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Nanoparticles play an important role in the properties of metallic glasses (MGs) due to their diversified structures; however, their structure–property relationship is unclear. In this paper, three ex situ metallic glass matrix composites were assembled by three kinds of nanoparticles and Cu50Co50 MG obtained by rapid cooling, and their structural evolution under uniaxial compression is investigated by molecular dynamic simulation. It is found that the activated atoms always preferentially accumulate in the amorphous region near the embedded nanoparticles (ENPs). ENPs hinder the propagation of shear bands and lead to strain-hardening behavior. The fractal structures convert the HCP and tDh atoms into atoms of other structures to improve the anti-deformation ability, and the parallel-twin structure improves the anti-deformation ability through the mutual conversion of the FCC and HCP atoms. These findings provide a new idea for improving the mechanical properties of MGs. The change in the ENP structure provides theoretical support for the design of composite materials with specific requirements for structural evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite materials use recently increased, although treatments at their End of Life are inexistent or highly inefficient (from the environmental perspective). Thus, openness to cooperation is needed, supported by methodologies for design for de-manufacturing. The approach proposed in the present work aims at transforming industrial processes' scraps and off-specification pieces in primary materials, through re-design, without the risk of cannibalisation. It is mainly intended for industrial processes of composite materials; its objective is to find alternative applications to their invaluable final disposal and supports the merging of existing supply chains (Industrial Symbiosis). Nevertheless, it can be easily extended to non-composite and/or non-scraps. Re-design enables the establishment of waste-to-treasure composite scraps' life cycles and is evaluated through Life Cycle Assessment. The application of the approach involved four Italian companies and results reveal that industrial symbiosis can reduce emissions (from −45% to more than −90%). Guidelines were outlined: involve End of Life operators to know how waste treatments, share information, favour networking and proximity, apply design for disassembly principles, consider simple shapes and modularity during (re)design. Future works will focus on off-the-shelf components and the economic evaluation of the proposed de-manufacturing actions and supply strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing electromagnetic pollution due to the widespread use of electronic devices has drawn attention to the development of high-efficiency electromagnetic wave absorption materials. In this study, polypropylene (PP)/Ni composite materials were prepared using the fused deposition modeling method, with PP as the matrix. The mechanical and absorption properties were investigated, showing that the PP-based materials exhibited good mechanical performance with a tensile strength of 25.3 MPa and an elongation at break of 32.1%. At a Ni content of 50% and a thickness of 1.9 mm, the composite material showed absorption properties of −24.31 dB and 5.6 GHz. The absorption bandwidth covered the entire X and Ku bands (6.4–18 GHz) with adjustable thickness ranging from 1.5 to 4 mm. The combination of excellent absorption and mechanical properties makes these materials promising for the fabrication of complex absorber devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation of TC4/7075 composites for ultra-thin flyer plates is a significant challenge in the field of explosive welding. A weldability window for multi-layer metal explosive welding and a configuration for ultra-thin flyer plate explosive welding were established in this study. TC4/7075 composite materials were successfully prepared with a flyer plate thickness of only 0.3 mm. An analysis was conducted on the material bonding ability, element diffusion, crystal evolution, and microscopic morphology during the explosive welding process of TC4/7075, utilizing the weldability window, molecular dynamics algorithm, and electron backscattered diffraction testing. The results show that various dislocations are present at the interface, predominantly 1/6 ⟨112⟩ dislocations. Element diffusion primarily occurs during the unloading stage at high temperature and zero external pressure; the interface has the best bonding ability when titanium exhibits FCC lattice structure. The prepared composite material demonstrates high intra-grain and grain boundary stresses; the rolling texture is observed on the aluminum side while an equiaxed twin structure forms on the titanium side due to interactions between stacking faults, Stair-rod dislocations, and Hirth immovable dislocations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal ion-induced water pollution is attracting increasing public attention. Perovskite quantum dots and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), owing to their outstanding properties, hold promise as ideal probes for detecting metal ions. In this study, a composite material, MAPbBr3@PCN-221(Fe), was prepared by encapsulating MAPbBr3 quantum dots with PCN-221(Fe), demonstrating high chemical stability and good reusability. The composite material shows a sensitive fluorescence turn-on signal in the presence of silver ions. The fluorescence intensity of the composite material exhibits a linear relationship with the concentration of Ag+ in the solution, with a low detection limit of 8.68 µM. Moreover, the fluorescence signal exhibits a strong selectivity for Ag+, enabling the detection of Ag+ concentration. This fluorescence turn-on signal originates from the Ag+-bridged energy transfer from the conductive band of MAPbBr3 to the excited state of the MOF, which is directly proportional to the concentration of silver ions. Simultaneously, this finding may open up a new possibility in artificial controlled energy transfer from perovskite to MOF for future development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The graphene-based electromagnetic wave absorption materials have attracted extensive attention due to their lightweight, strong absorption, broadband, and thin thickness. In this work, graphene hollow microspheres anchored with FeNi-coupled nanocrystal (GHMs@FeNi3/NiFe2O4) were synthesized using water-in-oil (W/O) emulsification and high-temperature calcination. The GHMs@FeNi3/NiFe2O4 microspheres have a homogeneous spherical morphology and a pronounced hollow structure, and the FeNi-coupled nanocrystals are homogeneously embedded in a spongy shell assembled by rGO nanosheets. Owing to the optimized impedance matching and enhanced attenuation, the GHMs@FeNi3/NiFe2O4 composites exhibit outstanding microwave absorption ability, particularly in the Ku band. The minimum reflection loss (RLmin) value can reach −58.96 dB at 14.43 GHz with a matching thickness of 2.25 mm, and the effective absorption bandwidth (lower than −10 dB) is up to 6.29 GHz (11.71–18 GHz) covering the whole Ku band. We believe that our work provides an idea for the design of high-performance absorbing composite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Active thermography using pulsed heating is a fast and reliable method for detecting flaws in composite and metallic materials. This paper analyzes the temperature decay that occurs immediately after flash heating the front surface of stainless steel specimens as a function of time, based on a novel application of the equivalent circuit approach (ECA). The temperature decay from the front surface is equated to the discharge of a capacitor. The ECA is based on the charging (temperature rise due to flash heating) of a capacitor, followed by its discharge (temperature decay) through a series of resistors (which depends on the conductivity of the material) and capacitance (which depends on the thermal capacitance of the layers) through which the heat is dissipated. The proposed approach analyzes the sequences of temperature data obtained at each pixel location during cooling from a step wedge and a specimen with multiple flat-bottom holes. Time constant maps derived from the analysis are used to ascertain the thickness of the step wedge, detect the flaws, and evaluate the remnant thickness of the flaws. A correlation has been established between the thickness and the time constants. The above approach has been used to estimate the diameter of the flat-bottom holes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This German S3 clinical practice guideline offers evidence-based recommendations for the use of composite materials in direct restorations of permanent teeth. Outcomes considered were the survival rates and restoration quality and process quality of the manufacturing process. Part 1 of this two-part presentation deals with the indication classes. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted by two methodologists using MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library via the OVID platform, including studies up to December 2021. Six PICO questions were developed to guide the search. Recommendations were formulated by a panel of dental professionals from 20 national societies and organizations based on the collected evidence. Results: Composite materials are a viable option for the direct restoration of cavity Classes I-V and may also be used for restorations with cusp replacement, and tooth shape corrections. In the posterior region, direct composite restorations should be preferred over indirect composite inlays. For Class V restorations, composite materials can be used if adequate contamination control and adhesive technique are ensured. Conclusion: The guideline is the first to provide comprehensive evidence on the use of direct composite materials. However, further long-term clinical studies with comparators such as (modified) glass-ionomer cements are necessary. Regular updates will detail the future scope and limitations of direct composite restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study reports the development of ternary and quaternary carbon nitride (CN) based nanocomposites through the coupling of CN with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), Ag3PO4 (AP) and Ag nanoparticles (NP). A facile wet-chemistry process was developed for the synthesis of the composites. The prepared materials were characterised using XRD, ATR, DR-UV-Vis, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and EPR. Photocatalytic dye degradation (rhodamine b, RhB) is greatly improved in composite materials. The most active photocatalyst was the quaternary composite bearing SWCNTs, Ag3PO4 and Ag NP, that presented a 2- and a 3-fold increase in photoactivity compared with the CN functionalised only with SWCNTs and the pure CN, respectively. The enhanced activity is associated with improvements in several important materials properties. Adsorption in the visible light is improved by the presence of Ag3PO4 and Ag NP. The latter provided plasmon resonance effects, absorbing light up to 700 nm. The presence of SWCNTs reduced charge recombination phenomena reducing by half the PL intensity. In addition, charge availability was further increased due to the formation of heterojunctions through the coupling of CN with Ag3PO4 and Ag NP. The PL intensity of the ternary composite was reduced to 1% of the pure CN PL intensity. In-situ EPR spectroscopy using spin-traps revealed the formation of superoxide anion radicals ($${\rm{O}}_2^{ \bullet - }$$ O 2 ∙ − ) that provide evidence for charge transfer via a Z-scheme mechanism. $${\rm{O}}_2^{ \bullet - }$$ O 2 ∙ − production was enhanced 8.5 times in the ternary composite compared with the pure CN. The importance of the stepwise functionalization of CN through the formation of ternary and quaternary composites towards the development of advanced photoactive materials is highlighted herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inherent anisotropy and variable stiffness characteristics exhibited by Variable Angle Tow (VAT) composite materials offer significant possibilities for enhancing the performance of corresponding structures. Through appropriate selection of the curved fiber paths, it becomes feasible to design structures that are both lightweight and efficient. However, conducting mechanical analysis on VAT composite structures is of considerable challenges, particularly in seeking analytical solutions. In view of this, this paper aims to investigate the thermomechanical buckling behavior of VAT composite laminates with elastically restrained edges and presents an analytical solution for the studied problem. The analysis is based on the assumption that the fiber orientation angle of each lamina varies linearly or nonlinearly along the x direction, and the fundamental equations for thermomechanical buckling of VAT laminates are derived using the classical laminated plate theory. The analytical solution is obtained through the combined utilization of Taylor series and Frobenius series. Furthermore, a comprehensive parameter analysis is conducted to assess the impact of different factors, such as fiber paths and elastic support stiffness, on the critical thermomechanical buckling load and mode of VAT laminates. The resulting findings serve as a valuable reference for VAT laminate design, while the proposed analytical solution can be employed as a benchmark for validating other numerical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shaping multifunctional carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites has gained significant attention in recent times. This study investigates the progress made in developing environmentally friendly techniques for shaping CFRP composites. The focus is on achieving sustainable manufacturing processes while maintaining the desirable properties of CFRP composites. Therefore, this review article examines the impact of machining, tools, monitoring, and cooling techniques on CFRP composites. Delamination factors are also considered from a materials engineering standpoint. The objective is to meet diverse application needs and enhance CFRP machining processes, highlighting the importance of sustainable practices in shaping the future of composite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, mechanical, physical, wettability, and microstructure characterization were employed to evaluate the performance of composite material. Uniform distribution with a good interfacial layer of SAC and Si3N4 was observed for PET/8.75%Si3N4+8.75% wasteSAC powder composite material. Results showed significant improvements in tensile (60.55%), hardness (150.99%), bending (228.47%), and compressive strength (105.56%) compared to neat PET-based composites after the addition of 8.75%Si3N4+8.75% wasteSAC powder. Therefore, studied composite could be a replacement of metals and ceramics, in various structural and functional applications due to their improved mechanical and thermal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experimental-analytical model of nonlinear homogenization of matrix composites is developed on the basis of the Mori-Tanaka secant model. The calculation results of the analytical model are "fitted" to the experimental results. The fitting parameter is the ratio of constrained equivalent strains of the matrices of the experimental sample and the Mori-Tanaka model. Identification of the fitting parameter is performed using the experimental stress-strain curve for the basic composite composition. A linear dependence of the fitting parameter on the volume fraction of particles is used for a composite of arbitrary composition. The calculation results correspond well to the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand of laminated composite materials made of natural fibers and resins with a lower environmental impact in different applications requires a more detailed understanding about the performance during its service considering the delamination in curved parts are one of the most critical failure mechanisms. The present study focuses on an experimental investigation and calculation of the interlaminar tensile strength of unidirectional flax/epoxy laminated curved beams featuring varying thicknesses. The assessment is conducted through a four-point-bending test, in accordance with the ASTM D6415 standard, and the outcomes are subsequently correlated with the employed formulae. The study also involves an examination of the formulation and methodology applicability for the ILTS calculation of unidirectional flax/epoxy laminated curved beams. The analysis includes the impact on maximum interlaminar tensile stress and the evolution of delamination in the flax/epoxy laminated curved beams post-failure behavior. These findings have significant implications for accurately predicting the interlaminar tensile strength and post-failure behavior of such laminated curved beams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to analyze the effect of different materials on the folding of ultrathin tape spring hinges. This mechanism is modeled using the Finite Element Method (FEM) combined with the Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF) for the development of refined 2D shell models. These models can deal with different materials and different theoretical approximations can be introduced in an automatic way thanks to the hierarchical capability of the CUF formalism, according to which the degree of refinement of the mathematical model is an input to the analysis. The nonlinear governing equations are developed using a Total Lagrangian formulation and solved via a Newton-Raphson linearization technique with arc-length type constraints. A validation of the proposed model is carried out by comparing the results with those available in the literature involving a cured T300-1k/913 tow and HexPly 913 resin. After a convergence analysis, the mathematical model proves to ensure a good fit. This model is used for the final analysis with different materials, i.e. isotropic metallic with hardened steel tape spring and unidirectional T300 graphite fibre/epoxy prepreg with 34% resin content by weight. The results, in the form of moment angle curves, are reported for two different values of the thickness of the structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we describe a simple strategy for the preparation of a low-cost electrode material based on polypyrrole (PPy) film grown on an insulating cellulosic paper substrate via in-situ oxidative polymerisation technique and functionalised by silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) uniformly dispersed on its surface. The properties of the obtained AgNPs-PPy composites were characterised using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The electrocatalytic activity of the prepared electrode was investigated for the electroreduction of nitrate using cyclic voltammetry in 0.1 M KOH solution. Results demonstrated that the incorporation of AgNPs into the PPy matrix improves significantly the catalytic behaviour of this film. The effect on the electrode response of the amount of the incorporated AgNPs was also investigated. This paper highlights a simple procedure for the making of low-cost paper electrodes for the efficient reduction of nitrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of composite materials is rapidly expanding due to advancements in materials and manufacturing, driven by environmental concerns for reduced weight, increased energy efficiency, and recyclability. While thermoset composites are crucial, thermoplastics are gaining popularity for their sustainability and manufacturing advantages. They offer quicker processing, easier production, and recyclability, aligning with sustainability goals. While carbon, glass, and aramid fibers remain dominant, natural fibers like flax and hemp offer high performance and affordability with lower environmental impact. Natural-based yarns are finding applications in automotive, construction, consumer goods, and sports equipment. Hybrid yarns, blending natural and polymeric fibers, promote ecological solutions. This review outlines the benefits of natural-based hybrid yarns in thermoplastic composites, exploring production methods and current developments in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One approach to structural health monitoring (SHM) involves embedding sensors within a composite material. However, the integration of these sensors can potentially introduce flaws that might affect the composite's mechanical properties. This research aims to explore the impact of embedding exfoliated graphite (EG)/epoxy sensors on the mechanical characteristics of composite systems through laboratory experiments and numerical simulations. Sensor strips composed of varying volume fractions of EG/epoxy were fabricated. Tensile test specimens were prepared by embedding these sensors in the epoxy matrix oriented both lengthwise and widthwise. Baseline specimens of EG/epoxy without sensors were also created for comparison. Tensile tests were performed on the samples to evaluate the effects of the embedded sensors on the composite's elastic modulus and tensile strength. The results indicated a slight improvement in both elastic modulus and tensile strength with the introduction of EG. Crucially, the orientation of the sensors within the samples had a significant impact on the composite's mechanical properties. Samples with widthwise-aligned sensors showed reduced tensile strength due to delamination along the sensor edges. Finite element simulations using a viscoelastic model based on the experimental data were conducted to analyze the effect of sensor alignment on mechanical properties. The findings revealed that a grid pattern alignment of sensors significantly enhanced mechanical performance compared to lengthwise or widthwise alignment, particularly at 0.1% and 0.3% EG volume fractions, highlighting the effectiveness of a grid pattern for embedding sensors in SHM applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite materials, with their remarkable advantages in various industrial sectors, have increasingly broadened their applications, particularly in the reinforcement of notched structures. These still attract the intention of many researchers to analyze them is to improve them. Indeed, the study of their reinforcements can only be done by studying their damage. Depending on the proposed reinforcement, it can take several images; such as geometric or material, total or partial at the stat of the notch. Through a numerical prediction, our objective in this work consists in a total reinforcement of the structure by proposed materials called CFRP bi-graded with glass-epoxy. Following the proposed graduation design, these three different fiber qualities pooled a single quality in the middle for each design case. This is possible provided that these fibers are housed in the same matrix in epoxy quality and with the same volume in volume fraction. The parameters of rigidity and the graded damage in the structure are homogenized according to the thickness by volume fraction introduced by finite elements using technique UMM-XFEM. For this, a special mesh is used. Where the parameters evaluated such as the type and the density of finite elements as well as the architecture of mesh and the adequacy with the criterion of the damage and these parameters introduced, all showed an effect on the determined results. The linear constitutive law of our model agrees with the equivalent stress flow theory of Von Mises. The composite used in this work in CFRP is of quality IM7/8552. The evaluation under the effect of the graduation parameters is made on the response of the structure and its resistance capacity using the tensile separation curves. The study showed that the proposed concept, in the case where the strongest fiber is in the middle of the plate, a symmetrical stress with respect to the thickness of the structure and an overcapacity in its resistance. This resistance overcapacity becomes significant due to the effect of the graduation volume fraction index ( β) chosen. The coupling of the XFEM technique with that of UMM has effectively shown the separation of the structure after crack initiation in structures with graded materials. Where It is also shown that the critical length which corresponds to the total failure of the proposed composite material is the average of the critical lengths of the graded layers. The damage under the effect of different concepts was highlighted in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the effect of hybridization of both resin and reinforcement on mechanical properties of jute/cotton fiber-reinforced epoxy/polyester composite materials. Tensile, bending, and Charpy impact tests were conducted on the composites. Mechanical properties of the composites were observed to increase after hybridization. For reference, tensile strength of jute/epoxy/polyester and cotton/epoxy/polyester hybrid composites was observed to be 10.06% and 12.25% higher than jute/epoxy and cotton/epoxy composites, respectively. The existence of an interpenetrating polymer network between the two resins during hybridization causes enhancement in mechanical properties. The materials have applications in automobiles and aerospace due to their lightweight and improved strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen has emerged as a promising energy vector for internal combustion engines or fuel cell electric vehicles, offering the potential to significantly reduce environmental impacts. To store and transport hydrogen efficiently, high-pressure type IV tanks produced using carbon fibre-reinforced polymers are typically used. However, composite materials are associated with significant environmental impacts due to their energy-intensive production and challenging recycling processes. To address these drawbacks, thermoplastic matrix composites can be employed as an alternative to traditional thermosetting matrix composites. In this context, the present paper reports a comprehensive life cycle assessment study comparing the environmental impacts of different pressure vessel types for hydrogen transport. A design phase was conducted to define the product's characteristics and provide primary data. Types IV and V vessels produced by filament winding were considered for the environmental sustainability analysis; different scenarios with carbon fibre tows pre-impregnated with both thermosetting and thermoplastic matrix were considered as raw materials (epoxy resin and polyetherimide). Different impact categories were employed to provide a complete vision of the scenario's effects on the environment. The analysis showed that the type V pressure vessel with a thermoplastic matrix composite is the most environmentally friendly option with life cycle impacts equal to 2568.5 kg CO₂ eq vs. 3797.7 kg CO₂ eq for the epoxy/towpreg type IV vessel and 3462.1 kg CO₂ eq for the epoxy/towpreg type V vessel. This impact reduction is due to lower material use due to the absence of an internal liner and the recyclability of the thermosetting matrix towpregs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces an innovative Broadband Ultrasonic Transducer employing a Nested Composite Structure with Gradient Acoustic Impedance, significantly enhancing the performance in medical diagnostics and non-destructive testing. The developed transducer, based on a unique nested PZT/epoxy composite design, achieves an optimized acoustic impedance gradient from 36.56 MRayls to 4.53 MRayls. This strategic design effectively addresses the impedance mismatch, a long-standing challenge in ultrasonic imaging. Rigorous Finite Element Analysis (FEA) using PZFlex software indicates that the transducer offers a −6 dB bandwidth of 69.31%, a substantial improvement over the existing models. Experimental results corroborate with theoretical predictions, demonstrating enhanced bandwidth (∼71.24%) and transmission efficiency. This advancement highlights the potential of gradient impedance in fabricating high-performance ultrasonic transducers, setting a new benchmark for ultrasonic imaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of science and technology, the application of electronic products is extensive, and it is developing in the direction of miniaturization, integration, and high performance. However, the development of electronic products is limited due to capacitors low energy storage density. This study selects inorganic nanoparticles with high dielectric constant as fillers and polyvinylidene fluoride as the matrix of composite materials. It adopts a layer-by-layer casting method to prepare multilayer Ba 0.6 Sr 0.4 TiO 3 /PVDF composites. It is found that the dielectric and energy storage performances of the multilayer composites doped with Ba 0.6 Sr 0.4 TiO 3 are improved compared with the pure PVDF polymer films after the electrical properties test. A multi-layer composite material with a gradient distribution of fillers was designed and prepared to improve the energy storage density. The energy storage density of multilayer composites with a favorable gradient structure can reach up to 9.3 J/cm3 at 300 kV/mm. By analyzing the improved storage density mechanism, the results show that the design of the multilayer gradient structure can significantly reduce the electric field's local concentration, inhibit the formation of conductive paths, and significantly improve the composites' energy storage density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given their many advantages, composite materials have always proven their effectiveness. As in aeronautical structures where reinforcement techniques are used, their application is widened in various fields. Analyzing these composite structures or proposing new concepts for reinforcements remains an interest of several researchers. This work opts for the use of a hybrid composite of a tubular structure of an elbow attached by straight parts. The structural composite is twill. The aim of the elbow damage study is to evaluate the proposed reinforcement concept. The stiffness and damage parameters of the plies are introduced at the size of the fiber and according to the thickness per row of finite elements, hence the use of an adequate meshing technique. The linear behavior follows the equivalent stress flow theory of Von Mises. The results presented as moment-rotation curves were evaluated under design effect and bending moment mode. Depending on the loading conditions, the proposed concept of the hybrid composite showed an overcapacity of resistance where the location of the fiber qualities played the optimization of this capacity. The structure has shown even more resistance for certain locations of the folds which are reinforced in thickness. Depending on the bending moment mode applied, the results show that the damage is caused at very low deformations by ovalization of the elbow and in fiber tension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Ideal wave-absorbing materials are required to possess the characteristics such as being "broad, lightweight, thin, and strong." Biomass-derived materials for absorbing electromagnetic waves (EMWs) are widely explored due to their low cost, lightweight, environmentally friendly, high specific surface area, and porous structure. In this study, wood was used as the raw material, and N -doped carbon nanotubes were grown in situ in porous carbon derived from wood, loaded with magnetic metal Co nanoparticles through chemical vapor deposition. The Fir@Co@CNT composite material exhibited a three-dimensional conductive electromagnetic network structure and excellent impedance matching, thereby demonstrating excellent wave absorption performance. By controlling the introduction of carbon nanotubes, the roles of polarization loss and conduction loss in the Fir@Co@CNT composite material were precisely regulated. The Fir@Co@CNT 1:5 composite material achieved a minimum reflection loss (RL min) of −43.03 dB in the low-frequency region and a maximum effective absorption bandwidth (EAB max) of 4.3 GHz (1.5 mm). Meanwhile, the Fir@Co@CNT 1:10 composite material achieved a RL min of −52 dB with a thickness of only 2.3 mm, along with an EAB max of 4.2 GHz (1.6 mm). Both materials collectively cover the entire C-band, X-band, and Ku-band in terms of EAB. This work introduces a method for regulating polarization loss and conduction loss, showcasing the potential of biomass carbon materials as low-frequency EMW absorption materials for the first time. It also provides a new direction for the development and application of environmentally friendly, lightweight, high-performance wave-absorbing materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate modeling of layered composite structures often requires the use of detailed finite element models which can sufficiently resolve the kinematics and material behavior within each layer of the composite. However, individually discretizing each material layer into finite elements presents a prohibitive computational expensive given the large number of thin layers comprising some laminated composites. To address these challenges, an 8‐node layered solid hexahedral finite element is formulated with the aim of striking an appropriate balance between efficiency and fidelity. The element is discretized into an arbitrary number of distinct material layers, and employs reduced in‐plane integration within each layer. The chosen reduced integration scheme is supplemented by a novel physical stabilization approach which includes layerwise enhancements to mitigate various forms of locking phenomena. The proposed framework additionally supports the inclusion of interlaminar enhanced displacements to better represent the kinematics of general layered composite materials. The described element formulation has been implemented in the ParaDyn finite element code, and its efficacy for modeling laminated composite structures is demonstrated on a variety of verification problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the foamed polylactic acid (PLA) composites with different ratios of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and lignin (Lg) are prepared. Molecular dynamics simulation analysis indicates that the fillers enhance the mechanical properties of the composites. The optimal foaming temperatures for PLA/Lg and PLA/TiO2 composites are found to be 110 and 100°C, respectively. The supercritical carbon dioxide foaming process is applied to get the foamed composites, and their mechanical and thermal properties are analyzed. The results show that the addition of TiO2 improves the melting point and compression properties of the PLA composites. Furthermore, the inclusion of Lg increases the molecular chain mobility, foaming multiplicity, and compression strength of the composite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to the traditional open mixing process used for the production of the rubber composites, wet mixing process is a lower shear force mixing method. This article revealed the influence of the open mixing process and the wet mixing process on the microstructure, density, mechanical properties, and ablation performance of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber/fiber/hollow glass microsphere composite system. The results showed that the wet mixing process increased the fiber length by more than 300% compared to the open mixing process, while the fragmentation rate of the hollow glass beads was reduced by 94.4%, these effectively maintained the structural integrity of the fibers and the hollow glass microsphere filler. By using the wet mixing process, the density of EPDM composite materials can be reduced by about 20%, and the tensile strength and ablation resistance of these composites were also significantly improved. Compared to polyimide fiber and aramid fiber short fibers, the wet mixing process of solution‐based rubber had a more significant effect on improving the length and ablation resistance of phenolic fiber and carbon fiber fibers which having poor shear strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since thermally conductive fillers easily aggregate when introduced into polymer matrix, it is essential to apply a modifier to enhance the dispersion of the filler. In current study, the surface of boron nitride (h‐BN) is firstly modified by employing a double modification process and then added into sulfonated polyetheretherketone (SPEEK) to form the composite materials. Four different kinds of samples of double‐modified h‐BN were obtained. Ultimately, the XXX@h‐BN/SPEEK (XXX denoted as modifier, i.e. PDA, VTMS, TEOS, and APS) flexible film with the horizontally oriented XXX@h‐BN was produced by heating the mixture under an external electric field. The test results indicate that the thermally conductive filler PDA@h‐BN (PDA: polydopamine), which was prepared by modifying OH@h‐BN with PDA, loaded into SPEEK, and electrically oriented, shows the best overall performances. With a high tensile strength of 43.24 MPa and good flexibility, PDA@h‐BN/SPEEK flexible film exhibits an in‐plane thermal conductivity of 2.3 Wm−1 K−1 at a filling ratio of 10 wt%. The sample may be bent at a steep angle without breaking down and can recover to original shape bearing its high degree of flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses a Monte Carlo method to study the thermal conductivity of graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) composites. Firstly, a large number of GNPs are randomly set in a representative volume element. Then, based on a temperature satisfying the Laplace equation in a matrix, a coated surface (CS) is set up on each GNP surface, and the temperature of the CS and GNP can be obtained by the walk-on-spheres (WoS) method. Finally, the WoS method continues to be applied to calculate the heat flux density of the composite materials, further obtaining the thermal conductivity of the composites. We add the influence of interlayers in random walks. We incorporate the influence of interlayers in the WoS process, and the points that walk onto the interlayer surface have a very low probability of reaching the GNP due to the extremely low thermal conductivity of the interlayer. The calculated results are consistent with the experimental data. The model also studies the effects of the size, orientation, and aggregation of GNPs on the thermal conductivity of composite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oriented polyacrylonitrile (PAN) films were prepared and treated with hot stretching method to obtain higher degree of orientation. The PAN fiber membrane was infiltrated with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) to prepare oriented PAN membrane reinforced TPU composite membrane. The tensile properties of the composite material were studied, and the tensile strength, modulus, and toughness all increased with the increase of orientation. The interfacial miscibility between the matrix and nanofibers was observed using Raman spectroscopy, and morphology, properties, and reinforcement mechanism of the composite material were analyzed combining scanning electron microscopy technique. The results indicate as the orientation increases, the compatibility between the matrix and fibers improves, and the mechanical properties of the composite material also improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In developing the effective and lightweight materials for microwave absorption, graphene holds a bright promise because of its excellent electrical properties and low density, but it suffers from poor impedance matching; while the hollow glass microspheres on the other hand have extremely low density and are dielectric. Their synergistic combination could achieve a perfect impedance matching and thus create a novel lightweight absorption composite. The metamaterial structure absorber can efficiently absorb electromagnetic waves over a wide frequency range. This study employs a hydrothermal method to deposit graphene onto the surfaces of hollow glass microspheres, followed by the design of a metamaterial absorber. Upon coating with graphene flakes, the composite material effectively dissipates electromagnetic wave energy through mechanisms such as interfacial polarization, dielectric loss, and the multiple scattering effects of hollow glass microspheres and graphene flakes. The composite exhibits an effective absorption bandwidth up to 4.02 GHz under a graphene flakes mass fraction of 30 %. More importantly, the incorporation of the metamaterial absorber design further significantly enhances the absorption bandwidth to 7.7 GHz. This material demonstrates significant advantages in terms of lightweight and broadband absorption performance, providing new insights for the research of high-performance lightweight and wideband absorbing materials in the future. However, further investigation is required to examine its long-term stability and performance in complex environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a thermally stable spherical NiMOF was introduced into MgH 2 to enhance its hydrogen storage performance. The NiMOF was synthesized via a solvothermal method, and MgH 2 -x wt.% NiMOF (x = 3, 5, 10, 15) composites were prepared by ball milling. The MgH 2 -10 wt% NiMOF composite showed the best performance, with a maximum hydrogen storage capacity of 6.4 wt% under 4.2 MPa at 548 K. It absorbed 4.0 wt% H 2 in 5 min and 5.2 wt% in 30 min at 548 K and 3.1 MPa. The composite demonstrated excellent cyclic stability, retaining 5.0 wt% capacity after 10 cycles. Activation energies were 64.74 kJ/mol for hydrogenation and 119.596 kJ/mol for dehydrogenation. Major highlights of this study. (1) The thermally stable NiMOF material can withstand temperatures up to 709 K. (2) NiMOF enhances the hydrogen absorption and desorption kinetics of MgH 2. (3) The stable structure of NiMOF imparts excellent cycling stability to the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulsed thermography is a technique of significant interest in non-destructive testing, particularly in defect detection and depth characterisation of composite materials. This study presents an innovative methodology for simultaneously detecting defects and estimating depth using a combination of sequenced thermal signal encoding and a two-dimensional convolution neural network (CNN) model. We compare the results of the proposed method with those obtained from the feed-forward neural network (FFNN), a one-dimensional CNN, and a long short-term memory recurrent neural network (LSTM-RNN). The findings demonstrate that the proposed approach exhibits superior accuracy and robustness compared to the benchmarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To deepen the fundamental knowledge on the effect of titanium diboride (TiB2) particle interface on thermal conductivity of three different composites with polyethylene matrices (HDPE/TiB2, MDPE/TiB2 and LDPE/TiB2), this paper is devoted to a theoretical approach on the analysis of thermal behaviour of polymer-based composites. This study is based on the Hashin and Shtrikman model, which allows us to determine the thermal conductivity considering an idealized interface between the reinforcing molecules. In addition, the Hasselman and Johnson model is used to evaluate thermal conductivity with an imperfect interface. We mainly discuss the difference between two types of interfaces with the aim of improving the thermal conductivity within the composite material used in this study without altering the mechanical and thermal behaviours. This approach creates new opportunities, especially in manufacturing, to use high-quality composite materials at low-cost and non-destructive. To this end, we have investigated the variations in the effective thermal conductivity of different composites, λeff as a function of volume fraction of the reinforcement (TiB2). In particular, we have emphasized the study on the effective thermal conductivity of the composite, taking into account interactions at the interface between the particles and matrix. Definitely, the random dispersion of spherical particles and cylindrical particles oriented perpendicular to the heat flow is considered. The main conclusion is that the form of particles and the type of interface of the reinforcement drastically affect thermal conductivity of the system under consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphite-based composite materials have emerged as a crucial alternative to traditional flake graphite for optimizing the performance of Al 2 O 3 -SiC-C (ASC) castables after decarburization. In this paper, high wetting SiC@C composites powder was prepared via a sol-gel method combined with a carbothermal reduction reaction, and its effect on the oxidation behavior of ASC castables is explored. The results showed that SiC@C composites was synthesized under microwave conditions at 1000 °C, forming a structure where SiC whiskers are coated. And its contact angle with water decreases from 107° to 35°. Upon incorporation into ASC castables, the SiC whiskers within the sample continued to grow and develop with increasing addition of graphite-based composite materials. At a 2 wt% addition, the SiC whiskers began to form a cylindrical structure. Simultaneously, both the cold crushing strength and cold modulus of rupture exhibited a gradual increase. At the optimal 2 wt% addition, these values reached their maximum, 79.5 MPa and 11.4 MPa, respectively. The substitution of graphite-based composite materials also conferred good oxidation resistance to the ASC samples. Under oxidizing atmosphere conditions, the SiC whiskers on the composite material's surface facilitated the formation of a SiO 2 coating layer, which impeded the contact between oxygen and graphite, thereby enhancing the oxidation resistance of the material. Consequently, the oxidation index was reduced from 75.58 % to 42.71 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anisotropy and heterogeneity of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites make it challenging to understand the deformation behavior of the material's components while machining. Although cutting CFRP using diamond abrasives is an effective method for achieving the desired surface quality in high-tech industries, further research is needed to fully understand the cutting mechanism of CFRP composites to prevent machining damage. This study investigates the influence of diamond abrasive cutting depth on the cutting mechanism of T700 CFRP composites using ultra-thin dicing blades. To analyze the deformation mechanism of carbon fiber reinforcement under diamond abrasive cutting, a constitutive material model is used that includes an elastoplastic approach for carbon fiber and matrix resin and a cohesive zone approach for interface modeling. Damage propagation through composite material is investigated through carbon fiber failure mechanism, interface damage between fibers and matrix, sub-surface damage, and machining-induced damage. Experimental and numerical results revealed that cutting depth has a substantial influence on the cutting process; for higher cutting depths, the dominant failure modes for carbon fibers are bending and shearing, contrary to lower cutting depths, when fibers merely experience shearing. Furthermore, a cutting model that uses cutting depths less than the diameter of the fiber results in a significant reduction in machining-induced damage, specifically subsurface damage, and delamination vulnerability. The experimental results from micro-cutting tests agree well with numerical predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents results of numerical simulations to investigate the effect of different void percentages on composite materials' Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) and local stress fields. A random distribution of voids is considered within the Representative Volume Element (RVE) matrix, and different types of microstructures are considered, including square-packed and randomly distributed fibers. The use of a higher-order beam model within the framework of Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF) leads to a Component-Wise (CW) approach, resulting in an accurate, 3D description of the cross-section although using a 1D formulation. Numerical results for different fiber volume fractions and void concentration percentages demonstrate the agreement of the computed effective coefficients of thermal expansion of the present micromechanical thermoelastic model with references from the literature. The local stress fields are affected by voids, with higher effects over the matrix. Furthermore, higher void fractions lead to higher variability of stress peaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, maximum principal stress (MPS) criterion is incorporated into the reinforced isotropic solid (RIS) model to investigate the fracture behavior of orthotropic materials. Cracks are assumed along and across to the fibers in the linear elastic fracture mechanics context. Our experimental observations have shown that in macro point of view cracks in orthotropic materials always occur and grow between the fibers in the isotropic matrix media of orthotropic materials. When the composites are subjected to the pure mode I of loading which is across the fibers, the fibers do not react to the applied load. It means that they do not have effects on load bearing. On the other hand, when the mixed mode I/II of loading is applied to the same material, the fibers play a significant role in load bearing. In the present research, these effects are proposed in the form of reinforcement isotropic solid (RIS) coefficients. Taking an analytical approach, RIS coefficients are embedded into the MPS formulation to obtain the new extended maximum principal stress criterion (EMPS) with high accuracy. For the case of cracks across to the fibers, the crack kinking phenomenon has also been used and proved that when the cracks collide with the fibers, they kink and propagate along the fibers. To validate the proposed criterion, center notch disk tension (CNDT) specimens as appropriate ones for mixed mode I/II fracture test of orthotropic materials are fabricated which can cover the different range of mixed mode I/II loadings. Critical forces range from 452 to 1554 N for cracks along the fibers and 730–2399 N for cracks across the fibers. The fracture limit curves in comparison with the obtained experimental data indicate the compatibility of this criterion with the nature of fracture of the orthotropic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polystyrene foam (EPS) concrete is a composite concrete material commonly used in construction, which has excellent thermal insulation and thermal insulation properties, but also has defects of weak bonding interface.KH-560 can significantly improve the characteristics of EPS particles and concrete matrix, which have different physical and chemical properties and are difficult to combine. In this study, the effects of different levels of KH-560 on the enhanced mechanical properties of EPS concrete were studied from the aspects of macroscopic mechanical properties, microstructure characteristics, chemical composition and discrete element simulation, and the mechanism of action was discussed. The results of mechanical experiments show that the compressive strength and flexural strength of EPS concrete mixed with KH-560 are higher than those of ordinary EPS concrete, and its mechanical properties gradually increase with the increase of KH-560 content. XRD, FT-IR and SEM observations showed that more C-S-H gels would be produced under the action of KH-560, which made the structure of the weak interface transition zone of EPS concrete more compact. The results of discrete element simulation show that the peak strength of EPS concrete increases with the increase of friction coefficient, but has little effect on its elastic modulus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural fiber reinforced composites have garnered significant interests as potential substitutes for conventional materials because of their eco-friendly attribute and favorable physical and mechanical properties. Typically the natural fiber undergoes chemical treatment before processing with the matrix to produce composites, however, the chemical treatment can have a negative impact on the environment. This research work presents an environmentally friendly treatment method for hemp fibers by using boiling water and shear force for specific time periods. The purpose of the treatment is to break down the technical fiber bundles into elementary fibers, which creates a fourfold increase in bonding surface area between the fibers and matrix. The change in fiber length and size before and after the debundling treatment were analyzed using optical microscope, confocal microscope, and scanning electron microscopy. The treated fibers were then made into mats through a wet-laid process and compression molded with low density polyethylene via film stacking. The effects of different fiber treatment variables, including debundling time, on mechanical properties were compared with composites reinforced with conventional alkali treated fibers. The results presented show that the composites reinforced by hemp fiber using the new treatment method have equivalent or improved tensile, flexural and impact properties than the composite reinforced with alkali treated fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic hydrogen production by semiconductors is an optimal path to achieve solar energy conversion. In this work, Cu2O/ZnFe2O4 type II heterostructure is composed of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles loaded on the surface of Cu2O microspheres, the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance is studied. Under the irradiation 5 h of 5 w LED lamp, the hydrogen production of Cu2O/ZnFe2O4 composites was 30.8 and 12.7 times higher than pure Cu2O and pure ZnFe2O4, respectively. In addition, after four cycles of experiments for 20 h, the hydrogen production is still maintained at 67.4% of the initial activity, indicating the relatively stable hydrogen evolution activity of the composite material. The electron transfer mechanism of the photocatalyst was confirmed through the utilization of density functional theory (DFT) and in-situ irradiation X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The effective interfacial contact between Cu2O and ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles forms a type II heterojunction, which makes the effective separation of photogenerated charges, facilitates the reduction of protons to H2, and achieves efficient hydrogen production. This work presents a strategy for simple design and fabrication of highly efficient composite photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hot-mix asphalts are composite materials with self-healing properties: cracks in pavements constructed with these asphalts can close without external help. However, this self-healing process is slow, and cracks may reopen quickly. To increase the self-healing ratio and accelerate the healing process, capsules containing two different types of waste oil (vegetable and mineral oil) were added to the mixture at four different proportions (0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1.00% by weight of the mixture). This research evaluated the effect of the capsule addition on the strength of the mixture against cracking. Experiments using samples with added semicircular capsules and samples containing no added capsules were carried out according to the linear elastic and elastic–plastic fracture mechanical principles. The self-healing properties of the hot-mix asphalt were determined. The results showed that the highest strength against cracking at low temperature was found in the sample with a proportion of 0.25% capsules of both types (waste vegetable and mineral oil). In addition, the oil released from the capsules increased the self-healing properties of the hot-mix asphalt. Samples fractured at 0°C had better healing than the samples fractured at 25°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study on strengthening infill walls using composite materials to enhance shear capacity. The cementitious matrix-grid (CMG) material was employed for this purpose. Various configurations of the CMG, including single or double layers, applied to one or both sides of the wall, with or without anchorage, were tested. The study consisted of two stages. Initially, the mechanical properties of the bricks, mortar, and CMG mortar were determined using twenty-seven specimens. In the second stage, ten specimens, divided into five groups with one group left unstrengthened, underwent shear tests. Shear strength and shear strain relationships were determined for each specimen. Comparative analysis between strengthened and unstrengthened specimens revealed the effectiveness of the strengthening technique. The strengthened specimens exhibited superior structural performance compared to the control specimens. Specifically, the average maximum shear strength of all strengthened specimens surpassed that of the controls. Moreover, double-layer strengthening notably improved ductility. The findings suggest that applying a double layer of CMG to both sides of the wall with anchorage is the most effective method for strengthening. CMG composites significantly enhance the shear strength of infill walls and promote ductile failure. The comparisons of different strengthening combinations can contribute significantly to the existing literature and the construction sector by offering retrofitting options that can be tailored to address various economic and temporal, as well as target strengthening considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene nanoplatelet (GNP)–reinforced TiB2 + SiC composites were fabricated by reactive spark plasma sintering (SPS) from a TiC–B4C–SiC powder mixture with equal‐volume percentages, optimizing their SPS temperature and evaluating their unlubricated sliding wear against diamond. First, it is shown that during the heating ramp of the SPS cycle, TiC and B4C react according to the chemical reaction 2TiC + B4C → 2TiB2 + 3C, and that the thus‐formed C is graphenized as GNPs, leading to composites with microstructures consisting of a ceramic matrix of fine TiB2 and SiC grains with abundant randomly oriented GNPs at grain boundaries. It is also shown that this reactive SPS is optimal at 2000°C (under 75 MPa pressure and 5 min soaking), resulting in a very hard (∼28.5–29.9 GPa) and very tough (∼6.7(3) MPa m1/2) composite. And second, it is shown that these two properties and its proneness to develop an oxide tribolayer make this composite very resistant to unlubricated sliding wear against diamond (∼2.8(1)·108 (N m)/mm3), undergoing only very mild two‐body abrasion. Finally, opportunities for the fabrication of toughened and very hard ceramic composites for contact‐mechanical and tribological applications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using fly ash (FA) to modify magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) not only extends setting time and enhances MPC performance but also reduces costs. Currently, high‐quality FA is predominantly used, whereas the accumulation of low‐quality FA poses challenges for waste management and environmental protection. This study focuses on low‐quality FA with excessive sulfur content. Initially, X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy was employed to select two types of FA with SO3 contents of 1.06% and 6.07%. FA replaced magnesium oxide in equal mass to prepare FA/MPC composite cementitious materials. The composite materials were studied for hydration heat, phase composition, infrared spectroscopy, mechanical properties, and microscopic morphology to explore SO3's impact on MPC hydration processes, microstructure, and properties. The findings indicate that adding FA effectively dilutes reactants, extending setting time from 7 to 17 min and 18 min, aiding construction operations. In the FA/MPC composite cementitious materials, MPC hydration, along with FA's synergistic hydration, forms a new hydration product MgSiO3, improving material density and mechanical strength post‐hardening. Excessive SO3 in high‐sulfur FA accelerates MgO decomposition, providing ample Mg2+ for K‐struvite synthesis, promoting MPC hydration, and transforming K‐struvite from amorphous to crystalline, enhancing material strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High thermally conductive β‐Si3N4 is a new type of filler for thermally conductive materials. Tailoring its aspect ratio is crucial to optimize the preparation process and performance of polymer‐based thermal conductive materials. In this work, β‐Si3N4/BN thermally conductive hybrid fillers were prepared by combustion synthesis in a nitrogen atmosphere using low‐cost Si, B2O3 powders as raw materials, and the aspect ratio of β‐Si3N4 crystals were regulated according to the inhibiting growth strategy of second phase BN generated by in situ reaction. With the increase of B2O3, the content of BN increased slightly, while that of β‐Si3N4 decreased slightly. The aspect ratio of β‐Si3N4 decreased from 6.3 ± 1.9 to 1.9 ± 0.6, which might be ascribed to the inhibiting effect of BN sheets on the axial growth of rod‐like β‐Si3N4. Low‐aspect‐ratio β‐Si3N4/BN/epoxy composite exhibited high thermal conductivity of 1.04 W·m‐1·K‐1at the solid content of 50 wt%, which was 372.7% and 30.0% higher than that of neat epoxy and 40 wt% high‐aspect‐ratio β‐Si3N4/epoxy composite, respectively. In addition, β‐Si3N4/BN/epoxy composite also had good mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resin film infusion (RFI) process is a novel composite molding method for high-fiber content, excellent mechanical properties, low porosity, and adjustable thickness. This review examines two common resin materials used in the RFI process: bismaleimide resin (BMI) and epoxy resin. Furthermore, numerical simulation methods for isothermal and non-isothermal processes in the RFI process are described, focusing on the analysis of the mathematical model of resin flow. Finally, it covers the unique properties of RFI composites and showcases the RFI process's cost-effectiveness and functionality in fabricating composite structures for various applications. The limitations and potential future developments of RFI process molding technology are also summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]