated recurrent unit is trained to predict the output displacement sequence accurately. Statistical metrics such as mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and coefficient of determination (R 2) were utilized to evaluate the model performance. Additionally, experimental tests were conducted with frequency excitation signals at 80–120 Hz. Experimental results show that the proposed model achieves a MAE of 0.0102 mm, an RMSE of 0.0148 mm, and an R 2 value of 0.9478. This model exhibits a significant advantage in accurately predicting the output displacement of piezoelectric actuators, thereby providing a reliable foundation for designing piezoelectric actuator control systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic shape memory alloy-based actuator (MSMA-BA) has the advantages of large strain and high resolution. However, the inherent hysteresis characteristics accompanied by the dead zone in MSMA seriously degrade the positioning accuracy of MSMA-BA. In this study, a gated recurrent neural network (GRNN)-based nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) method is designed to achieve precise trajectory tracking control of the MSMA-BA. First, a GRNN-based nonlinear auto-regressive moving average with exogenous inputs (NARMAX) model is designed to predict the various nonlinear characteristics of MSMA-BA. Based on the established model, an NMPC method with an anti-dead-zone function is designed. The introduced anti-dead-zone function enables the proposed NMPC algorithm to accelerate the response speed within the dead zone and prevents violent oscillations in the system. The ability of the NMPC to address the hysteresis characteristics accompanied by the dead zone is enhanced. Additionally, the convergence of the proposed NMPC method is analyzed using the Lyapunov stability theory. Extensive experiments are conducted on the MSMA-BA to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]