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In the present work, magnetic nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) have been synthesised using low temperature combustion method and then modified with Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to form a magnetic composite. Prepared composite (CTAB-NiFe2O4) was used as an adsorbent for removing brilliant green dye from aqueous solution. Adsorbent was investigated by using various techniques like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectra, thermogravimetric analysis and pH of point zero charge. Different parameters such as effect of contact time, pH, adsorbent dose and initial dye concentration were studied for the adsorption of dye. The optimum values observed were 170 minutes equilibrium time at pH 6 and adsorbent dose 0.6 g. Various adsorption kinetic models such as pseudo first-order kinetic model, pseudo second-order kinetic model and Elovich model were used to determine the nature of adsorption. Pseudo second-order kinetic model fitted better with higher R2 value which indicated that the adsorption was chemical in nature. Langmuir isotherm was best fitted to experimental data for the adsorption of brilliant green dye with maximum adsorption capacity 'Qe' 250 mg/g. It revealed that the adsorption in this study takes place on homogenous surface and follows monolayer pattern. Therefore, for the removal of Brilliant green dye from wastewater using composite (CTAB-NiFe2O4) can be considered as an effective adsorbent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research shows that cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) flocculants, widely used in wastewater treatment, are susceptible to degradation when in contact with various metallic surfaces. This is evidenced by the investigation of the evolution of CPAM's rheological properties during degradation within metallic Couette tools, observing a transition from elastic to viscous behavior. The degradation is clearly evident on various metallic surfaces, while thermoplastic surfaces have significantly less effect on CPAM degradation. Key findings indicate that chemical interactions, rather than mechanical stress, are the primary cause of degradation, and this reaction is activated by temperature. Techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance analysis, and polyelectrolyte titration provided some initial understanding of this mechanism. This research offers valuable insights into CPAM's interactions with metal surfaces, with important implications for environmental and industrial applications, and establishes the appropriate protocol for characterizing the intrinsic rheological properties of these materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Society's need for safe flame‐retardant technologies in passive fire protection is undeniable. To address this concern, this paper presents an experimental investigation of the fire‐retardant properties of slash pine wood treated with banana plant pseudostem sap, obtained from a cultivated banana plant variety widely grown in Brazil. The natural sap extract was characterized through X‐Ray Fluorescence spectrometry and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy techniques, revealing the presence of key components, including water, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, sodium silicate, calcium phosphate, sodium phosphate, lignin and tannins. The authors explored different treatment parameters, including various sap impregnation times, number of impregnations and use of natural versus various levels of concentrated sap. First, a horizontal burning test, similar test to UL 94 HB, was used to obtain an initial assessment of the suitability of sap as a flame retardant for slash pine wood. Subsequently, the Mass Loss Calorimeter equipment with thermopile attachment described in ISO 13927:2015 was used to measure various heat release rate parameters. The findings suggest that reducing the water content in sap and increasing the number of repeat treatments results in a more effective treatment for slash pine wood. More specifically, the results indicate that the most efficient treatment involves three impregnations with high‐concentration (1/10 volume reduction) sap. Future work to improve the efficacy of the concentrated sap impregnation process could explore the use of pressure treatment instead of soaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable catalyst synthesis offers a fundamental development via utilizing plants reducing the dependency on synthetic chemicals and minimizing environmental impact. This study presents a sustainable approach to catalysis through the synthesis of MnO2 using oak bark as a precursor. The catalyst synthesis was characterized using various analytical techniques including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM–EDX), and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). FT-IR analysis confirmed the chemical structure and functional groups peak observed at 1709 cm−1 is indicative of the stretching vibration of conjugated alkenes' C–C bonds. XRD revealed the crystalline nature and phase purity, confirming the formation of MnO2. HPLC analysis demonstrated the catalytic activity of MnO2 catalyst organic transformations derived from oak bark includes polyphenolic compounds such as gallic acid (RT 9.2 min; C7H6O5), condensed tannins like proanthocyanidin (RT 21.7 min; C31H28O12), quercetin derivatives such as quercetin-3-O-glucoside (RT 32.2 min; C21H20O12), and flavonoids such as kaempferol (RT 35.3 min; C15H10O6). This study emphasizes the feasibility and effectiveness of using natural sources like oak bark for synthesizing eco-friendly catalysis with promising applications in green chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work reported herein describes the synthesis of a 3D material UiO-66(Zr)-NH-OC-MWCNT by combining a synthesized metal–organic framework UiO-66(Zr)-NH2 and a carboxy functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube MWCNT-COOH via an amide linkage and demonstrated its application for simultaneous electrochemical determination of two benzimidazole fungicides-carbendazim and thiabendazole. Different analytical techniques like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, and Field emission scanning electron microscopy were employed to characterize all the synthesized materials. The electrochemical characterization of the fabricated electrode was carried out using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry techniques have been used for the electroanalysis of carbendazim and thiabendazole. A limit of detection of 0.077 µM and 0.557 µM, respectively, have been obtained in the calibration range of 0.1 to 40 µM for carbendazim and 1 to 40 µM for thiabendazole, after optimization of several parameters which are susceptible to the sensitivity and selectivity of the developed sensor. Furthermore, with satisfactory results from the study of interferences, repeatability, and reproducibility, the proposed electrochemical sensor was successfully applied for analysis of carbendazim and thiabendazole in real samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research highlighted the usage of serpentine clay to remove Nile red dye from an aqueous solution. At first serpentine clay minerals were analyzed by various analytical techniques like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X ray diffraction (XRD), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) analysis. From the characterization results it was found that the clay was determined to be a separate group. Sorption studies investigated the impacts of adsorbent dosage, initial pH, initial dye concentration, and temperature on Nile red color elimination. From the test results it was found that the capacity of adsorption was seen to increase from 32.4 mg/g to a high value of 43.8 mg/g by raising the pH value from 2 to 6. Adsorption on serpentine clay decreased from 234.7 to 33.2 mg/g due to an increase in the adsorbent dosage. The removal capacity of Nile red dye increased from 12.2% to 88.5% with the rise in the adsorbent dosage. This rise in the Nile red dye removal may be observed due to the increase in the area as well as the pore volume of the surface. Experimental study was carried out to study the effect of initial concentration of adsorbate on adsorption at a pH of 6, adsorbent dosage of 3 g/L, and at a temperature of 28°C. The removal efficiency of the Nile red dye was reduced from 96.7% to 42.6%. To determine the temperature effect on the removal of Nile red dye by the clay, the initial pH value was set to 6, and the temperature was set at 28, 38, 48, and 58°C. Without reaching the equilibrium conditions, at a time of 30 min, the removal efficiency of dye rises from 60% to 81% due to the temperature rise. The experimental findings indicated that the adsorption of the dye on the clay followed the "Langmuir adsorption" isotherm rather than the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Adsorption on clay minerals follows the pseudo‐second‐order adsorption kinetics compared to pseudo‐first‐order adsorption kinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene and its derivatives have garnered significant attention as novel nanomodifiers in the asphalt industry. Despite its vast potential, poor compatibility and dispersion between graphene and asphalt have been persistent challenges for researchers. To prepare well-dispersed graphene materials, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was grafted onto water-soluble graphene (WG), resulting in PVP-WG composites. This PVP-WG composite was introduced into matrix asphalt as a modifier to improve the compatibility and dispersion of graphene with asphalt. Various advanced techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, laser particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction confirmed the successful attachment of PVP to the surface of water-soluble graphene, thereby increasing the spacing between WG and promoting the intercalation of asphalt molecules. The loose structure of PVP facilitated the effective binding between WG and asphalt molecules. The multiple stress creep recovery and dynamic shear rheometer tests demonstrated that PVP-WG was effective in enhancing the elastic recovery performance, high temperature resistance to deformation, and viscoelastic properties of the asphalt binder. In addition, the results of the bending beam rheometer test showed that PVP-WG slightly reduces the low-temperature performance of asphalt, but PVP significantly improves the low-temperature cracking resistance of WG-modified asphalt. This study provides valuable insights into the potential application of graphene in asphalt pavement materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aimed to highlight an efficient, readily accessible, and cost-effective adsorbent derived from Dalbergia sissoo (DS) leaf powder for removing the environmentally hazardous dye "alizarin red S" (ARS) from hydrous medium. A variant of the adsorbent is activated via sulfuric acid and composited with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (DSMNC). Both adsorbents are thoroughly characterized using techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, point of zero charge, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, which show that they have a porous structure rich in active sites. Different adsorption conditions are optimized with the maximum removal efficiency of 76.63% for DS and 97.89% for DSMNC. The study was highlighted via the application of various adsorption isotherms, including Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich, to adsorption data. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intra-particle diffusion models were utilized to investigate the kinetics and mechanism of adsorption. The Freundlich model and pseudo-second-order kinetics exhibited the best fit, suggesting a combination of physical interactions, as confirmed by the D–R and Temkin models. The dominant adsorbate–adsorbent interactive interactions responsible for ARS removal were hydrogen bonding, dispersion forces, and noncovalent aromatic ring adsorbent pi-interactions. Thermodynamic parameters extracted from adsorption data indicated that the removal of the mutagenic dye "ARS" was exothermic and spontaneous on both DS and DSMNC, with DSMNC exhibiting higher removal efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly functional and robust biobased materials are still in research to produce valuable composites for various applications. The literature shows the gap of new raw biobased materials in market which can functionally tuned and structurally modified for development of 2d/3d architectures. Thus, in the present study, very cheap, easily available agricultural waste, pineapple leaf fiber (PL-raw) was used for the isolation of microcrystalline cellulose (PL-MCC) and further functionalized using upscaled chemical approach to carboxymethyl microcrystalline cellulose (PL-CMMCC). Very advanced techniques like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) served to characterize the raw material, high crystalline PL-MCC, and modified carboxy methyl MCC. FTIR determined presence of different absorbed peak at approximately 1620.2 cm−1, and at 1423.8 cm−1, carboxyl groups were assigned to PL-CMMCC. On the other hand, the XRD findings verified that PL-CMMCC's crystalline structure has decreased. Analysis by SEM revealed a damaged surface morphology for PL-CMMCC. Following chemical treatments, the EDX analysis revealed that each fiber sample contained a highly pure cellulose elemental composition. Thus, results explain the utilization of agricultural waste, pineapple leaf fiber to high valuable products like highly crystalline PL-MCC, in addition further modification of PL-MCC could leads to formation of highly functional material that could be used for other applications too in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite (IPMC) actuators have garnered significant scientific attention in robotics and artificial muscles for their ability to operate at low voltage, high strain capacity, and lightweight construction. The lack of uniform bending in IPMC actuators undermines their control precision and restricts their range of potential applications. This study utilized the unique properties of nanoscale materials and Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to develop a membrane for soft robotic bending actuation. Subsequently, a platinum coating was applied to the membrane to mitigate the limitations of IPMCs in soft robotics applications. Herein, mechanized agitation was employed during the solution-casting process to enhance platinum metal (Pt-metal) coating on zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures within a PVA- sulphonated graphene oxide nanocomposite, achieving enhanced soft robotics bending actuation capabilities. The resultant membrane composed of sulphonated-graphene oxide and polyvinyl-zinc oxide coated with pt (PsGZ-Pt) was examined by exploring advanced analytical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). Furthermore, the ionic exchange capacity (IEC), proton conductivity (PC), water uptake and water loss characteristics were evaluated to be 2.1 meq. g−1, 1.95 × 10−3 Scm−1, 59.62% at 45 °C and water loss at 9 min immersion found 38%, respectively. Electromechanical studies of the PsGZ-Pt membrane (size 30 mm length, 10 mm width, 0.07 mm thickness) showed an actuation force of 0.3253 mN and a displacement of roughly 22.8 mm at ± 3 VDC. These findings highlighted the PsGZ-Pt membrane's potential as a low-cost alternative to expensive commercial IPMC actuators based on polymers. These results presented a straightforward, low-cost approach for synthesizing PsGZ-Pt utilizing conventional technologies. The PsGZ-Pt membrane shows promise for generating low-cost, high-performance actuation materials with a wide range of industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, blends of monomer‐cast polyamide 6 (MCPA6) and polyurethane (TPU) were prepared by in situ anionic ring‐opening polymerization using caprolactam as the monomer and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as the initiator. TPU degraded under weakly alkaline conditions to form an isocyanate group, which acted as a macromolecule activator to initiate the growth of the MCPA6 chain, and the formation of TPU‐co‐MCPA6 copolymer in this system, which improves the compatibility between MCPA6 and TPU. The MCPA6/TPU blends were tested for conversion, viscosity, and mechanical properties, and their structures and thermal properties were analyzed and evaluated by characterization techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer modification of titania nanomaterials can provide media dispersibility and various functionalities onto the titania surface. Herein, we report the direct in situ polymer modification of the surface of titania nanotubes (TNTs) and titania nanoparticles (TNPs) via ultraviolet (UV)‐irradiated radical polymerization without any pretreatment of titania. The resulting polymer‐modified TNTs and TNPs dispersed well in solvents. The characterization of the products using various techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy confirmed the successful modification of the TNT and TNP surfaces by the polymers produced via UV‐irradiated radical polymerization. The polymers on the titania surface were isolated by dissolving titania using hydrofluoric acid and analyzed by means of size exclusion chromatography and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight‐mass spectrometry. The polymer‐modified TNTs and TNPs maintained their photocatalytic activity in dye degradation under UV irradiation. Moreover, glycopolymer‐modified TNTs were successfully prepared using the UV‐irradiated polymerization system. The glycopolymer retained its lectin biding affinity on the TNT surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ongoing technological advancements in the field of mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy continuously yield novel sensing modalities, offering capabilities beyond traditional techniques like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). One such advancement is MIR dispersion spectroscopy, utilizing a tunable quantum cascade laser and Mach–Zehnder interferometer for liquid-phase analysis. Our study assesses the performance of a custom MIR dispersion spectrometer at its current development stage, benchmarks its performance against FT-IR, and validates its potential for time-resolved chemical reaction monitoring. Unlike conventional methods of IR spectroscopy measuring molecular absorptions using intensity attenuation, our method detects refractive index changes (phase shifts) down to a level of 6.1 × 10–7 refractive index units (RIU). This results in 1.5 times better sensitivity with a sevenfold increase in analytical path length, yielding heightened robustness for the analysis of liquids compared to FT-IR. As a case study, we monitor the catalytic activity of invertase with sucrose, observing the formation of resultant monosaccharides and their progression toward thermodynamic equilibrium. Anomalous refractive index spectra of reaction mixtures, with substrate concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 25 g/L, are recorded, and analyzed at various temperatures, yielding Michaelis–Menten kinetics findings comparable to the literature. Additionally, the first-time application of two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy on the recorded dynamic dispersion spectra correctly identifies the mutarotation of reaction products (glucose and fructose). The results demonstrate high precision and sensitivity in investigating complex time-dependent chemical reactions via broadband refractive index changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the construction industry requires an ample quantity of non-renewable materials resulting in the excavation of natural beds and thus creating an imbalance in our environment. Besides this, plenty of waste material such as plastic waste in the forms of powder, fiber, etc. is produced daily. Sustainable disposal of this waste has appeared as a tough task across the world. The current work was undertaken to reduce the issue of plastic waste mainly polyethylene terephthalate, disposal by its effective utilization in cement mortar mixes without affecting their physical, chemical, mechanical, durability, and microstructural properties. For this, a total of ten cement mortar mixes with 1:3 and 1:6 mix proportions were prepared by using polyethylene terephthalate plastic waste [1mm (68%), 2mm (22%), 3mm (6%), and 4mm (4%)] in place of fine aggregate upto 20% replacement at an interval of 5%. These mortar mixes were evaluated for their workability, water absorption, compressive strength, flexural strength, acid attack, and shrinkage properties. Effects on internal structure were monitored by microstructural analysis such as Xray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques. With 5% polyethylene terephthalate instead of river sand, the mixes displayed improved strength with the highest recorded 8.03 MPa and 2.36 MPa for 1:3 and 1:6 mixes respectively, and also obtained workability with increased density and homogeneity of structure. Benefits from polyethylene terephthalate were confirmed through microstructural analysis techniques except that there was a reduction in drying shrinkage. The results recommend that polyethylene terephthalate can be a reliable material in advanced construction applications offering enhanced structural parameters to save natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a curdlan-producing bacterium was isolated from Cow pea soil and identified as Priestia megaterium based on 16 S rRNA sequencing. To identify the most suitable carbon and nitrogen sources for curdlan production, submerged fermentation studies with different sources was carried out. To enhance the curdlan yield, optimization by one-factor-at-a-time approach was conducted. The optimal fermentation media consisted of 15% (w/v) sucrose, 0.1% (w/v) urea, 0.1% (w/v) KH2PO4, 0.04% (w/v) MgSO4·7H2O, trace elements, initial pH of 7.0 with 10% (v/v) inoculum size and agitation speed of 180 rpm. Kinetics of growth, curdlan yield, sucrose and ammonia depletion were studied for a period of 168 h. Maximum curdlan yield (0.31 g/L) was achieved at 96 h of fermentation. At this point, the fermentation media had an optical density of 9.68, biomass concentration of 4.26 mg/mL, and viable count of 2.4 × 104 CFU/mL. Additionally, the maximum percentage consumption of sucrose and ammonia over 168 h of fermentation were 75 and 62.5%, respectively. Finally, the identity of biopolymer curdlan was validated through characterization techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Some characteristic features of curdlan such as the β-1,3-linkage was depicted by the absorption band at 890 cm−1 in FTIR, flaky granules with irregularities as seen in SEM, and thermal degradation between 235 and 350 °C by TGA. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on curdlan production from Priestia megaterium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bentonite clay has been activated by acid treatment and utilized as a lower‐cost and eco‐friendly adsorbent required to remove Fast Green FCF dye from the aqueous solution. At first acid activated bentonite clay minerals were analyzed by various analytical techniques like Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), x‐ray diffraction (XRD), and x‐ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. The batch adsorption research was performed to investigate the Fast Green FCF dye adsorption onto the acid‐treated (Bent) bentonite clay. Sorption studies investigated the impacts of adsorbent dosage, initial pH, and time of contact on Fast Green FCF color elimination. The adsorption capacity decreased as the pH was above 7 and then remained almost the same after a pH value of 9. At acidic conditions (below pH value 7), the capacity of adsorption diminished by a decrease in the pH of the solution. The results indicated that the maximum capacity of adsorption has been obtained at an adsorbent dosage of 0.1 g. As the dosage of the adsorbent was improved, several active sites that were available at the time of the dye adsorption increased. As a result, the dye percentage that was removed from the clay increased. Besides these, adsorption kinetics, adsorption equilibrium isotherm, and thermodynamics studies have been also conducted. While studying the adsorption kinetics pseudo‐2nd‐order kinetics has been seen to be more appropriate as compared to pseudo‐1st‐order model. The experimental findings indicated that the attachment of the dye to the clay surface followed the "Langmuir adsorption" isotherm rather than the Freundlich adsorption isotherm with a monolayer coverage of 18.93 mg/g. From the thermodynamics study, it was revealed that the process of adsorption takes place instantly at high temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyurethane coatings were synthesized through polyaddition polymerization using various polyols. These polyols included polypropylene glycol with different molecular weights, such as PPG-2000, and PPG-1200, as well as 1,4-butanediol. Additionally different contents of bisphenol F; namely 4.5, 11.5, and 24.2%, as well as methylene diphenyl diisocyanate at an NCO/OH ratio of 2.0. The prepolymer polyurethane films were analyzed to study their characteristics using techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, viscosity measurements, thixotropic index analysis, and mechanical property evaluations. The pot life and dry times of polyurethane coating containing 11.5% bisphenol F were 90 minutes and 10 hours (time to touch), respectively, with full hardening achieved at 28 hours. Furthermore, the coating exhibited excellent mechanical properties: tensile strength of 80 N/m², elongation of 260%, adhesion strength of 10 MPa (crosshatch), hardness of 95, and a contact angle of 118°. These properties, coupled with its strong adhesion (10 MPa) to metal surfaces, contributed to its outstanding chemical and corrosion resistance. The coatings obtained from the prepolymer polyurethane based on 11.5% bisphenol F exhibited the highest mechanical properties and water, chemical, and corrosion resistance followed by 4.5%, and 24.2%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastics and other polymer-based compounds are inevitable in our day-to-day life starting from packaging to consumer goods. Awareness about recycling plastics is all known; however, it is not sufficient to contain their negative effects on the environment and health. Disintegration products of plastic called micro- and nano-plastics (M/NPs) are increasingly found in food and environmental samples, which are considered to be an invisible threat with greater impact. Yet, there are no comprehensive regulations to monitor the M/NPs in food and water samples. Considering their harmful effects, there is a need for appropriate detection techniques to effectively identify and quantify the M/NPs in food and environment. Conventional techniques such as the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy are expensive, require lab and labor, and are not suitable for on-field real-time monitoring. Optical detection techniques using various probes and sensors have been extensively used in the fields of bioimaging, biosensing, molecular fingerprinting etc. Recent research suggests that these probes and sensors are effective in detecting and quantifying the M/NPs. In this regard, the distinctive features of visual, colorimetric and plasmonic detection techniques have proved their high-end applicability. Most of these detectors are based on the principles of fluorescence, localized surface plasmon resonance, colorimetry, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and speckle pattern analysis. This review discusses the recent advancements in the field of optical detection for M/NPs, summarizing its advantages, salient features, drawbacks, and ideas for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work describes the synthesis of poly(butylene succinate) (PBSu)-cutin copolymers by the two-stage melt polycondensation method, esterification and polycondensation. Cutin was added in four different concentrations, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 wt%, in respect to succinic acid. The obtained copolymers were studied using a variety of techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), polarized light microscopy (PLM), as well as diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). A series of results, in agreement between different techniques, revealed the formation of PBSu-cutin interactions, confirming indirectly the successful in situ synthetic route of copolymers. DSC and XRD combined with PLM results provided indications that the crystallization temperature increases with the addition of small amounts of cutin and gradually decreases with increasing concentration. The crystallization process was easier and faster at 2.5%, 5%, and 10% concentrations, whereas at 20%, it was comparable to neat PBSu. The presence of cutin, in general, leads to the facilitated crystallizability of PBSu (direct effect), whereas a moderate drop in the glass transition temperature is recorded, the latter being an indirect effect of cutin via crystallization. The thermal stability improved in the copolymers compared to neat PBSu. Water contact angle measurements confirmed that the addition of cutin decreased the hydrophilicity. The local and segmental relaxation mapping is demonstrated for PBSu/cutin here for the first time. Enzymatic hydrolysis and soil degradation tests showed that, overall, cutin accelerated the decomposition of the polymers. The copolymers may be proven useful in several applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the most alarming postharvest fungal pathogens affecting the shelf life of citrus fruits are green (Penicillium digitatum) and blue (Penicillium italicum) molds. This in vitro study was aimed to evaluate the essential oils (EOs) of Cymbopogon flexuosus (CF) and Monarda citriodora (MC) and their principal components against these fungal pathogens. The composition of selected EOs was analyzed using Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). Citral (83.81%) and thymol (62.51%) were identified as major components and were isolated by column chromatography from CF and MC EO respectively followed by characterization using spectral techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-NMR) and Carbon Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (13C-NMR). Among EOs and their major components, thymol displayed promising potential against both Penicillium species with MIC values of 50 and 80 mg L-1 respectively. Molecular docking studies also confirmed the stable binding interaction of both components, particularly thymol with the active sites of target proteins i.e. 14-α-demethylase and chitin synthase of P. digitatum and P. italicum with the docking scores of -5.07, -5.41 kcal/mol and -5.78, -5.23 kcal/mol respectively. Optical microscopy studies revealed hyphal thinning and fragmentation at frequent sites with contraction of cytoplasmic content indicating incipient plasmolysis. The tested principal components, citral and thymol were predicted to exhibit similar mechanism of action to that of synthetic recommended molecules as revealed by molecular docking. Therefore, these findings provide empirical support to explore thymol as a promising eco-friendly antifungal agent for postharvest application in Kinnow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver–zirconia nanoparticles (Ag–ZrO2 NPs) were synthesized via an in situ strategy at room temperature using NaBH4 as a reducing agent. The surface modification of ZrO2 nanoparticles with nano silver was confirmed through various characterization techniques including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV–vis DRS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The obtained results demonstrated that Ag nanoparticles, with a crystallite size of approximately 12 nm, were uniformly distributed on the surface of ZrO2 nanoparticles. The incorporation of Ag nanoparticles to the ZrO2 nanoparticles led to increasing the light absorption ability and reducing the band gap of Ag–ZrO2 nanoparticles, thereby enhancing their photocatalytic performance under infrared lamp exposure. When 1 g/L of Ag–ZrO2 nanoparticles was employed to methylene blue (MB) solution, the degradation of MB reached 90 % after 5 h of exposure. Additionally, the Ag–ZrO2 nanoparticles exhibited a high antibacterial activity against two bacterial strains, E. coli and S. aureus. These findings highlight the potential of Ag–ZrO2 nanoparticles as effective materials for environmental pollution treatment through advanced oxidation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diatomite, a natural adsorbent rich in active silica, serves as a valuable precursor for geopolymer synthesis. The safe disposal of diatomite as a failed lead (Pb(II)) adsorbent is critical to prevent secondary contamination. This study investigated the immobilisation efficiency of geopolymerisation for Pb(II)-rich diatomite sludge. Low-grade diatomite with high ignition loss was utilised in the synthesis of alkali-activated geopolymers. It was demonstrated that the geopolymers achieved a compressive strength of 28.3 MPa with a 50% replacement rate of metakaolin by diatomite sludge, which was not a compromise in strength compared to that of the geopolymer with no Pb(II) (26.2 MPa). The leaching behaviour of Pb(II) was evaluated using water and acetic acid, yielding concentrations below 3 mg/L and immobilisation efficiencies of 95% in both scenarios. Analytical techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) elucidated the mineral composition and chemical environment of the geopolymers. These analyses revealed that Pb(II) migrated from diatomite pores, potentially forming soluble hydroxides under sufficient hydroxide, which then participated in condensation with silicon and aluminium monomers, effectively immobilising Pb(II) within amorphous aluminosilicate gels. Furthermore, the formation of the amorphous gels within diatomite pores hindered Pb(II) leaching, encapsulating Pb(II) effectively. This study presents a novel approach to immobilising heavy metals within building materials, enhancing mineral resource utilisation efficiency while addressing environmental contamination concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch-based thermoplastic polymer is a biopolymer that is being widely explored as a replacement for conventional polymers. Since thermoplastic starch suffers from mechanical defects, certain mechanical and thermal properties of starch-based polymers can be improved by incorporating fillers or reinforcements derived mainly from natural substances. This article reports the preparation, physicochemical, and mechanical characterization and biodegradation of starch-based bioplastics extracted from potato (Solanum tuberosum) peels using glycerol (G) as plasticizer and reinforced with carob powder, a readily growing plant in Mediterranean climates. The present study investigates the effect of incorporating different proportions (0, 2, 5, 10, and 15 wt.%) of carob powder (Cb) in the films thus prepared. These biopolymer films were fully characterized using analytical techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection (FTIR/ATR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mechanical evaluations, and biodegradability assessments. The biodegradability of the obtained bioplastic samples was evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed strong interfacial adhesion between the constituent filler and the polymer matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mixed-valence Pd0/IIO nanocomposite microsphere (Pd0/IIONPs@CMC–Al) was prepared by Al3+ ion crosslinked carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) procedure using PdO nanoparticles (NPs) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose in an Al(NO3)3 solution. As evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the Pd0 was generated in situ on the surface of PdO NPs through the reduction of CMC in the formation of composite microspheres. The identity of the as-prepared Pd0/IIONPs@CMC–Al microsphere was fully verified using various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), elemental mappings, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The composite microsphere was found to be effective in the aminocarbonylations of various iodobenzenes with different benzyl amines, resulting in moderate to good yields of the desirable products using phenyl formate as a simple and efficient CO surrogate. The microsphere can be easily recovered through simple filtration and can be recycled for up to five consecutive runs without losing its activity. The advantages include the ease of handling the catalyst, no additional reducing agent required, simple workup procedure, tolerance for a wide range of functional groups, and effective catalyst recyclability, all of which enhances its practical applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work reports the application of novel gut strains Bacillus safensis CGK192 (Accession No. OM658336) and Bacillus australimaris CGK221 (Accession No. OM658338) in the biological degradation of synthetic polymer i.e., high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The biodegradation assay based on polymer weight loss was conducted under laboratory conditions for a period of 90 days along with regular evaluation of bacterial biomass in terms of total protein content and viable cells (CFU/cm2). Notably, both strains achieved significant weight reduction for HDPE films without any physical or chemical pretreatment in comparison to control. Hydrophobicity and biosurfactant characterization were also done in order to assess strains ability to form bacterial biofilm over the polymer surface. The post-degradation characterization of HDPE was also performed to confirm degradation using analytical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electronic microscopy (FE-SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Interestingly strain CGK221 was found to be more efficient in forming biofilm over polymer surface as indicated by lower half-life (i.e., 0.00032 day−1) and higher carbonyl index in comparison to strain CGK192. The findings reflect the ability of our strains to develop biofilm and introduce an oxygenic functional group into the polymer surface, thereby making it more susceptible to degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a new electrochemical sensing system based on lutetium copper nanoparticles supported on hexagonal boron nitride (Lu‐Cu@h‐BN) was designed for the sensitive detection of ciprofloxacin (CIP) antibiotic. A simple hydrothermal method was used to synthesize the nanocomposite. The structural and morphological characteristics of the as‐prepared nanocomposite were investigated using various analytical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The newly developed Lu‐Cu@h‐BN nanocomposite was used as an electrode modifier for sensing and signalling of CIP. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to study the electrochemical activities of the bare GCE, Cu‐h‐BN/GCE, Lu‐h‐BN/GCE, Lu‐Cu/GCE, and Lu‐Cu@h‐BN/GCE. The electro‐oxidation of CIP on electrode surface exhibited an irreversible, diffusion‐controlled process. The sensor system obtained a wider linear range of (0.05–100 μM) with a lower detection limit value of 0.03 μM and sensitivity 0.7443 μA μM−1 cm−2. Furthermore, the sensor demonstrated an excellent selectivity, good stability, and reproducibility, with acceptable recoveries of 96 % to 104 % in real water sample analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to uncover the chronology and production technologies of ancient bricks unearthed from various locations in Upper Assam, Northeast India. To achieve this goal, complementary spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS), as well as Thermoluminescence (TL) and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL/IRSL) dating, were applied. FTIR and XRD analyses revealed the presence of quartz, feldspar (microcline, orthoclase, albite), kaolinite, chlorite, cerussite, palygorskite, magnetite, hematite, and organic carbon. The mineralogical composition indicates two distinct groups with firing temperatures below 650 °C and above ~800 °C. These two groups could be the first indication of the presence of two civilizations or at least two different production technologies involving different firing temperatures and kiln atmospheric conditions. Further, the SEM-EDS study suggests that both calcareous and non-calcareous clays were used in brick making, which have low and high refractory properties, respectively. The internal morphology of the samples shows the existence of micropores and microfractures, indicating the influence of higher-temperature firing. Absolute dating techniques associate the two brick groups with different age ranges: a firing temperature above ~800 °C indicates a superior technology corresponding to a production period between the 7th and 10th centuries CE. In contrast, a temperature below 650 °C indicates a technologically less advanced group of people, with the age group dated between the 11th and 14th centuries CE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, waste management is gaining popularity to reduce the environmental impact made by human beings. There is a dire need to decrease the pollution caused by plastic materials. A gradual rise in the demand for polyester bottles has generated a need to recycle these materials. In the present work, an aromatic amine (4,4′‐(1,4‐phenylenebis(1,3,4‐oxadiazole‐5,2‐diyl)) dianiline) was prepared from the polyester bottle waste. The successful synthesis and chemical structure of the amine was confirmed by various characterization techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), and 13C NMR. The amine was diazotized and coupled with H‐acid (4‐amino‐5‐hydroxy‐2,7‐naphthalene disulfonic acid)‐treated wool fabric to generate acid dye in situ on the fabric. The coloration (L*, a*, b*, and K/S) and fastness properties of dyed wool were evaluated, and the samples were further analyzed for antibacterial and UV‐protective properties. The dyed wool was also characterized by FTIR to confirm the presence of the aromatic group of the dye. The introduction of dye structure on the wool increased the thermal stability of the fabric, which was confirmed through thermogravimetric analysis analysis. Antibacterial activity (>70%) and excellent UV protection were retained by dyed wool after 20 washes. Furthermore, the dyed wool was found nontoxic under the cytotoxicity evaluation test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catalytic performance of different molecular sieves in the alkylation of phenol with methanol to produce p‐cresol was evaluated, and the acidity and structure of the catalysts were characterized using N2 adsorption–desorption and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques. It was shown that the catalytic activity of molecular sieves was closely related to their acidic site number, specific surface area, and pore structure. Since Zeolite ZSM‐5 (Zeolites Socony Mobil No. 5) has a relatively small amount of strong acid as well as a small pore size, it is favorable for the diffusion of p‐cresol out of the pores. Therefore, focusing on ZSM‐5, the effects of operating conditions such as weight hourly space velocity (WHSV), phenol/methanol (P/M) ratio, and reaction temperature on the catalytic performance were investigated. The results showed that increasing the WHSV, P/M ratio, and reaction temperature improved the selectivity to cresol. In addition, X‐ray diffraction and Thermal Gravity/Differential Thermal Gravity characterization methods were also carried out for ZSM‐5, and it was found that the deactivation of ZSM‐5 was due to coke deposition and pore blockage on the active site and that the selectivity to cresol could be restored by regenerating the catalyst and covering the strong acid site, which resulted in the reduction of the strong acid site to increase the selectivity of the product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nanosecond Nd:YAG pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) technique was used to successfully synthesize hybrid Fe3O4-Au nanoparticles (NPs). The synthesized nanoparticles were investigated using different techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-VIS spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-VIS spectroscopy, and photoluminescent spectroscopy (PL). Then the NP concentration in the bacterial pathogen was investigated. The FTIR and XRD data confirmed the successful synthesis of Fe3O4 NPs doped with Au. The morphology of hybrid Fe3O4-Au NPs was observed to be agglomerated into semispherical nanostructure particles. The absorption and PL properties of the nanoparticles were found to vary with doping concentrations. Additionally, bacterial activity was effectively inhibited by the hybrid NPs, which were found to be more effective against gram-negative and gram-positive strains, with a highly inhibited zone against Acinetobacter baumannii. Also, the inhibition zone increased with increasing doping concentrations of NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the potential of pea protein concentrate (PPC) to form protein-mineral composites, with a specific focus on its zinc- (Zn-) binding capabilities. In addition, the physical and functional properties of PPC were evaluated. PPC, a potential protein source, was found to possess lipophilic properties, suggesting its suitability for various applications in food production. The investigation involved a comprehensive characterization of pea protein concentrate-zinc complex (PPC-Zn) composites, utilizing various analytical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, particle size analysis, zeta potential measurement, and thermogravimetric analysis. The findings of this study indicated that the protein content of PPC-Zn (79.02 ± 1.33%) insignificantly increased as compared to PPC (78.86 ± 1.16%). Furthermore, PPC demonstrated improved functional properties, including increased protein solubility (2.55%), enhanced water-holding (13.09%) and oil-holding capacity (11.17%), and improved foaming capacity and stability (2.08% and 6.07%, respectively). These improvements in functional properties were likely attributed to the unique surface structure observed in SEM micrographs. The research also highlighted the maximum binding capacity of PPC for zinc, which was observed at concentrations of 5 mM (95.35 ± 1.86%). This binding of zinc ions to PPC induced changes in the characteristics and internal structures of the protein concentrate. Notably, the presence of functional groups such as -COOH, -OH, and –NH2 in PPC suggested their involvement in coordinating with zinc ions to form PPC-Zn composites. This investigation demonstrated a significant increase (2.26%) in the mineral bioavailability of PPC-Zn. Additionally, the cellular uptake, retention, and transport of PPC-Zn were improved by 9.79%, 7.84%, and 9.51%, respectively. Fortified biscuits (B2) demonstrated enhanced cellular uptake (2.79%), retention (4.84%), and transport (3.51%) compared with control biscuits. Fortified biscuits (B2) had higher microbial counts (total plate count is 3.57 ± 0.03 and the yeast-mold count is 3.96 ± 0.07 cfu/g) than control biscuits (B1) (total plate count is 2.49 ± 0.13 and the yeast-mold count is 3.44 ± 0.11 cfu/g) at the end of storage, and there is no difference in sensory evaluation between the control and fortified biscuits. Furthermore, the key findings indicated that PPC could serve as a promising carrier for mineral supplements, binding with zinc effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose-rich sugarcane trash (SCT) biomass, an important agricultural residue generated in large quantities every year, was used as a potential feedstock for cellulose extraction in micro and nano form. Initially, the cellulose microfibers were isolated from the SCT by a two-step chemical treatment process (alkali pretreatment with sodium hydroxide followed by hydrogen peroxide bleaching) at different operating parameters. The microfibers were then converted into the nanoscale by acid hydrolysis. The quantification of the raw and chemically treated SCT was carried out by the Van Soest method to learn their chemical composition. Different characterisation techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were used for the analysis of surface functional groups, thermal stability, crystallinity index, surface morphology, and the internal structure of the raw as well as chemically treated SCT biomass respectively. The quantification results show the optimum process conditions for the alkali pretreatment as 5% (w/v) alkali (NaOH) concentration, 60 °C, and 12 h process time and for bleaching as 20% H2O2 concentration, 80 °C, and 8 h process time. This produces material having 86.15% cellulose content. This indicates the effective removal of hemicellulose and lignin. For the acid hydrolysis reaction for converting cellulose microfibers into nanocrystalline cellulose, the concentration of H2SO4 required was 40 wt.%, which is comparatively lower than that reported in the literature (~ 65 wt.%). The characterisation results highlight the progressive enrichment in the cellulosic groups, thermal stability, and crystallinity of the material with respect to the processing stages. There was a progressive enhancement in the crystallinity index of the sample observed with respect to the chemical treatment, with a maximum of up to 84.83% for the hydrolysed material. The XRD and TEM analysis confirms the presence of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) in the final hydrolysed sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to propose the reuse of PA12 (powder) in another AM process, binder jettiinng, which is less sensitive to the chemical and mechanical degradation of the powder after multiple cycles in the laser system. Design/methodology/approach: The experimental process for evaluating the reuse of SLS powders in a subsequent binder jetting process consists of four phases: powder characterization, bonding analysis, mixture testing and mixture characteristics. Analyses were carried out using techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and stress–strain tests for tension and compression. The surface roughness, color, hardness and density of the new mixture were also determined to find physical characteristics. A Taguchi design L8 was used to search for a mixture with the best mechanical strength. Findings: The results indicated that the integration of waste powder PA12 with calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH) generates appropriate particle distribution with rounded particles of PA12 that improve powder flowability. The micropores observed with less than 60 µm, facilitated binder and infiltrant penetration on 3D parts. The 60/40 (CSH-PA12) mixture with epoxy resin postprocessing was found to be the best-bonded mixture in mechanical testing, rugosity and hardness results. The new CSH-PA12 mixture resulted lighter and stronger than the CSH powder commonly used in binder jetting technology. Originality/value: This study adds value to the polymer powder bed fusion process by using its waste in a circular process. The novel reuse of PA12 waste in an established process was achieved in an accessible and economical manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the chemical modification of styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymers and subsequent characterization using spectroscopic techniques. The focus lies on understanding the relationship between the modification process and the resulting changes in the copolymer's structure and properties. The research involves: 1)Implementing controlled chemical reactions to introduce functional groups or alter the existing functionalities within the SMA copolymer; 2)Employing techniques like Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and potentially other methods to investigate the chemical environment and bonding interactions within the modified copolymers. The analysis aims to: 1)Identify the presence and nature of the introduced functional groups or structural changes; 2)Quantify the extent of modification achieved through the chosen chemical reactions. 3)Correlate the observed spectroscopic features with the specific modification procedures. This investigation sheds light on the effectiveness of the employed chemical modification strategies and provides valuable insights into the structure-property relationship of the resulting copolymers. The findings can contribute to the development of novel functional materials with tailored properties for various potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Interest in bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) has grown due to its purity, mechanical properties, and biological compatibility. To address the need for alternative carbon sources in the industrial production of BNC, this study focuses on banana leaves, discarded during harvesting, as a valuable source. Banana midrib juice, rich in nutrients and reducing sugars, is identified as a potential carbon source. An optimal culture medium was designed using a simplex-centroid mixing design and evaluated in a 10 L bioreactor. Techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the structural, thermal, and morphological properties of BNC. Banana midrib juice exhibited specific properties, such as pH (5.64), reducing sugars (15.97 g/L), Trolox (45.07 µM), °Brix (4.00), and antioxidant activity (71% DPPH). The model achieved a 99.97% R-adjusted yield of 6.82 g BNC/L. Physicochemical analyses revealed distinctive attributes associated with BNC. This approach optimizes BNC production and emphasizes the banana midrib as a circular solution for BNC production, promoting sustainability in banana farming and contributing to the sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modified starch nanoparticles present a promising avenue for developing new renewable and biodegradable nanomaterials for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, especially when used as carriers for cardiovascular medicines in targeted drug delivery systems. The characteristics of these nanoparticles, crucial for controlled drug release applications, heavily depend on the synthesis method and conditions, aiming for a controlled and uniform size. This study focused on creating Propranolol HCl-loaded Butylated starch nanoparticles (SBPNPs) with minimal toxicity, employing the emulsion solvent evaporation technique along with ultrasonication. Propranolol HCl is a non-cardioselective drug that acts by competitively blocking catecholamines at β-adrenergic receptors, particularly affecting the heart, vessels and bronchi. The nanoparticles were analyzed using various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and Particle size analyzer to characterize them. The study also assessed the encapsulation efficiency and drug-release behaviour of these nanoparticles. The findings suggest that Butylated starch nanoparticles have potential as carriers for cardiovascular agents, providing controlled release capabilities and biocompatibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic adsorption characteristics of K2CO3-promoted layered double hydroxides (LDHs)-based adsorbent, with organic and inorganic anion intercalation, were studied. MgAl–LDH, K2CO3/MgAl–LDH, and K2CO3/MgAl–LDH(C16) with varying K2CO3 loads were prepared and used for intermediate-temperature CO2 sequestration. The adsorbent was thoroughly characterized using X-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy techniques, which revealed enhanced adsorption properties of MgAl–LDH, due to K2CO3 promotion. Thermogravimetric CO2 adsorption tests on the constructed adsorbent materials showed that the 12.5 wt% K2CO3/MgAl–LDH(C16) adsorbent with organic anion intercalation exhibited optimal adsorption activity, achieving an adsorption capacity of 1.12 mmol/g at 100% CO2 and 350 °C. However, fixed-bed dynamic adsorption tests yielded different results; the 25 wt% K2CO3/MgAl–LDH prepared through inorganic anion intercalation exhibited the best adsorption performance in low-concentration CO2 penetration tests. The recorded penetration time was 93.1 s, accompanied by an adsorption capacity of 0.722 mmol/g. This can be attributed to the faster adsorption kinetics exhibited by the 25 wt% K2CO3/MgAl–LDH adsorbent during the early stages of adsorption, thereby facilitating efficient CO2 capture in low-concentration CO2 streams. This is a conclusion that differs from previous reports. Earlier reports indicated that LDHs with organic anion intercalation exhibited higher CO2 adsorption activity in thermogravimetric analyzer tests. However, this study found that for the fixed-bed dynamic adsorption process, K2CO3-modified inorganic anion-intercalated LDHs perform better, indicating their greater potential in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work has been dedicated to the research studies on the development of green formulated nanomedicines to combat the hepatocellular carcinoma or liver cancer. Plant derived biogenic nanocomposite has been a major focus these days in the biological studies. So, herein we are prompted to develop a biocompatible and biodegradable carbonaceous nanocomposite where silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have been fabricated over the reduced graphene oxide (RGO) bio-inspired by Mentha spicata flower extract (RGO/M.S./Ag). The material has been methodically analyzed by advanced techniques like Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopes (FE-SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thereafter, the material was involved in the estimation of antioxidant properties by (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) DPPH radical scavenging method. The biological evaluation was further comprehended in the cytotoxic studies against the HepG2 (human hepatoma) liver cancer cell line in-vitro following Multi-Table Tournament (MTT) process. Interestingly, the material afforded % toxicity over the malignant cell line that reduced dose-dependently with its concentration. The inertness of RGO/M.S./Ag material towards normal cells were also verified over the CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) human normal cell line. The obtained results advocate the RGO/M.S./Ag nanocomposite to be a potential candidate against liver cancer. However, further studies are required to study in vivo for understanding the molecular mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, heavy metal pollution in soil has been threatening human health and ecological security. Natural attapulgite suffers from low efficiency in the passivation of heavy metals present in soil. Herein, a simple one-step hydrothermal method was introduced to modify low-grade attapulgite by introducing exogenous Si2+/Mg2+/Ca2+ for the passivation of cadmium in soils. Results from field-emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques showed that some attapulgite and associated minerals transformed into amorphous silicate particles with low crystallinity and were uniformly distributed on the attapulgite surface. Results from the toxic characteristic leaching procedure and CaCl2 extraction showed that the bioavailability and leaching toxicity of cadmium reduced considerably by the addition of modified attapulgite. Results from the European Community Bureau of Reference's sequential extraction method showed that the addition of modified attapulgite could promote the conversion of soil acid-exchangeable and reducible speciation cadmium into oxidizable and residual speciation cadmium. Moreover, results from pot experiments showed that the modified attapulgite could effectively reduce the adsorption of cadmium by rice and alleviate the inhibitory effect of cadmium on plant growth. In particular, the modified attapulgite exerted the best immobilization effect on cadmium when the Si2+:Mg2+:Ca2+ ratio was 2:1:2. The mechanisms of cadmium immobilization include electrostatic adsorption, coprecipitation, ion exchange, and surface functional group complexation. This study demonstrates the advantages of using low-grade attapulgite as a new material for the remediation of cadmium-contaminated soil and provides a reference for the development and application of environmentally friendly passivation agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of environmentally friendly SAP using biodegradable natural resources such as chitosan was synthesized for water saving and controlled-released fertilizer. Chitosan-g-poly(acrylamide)/attapulgite superabsorbent composites (CTS) were created by crosslinking N,N'-methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA) with chitosan (Ch), acrylamide, and attapulgite (ATP) and initiating the reaction with potassium persulfate (KPS). Spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscope were used to characterize the composite structures. It was done to determine how certain characteristics, such as the initiator percentage, crosslinker ratio, and clay content, affected the composite's ability to swell. The results confirmed that the thermal stability of the composite was improved by the addition of ATP. The maximum swelling was attained when the KPS concentration was 0.1 g. However, the addition of 0.2 g of KPS created a composite with a lower swelling capacity. When the amount of ATP was increased by up to 0.4 g, the swelling increased from 210 to 319 g/g. However, as the clay amount was increased further to 1.2 g, the swelling capacity decreased to 170 g/g. As pH increased to 3.0, the swelling of ATP2 grew larger; nevertheless, it shrank between pH values of 3 and 6. As the pH climbed to 8, the swelling sharply grew. The chosen composition was evaluated as a controlled-release method for urea fertilizer and swelled to 319 g/g in water (CTS2). The findings demonstrated that when the formulation's ATP content was increased from 0 to 1.2 g, the release rate was delayed, and the release length increased from 5 to 21 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a novel composite coating consisting of magnesium oxide on halloysite nanotube (HNT-MgO) and doping of zinc and strontium ions in beta-tricalcium phosphate (Mn+-β-TCP). The monolayers of biomaterials were developed by coating HNT-MgO-Mn+-β-TCP on Ti–6Al–4V alloy using the electrophoretic method. The physicochemical properties such as functional groups, phase composition, surface morphology, cross-section, and chemical composition of biomaterials were characterized by adopted analytical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, Scanning electron microscopy-Energy dispersive spectroscopy, Atomic force microscopy, High-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The cytotoxic activity of the prepared composite was tested against osteosarcoma MG-63 cells using MTT assay, and AO/EB staining the results clearly showed, that by increasing the composite concentration (5–100 μg/ml) the cell viability was reduced. Further, a cell adhesion study was performed by FE-SEM analysis, which showed that the MG-63 cells could inhibit and restrict the HNT-MgO-Mn+-β-TCP monolayer composite. The composite coating confirms the significant anticancer activity against osteosarcoma cells suggesting it is a promising candidate for further studies for practical orthopedic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standard purification systems have mainly demonstrated the inefficient removal of neonicotinoid insecticides with high persistence in the environment. In the present work, a new magnetic adsorbent composed of Fe3O4 and CuO nanoparticles impregnated with activated carbon (AC) has been used to remove imidacloprid (IMCP) as the most common neonicotinoid insecticide from the water solutions. Various techniques such as Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray diffraction, and vibrating sample magnetometer were employed to characterise the fabricated composite. The main affecting parameters, including adsorbent amount, solution pH, agitating time, initial pesticide concentration, and temperature, were examined to obtain the optimised conditions. According to the obtained results from kinetic and isotherm modelling, the adsorption mechanism of IMCP on Fe3O4/CuO@AC nanocomposite (NC) is a combination of chemisorption and physisorption phenomena. The presence of heterogeneous sites for IMCP adsorption was shown by fitting the experimental data to the Freundlich isotherm model. In addition, the adsorption process was well consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, which indicates that chemisorption is the determining step in the adsorption process. Thermodynamic data showed the exothermic and spontaneous nature of the adsorption process. Under optimal conditions (initial concentration of pesticide 10 mg L−1, pH = 7, and contact time of 10 min), 99.6% of IMCP was effectively removed, indicating the excellent ability of the adsorbent to adsorb this insecticide from aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The feasibility of using tamarind shell as an eco-friendly additive in natural rubber (NR) was studied. Tamarind shell powder (TSP) was prepared with different particle size ranges before being characterized by various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), elemental analysis, etc. The results of the FTIR and elemental analysis confirmed that TSP was mainly composed of amino acids (proteins), celluloses, and tannins. The thermal analysis revealed that TSP contained approximately 9% moisture, and its main constituents were stable up to 200 °C, which is higher than the normal processing temperature of rubber products. The addition of TSP to NR led to reductions in scorch time and cure time due to the presence of moisture and proteins. This phenomenon was more obvious with the decrease in TSP's particle size. Even though the small addition of TSP (≤10 phr) did not cause any change in hardness, it significantly impaired the mechanical properties of the rubber vulcanizates, particularly tensile strength, elongation at break, and abrasion resistance. Such deterioration depended greatly on the TSP particle size, i.e., the finest particles (S-TSP) showed the least deterioration of mechanical properties. In summary, TSP can be considered a low-cost, eco-friendly bio-additive for rubbers. Nevertheless, it must be used with great care to avoid undesirable impacts on mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to fully utilize the by-products of apricot kernel-debitterizing and address the chemical instability of benzaldehyde in the food industry, benzaldehyde was first prepared by adding the apricot kernel powder to degrade the amygdalin present in the apricot kernel-debitterizing water. Subsequently, β-cyclodextrin was employed to encapsulate the benzaldehyde, and its encapsulation efficacy was evaluated through various techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, release kinetics fitting inhibitory effect and the effect on Botrytis cinerea. Finally, the encapsulation was explored via molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. The results indicate that the optimal preparation conditions for the benzaldehyde were 1.8 h, 53 °C and pH 5.8, and the encapsulation of benzaldehyde with β-cyclodextrin (wall–core ratio of 5:1, mL/g) has been verified by the deceleration in the release rate, the enhanced thermal stability and the prolonged inhibition effect against Botrytis cinerea. The encapsulation proceeded spontaneously without steric hindrance in the simulation, which led to a reduction in the hydrophobic cavity of β-cyclodextrin. In conclusion, the amygdalin in the debitterizing wastewater can be degraded in an eco-friendly way to produce benzaldehyde by adding apricot kernel powder, which contains β-glucosidase; the encapsulation of benzaldehyde is stable, thus enhancing the utilization of amygdalin in the debitterizing wastewater of apricot kernels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant amount of electronic obsoletes or electronic waste (e-waste) is being generated globally each year; of these, ~20% of obsolete electronic items have plastic components. Current remediation practices for e-waste have several setbacks due to its negative impact on the environment, agro-ecosystem, and human health. Therefore, comparative biodegradation studies of e-waste plastics by monoculture Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PE10 and bacterial consortium consisting of Achromobacter insolitus strain PE2 (MF943156), Acinetobacter nosocomialis strain PE5 (MF943157), Pseudomonas lalkuanensis PE8 (CP043311), and Stenotrophomonas pavanii strain PE15 (MF943160) were carried out in situ. Biological treatment of e-waste with these candidates in soil ecosystems has been analyzed through diversified analytical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric-derivative thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTG-DTA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both P. aeruginosa strain PE10 and the bacterial consortium have a tremendous ability to accelerate the biodegradation process in the natural environment. However, FTIR analysis implied that the monoculture had better efficacy than the consortium, and it was consistent until the incubation period used for the study. Some polymeric bonds such as ν C=C and δ C-H were completely removed, and ν C=C ring stretching, νasym C-O-C, νsym C-H, etc. were introduced by strain PE10. Furthermore, thermal analysis results validated the structural deterioration of e-waste as the treated samples showed nearly two-fold weight loss (WL; 6.8%) than the untreated control (3.1%) at comparatively lower temperatures. SEM images provided the details of surface disintegrations. Conclusively, individual monoculture P. aeruginosa strain PE10 could be explored for e-waste bio-recycling in agricultural soil ecosystems thereby reducing the cost, time, and management of bioformulation in addition to hazardous pollutant reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HANPs) were successfully synthesized from eggshell waste by microwave-assisted (MW) as well as conventional heating precipitation methods and a green template i.e., Azadirachta indica (AI) (neem) leaf extract. The synthesized HANPs were characterized by different analytical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for determining their functionality, shape, size, crystallinity, phase purity, and thermal stability. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the pure hydroxyapatite phase with no other impurities. SEM and TEM analyses confirmed that HANPs displayed uniform distribution with less agglomeration by the MW method in the presence of AI when compared to the conventional heating method and without AI. TEM analyses revealed that the average size of HANPs from both methods without AI was 30–31 nm in width and 53–55 nm in length while in the presence of AI, it was 27–28 nm in width and 44–46 nm in length. XRD analysis indicated the formation of the pure crystalline structure of nanoparticles. The synthesized HANPs were thermally very stable and had a lower Ca/P ratio (1.81) from the MW method compared to the conventional heating method, which is 1.95. Thus, this study revealed that HANPs synthesized by the MW method in the presence of AI with a smaller crystallite size and less agglomerated particles have great potential to be used in the biomedical fields as well as different fields such as cosmetics, wastewater treatment, and food packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study introduces a new and straightforward method for the amination of Chitosan. This method involves coupling Chitosan (CS) with 2-chloroethylamine (ENH2) in a single step to produce an amino-ethyl Chitosan derivatives with increased amine group content (CS-ENH2) using click chemistry. The resulting derivatives were then crosslinked using Glutaraldehyde to form amino-ethyl Chitosan Schiff bases. The novel amino-ethyl Chitosan Schiff bases were subsequently utilized as adsorbents for the removal of Methyl Orange (MO) dye from aqueous solutions using a batch technique, and the performance of the produced Schiff bases was compared with that of the native Chitosan Schiff base. The CS-ENH2 adsorbents show improved adsorption capacity up to 300% of the native Chitosan Schiff base with almost double removal rate. The adsorption temperature has a positive impact in general while almost 100% of MO removed at 60 °C using CS-ENH2 adsorbents compared with 66% of the native Chitosan Schiff base adsorbent. The adsorption pH shows a negative impact on the MO removal percent. That effect reduced sharply using the CS-ENH2 adsorbents with higher amination degree while the MO removal percent almost being constant over a wide range of pH; 2.0–7.0. The agitation speed has the same positive effect over all the adsorbents. However, the rate of MO removal percent decreased with increase the agitation speed up to 250 rpm. The experimental findings demonstrated that the highest percentage of MO dye removal was achieved under the conditions of pH 2.0, a temperature of 60 °C, agitation speed of 250 rpm, and adsorption duration of 90 min. These Schiff bases were subsequently characterized using advanced analytical techniques including Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, Thermal analysis (TGA and DSC), and Scanning Electron Microscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized from graphite via a modified Hummer's method, followed by thermal and chemical reductions to produce reduced graphene oxide (RGO) samples at various temperatures. A suite of characterization techniques including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), UV-Visible Spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Hall effect measurements were employed to assess the structural, morphological, optical, and electrical properties of the samples. FTIR analysis confirmed the successful functionalization of graphite to GO and subsequent reduction to reduced graphene oxide, with peak intensities decreasing as the reduction temperature increased. UV-visible spectroscopy of GO showed a maximum absorption at 235 nm which confirmed the synthesis of GO while the reduction revealed a notable red shift in absorption peaks with increasing annealing temperature, and that signified a reduction in bandgap. XRD analyses demonstrated the removal of oxygen functional groups. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of GO showed diffraction at 2θ = 10.74° which revealed a fully oxidized graphene oxide with oxygen-containing functional groups, and hence an increase in interlayer spacing (d002) from 3.341 Å (graphite) to 8.228 Å (GO). Upon reduction, there is a gradual decrease in d002 from 8.228 Å (GO) to 3.387 Å (HRGO300), suggesting the gradual removal of intercalated oxygen molecules, and hence the gradual restoration of sp2 hybridisation in graphene. The EDS analysis revealed an increase in the carbon-to-oxygen (C/O) ratio from 1.78 in GO to 2.75 in HRGO300 as the annealing temperature for the reduction process increased which further confirmed the removal of oxygen functional groups. The Hall effect data showed hole mobility of 4.634 x10¹ (GO), 4.831 x10¹ (HRGO200), and 5.462 x100 (HRGO300) with conductivities of 8.985 x10-5 (GO), 1.087 x100 (HRGO200) and 1.791 x10¹ 1/Ω cm, suggesting an increase in conductivity as the annealing temperature increased as revealed in the EDS. Out of the three samples identified as hole transport materials, the sample HRGO300 with the highest C/O ratio of 2.75 has the highest conductivity, and hence most suitable for application as hole transport material in perovskite solar cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the multiphase catalyst was prepared for catalytic Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions by anchoring palladium nanoparticles on tris(pentaethylene-pentamine)triazine modified boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs-TPEPTA-Pd). The synthesized catalysts were characterized using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Subsequent experiments showed that BNNSs-TPEPTA-Pd is an excellent two-dimensional heterogeneous catalyst with a wide range of substrate tolerance, achieving an excellent yield of 95% within 45 min. On average, the catalyst improved the biaryl yield by about 12% and reduzced the reaction time by 4.6 h. In addition, the catalytic effect remained high after eight catalytic cycles. An efficient, stable, and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst was prepared by anchoring palladium nanoparticles on tris(pentaethylene-pentamine)triazine modified boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs-TPEPTA-Pd). The catalyst was used in the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction to verify its activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]