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Copyright of Istoricheski Pregled is the property of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Historical Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper describes the discovery of an imperial lead seal in Argamum, Sector Small Gate, with the face of Emperor Theodosius II during an archaeological campaign in 2019. The unique find raises questions about the historical significance of Argamum and shows connections between the province of Scythia Minor and the imperial administration of the Byzantine Empire. The summary deals with the administration of the barbarian states in the lower and middle Danube border area of the Eastern Roman Empire from 332 to 610 AD, discusses various sources and archaeological research on late Roman, early Christian, and early Byzantine themes on the middle Danube, as well as studies on military supply in the Balkans of the sixth century and on late Roman fortresses and settlements in Romania and Bulgaria. [Extracted from the article]

Over the course of the ‘long’ 1920s, following the First World War, there was increasing interest in Byzantine Constantinople, as well as prolific research activity characterized by a commendable collaboration between local authorities and foreign scholars such as Theodore Wiegand, Stanley Casson, David Talbot Rice, M.C. Vett, Nicholas Brunoff and Ernest Mamboury. These scholars, who laid the foundation stones for Byzantine archaeology in Istanbul, defined the key urban features of Byzantine Constantinople by bringing to light considerable data on the Mangana Quarter, the Hippodrome, the Baths of Zeuxippus, Forum Tauri, the Column of Constantine, Hebdomon and a number of Byzantine churches in Istanbul. Yet, in Byzantine Studies, the controversial political and historical conditions of war and military occupation in Istanbul, under which these scholars operated with the aim of uncovering the physical remains of the capital of the Byzantine Empire, remained largely unexplored. Against this backdrop, this paper focuses on Byzantine archaeology in Istanbul during the period between 1920 and 1930. Drawing on historical archives in Ottoman Turkish, French, English and Turkish, along with a comparative analysis of the Antiquities Law initially codified in the Ottoman Empire and later adopted by the young Turkish Republic, the paper explores the work of the pioneers of Byzantine archaeology in Istanbul within the framework of the cultural dynamics that emerged in the first decades of the twentieth century, marked by the First World War and the Allied Occupation. In doing so, the paper contextualizes the role of these precursory archaeological missions for the newly founded Turkish Republic and its renewed narrative of nationhood, as well as its cultural and archaeological heritage inherited from the Ottoman Empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Bede's preaching on the Lamb of God in the context of the Trullan Synod of 692 and its influence on art in the northern British Isles. Bede's homilies, dating from around 703 to the early 730s, explore the Christological controversy of his time. He connects the image of the Lamb of God with the sacraments of baptism and the Eucharist, operating within the patristic tradition of allegorical interpretation of Scripture. Bede's engagement with contemporary theological discourse and his reflections on Christ as the Lamb of God shed light on the cultural connections between Anglo-Saxon England and the eastern Mediterranean world. [Extracted from the article]

This article revisits the Mediterranean port city of Smyrna (today's Izmir) in 1919 as it stood on the cusp of monumental change. Édmond-Édouard Boissonnas's photographs and Édouard Chapuisat's accompanying textual frames in the album Smyrne capture the city just as the Greek army landed there to begin their occupation of Asia Minor in a doomed bid to defeat the Ottoman Turks and create a new Byzantine empire. The article argues for the propagandist, transnationalistic aim of Smyrne in support of the Greek state's irredentist agenda based on what Astrid Erll identifies as the 'isomorphy between territory, social formation, mentalities and memories'. 'Civilised' Greeks are pitted against 'backward' Turks, and those who do not fit the narrative at all – Jews and Armenians – are excluded. The article concludes by reflecting on the afterlife of the album on a Greek heritage website which now offers the potential for reconciliatory nostalgia for both Greeks and Turks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Late Antique Little Ice Age (LALIA), and the Justinianic Plague, were recently suggested as the possible culprits for settlement contraction and population decline that supposedly occurred in the 6th c. CE. According to some who support this claim, these changes contributed to the weakening of this empire, which eventually led to the loss of vast territories and its defeat by the Persians and Arabs in the first half of the 7th c. CE. The assumptions that climate and plague had devastating impacts in the 6th c. CE are largely based on selected textual evidence, and archaeological evidence outside of the boundaries of the Eastern Roman Empire. As the current article will show, it seems that these assumptions are inherently incorrect as vast amounts of evidence, including archaeological survey data, settlement patterns, shipwreck analyses, pottery distribution in the Mediterranean and other material, indicate that there was no decline in the 6th c. CE. On the contrary, it is possible that there was a peak in population size in the second half of the 6th c. CE, suggesting that the LALIA and the Justinianic plague were limited in their impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diplomasi günümüze kadar birçok dönüşüm geçirmiş ve sürekli çeşitlenerek gelişim göstermiştir. Başlangıçta sadece ad hoc (geçici) diplomasi uygulamaları kullanılırken, zaman içerisinde başka diplomasi türleri ortaya çıkmış ve 15. yüzyıldan itibaren sürekli diplomasi uygulamaları başlatılmıştır. Diplomasi kavramının ve tarihinin geçirdiği bu evrim, diplomasinin yürütücüleri olarak kabul edilen elçilerin de dönemin koşullarına göre sürekli değişim göstermesine yol açmıştır. Çalışmada Avrupa diplomasi tarihi kapsamında, Antik Yunan döneminden modern diplomasinin başlangıcı olarak kabul edilen 1815 Viyana Kongresi dönemine kadar olan dönemde elçilerin değişimi ele alınmıştır. Bu bağlamda çalışma, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman analizinden yararlanarak, Antik Yunan’dan başlayarak, Roma İmparatorluğu, Bizans İmparatorluğu, 15 ve 16. yüzyıllarda İtalya ve son olarak da 17. ve 18. yüzyıllarda Fransa’daki diplomasi uygulamalarını dönemin kendine has koşulları çerçevesinde ortaya koymaya çalışacaktır. Her bir uygarlık ve yönetim döneminde, elçilerin görevli oldukları devletlerin ticaret ya da tarım ile uğraşan devletler olmalarının getirdiği farklılıkların, elçilerin seçim niteliklerinde ne gibi değişimlere sebep olduğu incelenip değerlendirilecektir. Bütün bu bilgiler ışığında çalışma, tarihsel olarak elçilerin nitelikleri, görevleri, hak ve yükümlülükleri ile sahip olmaları gerekli görülen meziyetlerin süreç içerisindeki değişimini ortaya koymaya çalışacaktır.

Life was unpredictable and precarious for the people of medieval Byzantium. Life expectancies were low and mortality rates high, particularly for young children and women. Securing divine protection was imperative for medieval families, particularly in the face of childbearing, illness, death, and judgement. Very often, all that remains of the cycles of existential threat, fear, and trust in God experienced by medieval people are the objects of material culture through which they sought God's protection, and often merely fragments thereof. Here, I explore what remains of the image of Christ's nativity in the tenth-century, rock-hewn church of Eğri Taş in the Peristrema Valley, near Ihlara, Cappadocia, in rural Turkey as an indexical trace of the community that once came to secure God's protection assisted by the potent imagery there. The palpable emphasis on Christ's infancy in this funerary church, which hosted many graves, including those of women and children, through a highly unusual and extended cycle concerning His birth, along with the inclusion of powerful written elements such the elusive Sator palindrome within the nativity, will be interpreted as the employment of persuasive analogies in response to the struggles families faced in the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excavations in Israel of Byzantine and early Islamic sites have yielded some interesting gaming boards that are not always understood by the archaeologists who found them. Because they are organised in parallel rows of 'holes', most are presented as 'mancala' gameboards – which some may be, indeed; however, boards offering three or four rows of squares or depressions cannot reasonably be mancalas, nor can they be held as 'senet', the Egyptian game. So, what are they? Reviewing the relevant literature, this article will try in this article to disentangle these finds, the more so as they are often well dated to periods which have rarely been looked into. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designated as architect by Osman Hamdi, Alexander Vallaury designed the classical building of First Imperial Museum of Ottoman Empire (Müze-i Hümayun - İstanbul Archaeological Museums — IAM), erected between 1891 and 1907 in three phases. The IAM building sprouted inside the land walls of Topkapı Palace, which was built in the acropolis of the ancient Greek city Byzantion, just across from the ruins of the Great Palace of Byzantine Empire. This building is in a core area, symbolizing the imperial power of Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman eras. Unlike previous studies, which examined mostly the building's architectural history, this study focuses on the time before its construction. It investigates the understructure remains by utilizing the original drawings and correspondences in the Museum Archive, which were made during the construction of second and third phases of the building in 1899–1907 at the end of the Ottoman Period. Through this investigation, it reveals the reciprocal relationship between the superstructure of IAM and the Byzantine substructure for the first time in the literature. All these sources were used to create a holistic site restitution of the museum buildings, covering old and newfound remains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Universal Journal of History & Culture is the property of Universal Journal of History & Culture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, southern Italy experienced a period of relative political stability and economic prosperity under the Normans as well as the Hohenstaufen dynasty that succeeded them. These cultural conditions fostered a cultural resurgence, which included the composition of Greek poetry. Poets in Sicily wrote from within a multicultural context, including the presence of Arabic- and Latin-speaking communities. Many of their poems illustrate the generative intersections between the Byzantine-Constantinopolitan, Latin, and Arabic traditions. Later in Salento, poetry was written in a rather closed Greek-speaking, Orthodox society. Comparing Greek poetry from Sicily and Salento shows some differences between composition in the two regions. Whereas Sicilian poetry includes especially creative narrative poems, composed for the rich and sophisticated courts of the island, the Salentine poetry bears the stamp of the schoolroom. In fact, most poems from both Sicily and Salento survive in manuscripts that can be traced to a pedagogical environment. While the circulation of these poems was limited to their surrounding regions, their literary sophistication betrays remarkable creativity and the multicultural conditions of composition, further evidence of the vitality of Greek literary culture far from the heartland of the Byzantine Empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Byzantium, throughout its thousand-year reign, left a significant legacy that continues to be rediscovered within the framework of modern academic studies. The Byzantine Empire embodied the heritage of Hellenic culture and tradition alongside the continuity of the Roman Empire. However, its most distinct characteristic, besides the two aforementioned, was Christianity in its specific form known as the Eastern Orthodox tradition. A pivotal moment for the modern study of philosophy within Byzantium arrived in the mid-20th century. This specifically refers to the publication of Byzantine Philosophy by Vasilios Tatakis in Emil Bréhier's History of Philosophy series (1949). In the introductory remarks of this work, Tatakis emphasizes that while increased interest in Byzantium emerged in the 18th century, philosophy often seemed to be an afterthought within this growing focus. John of Damascus (8th century) did not live within the borders of the Byzantine Empire, but rather in Damascus, which was then part of the Umayyad Caliphate. Nevertheless, his significant influence can be traced primarily within Byzantine philosophy and literature, particularly through his work Dialectica. Additionally, his contribution to culture is evident in the preservation of visual art and the veneration of icons within Byzantium, thanks to his theoretical considerations and persistent rhetorical and polemical writings. Furthermore, his rich literary output encompasses both poetry and prose works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the fall of Constantinople in 1453 as a critical juncture for the playing out of Chrisitan-Muslim relations. Particularly, this historical moment demonstrates the significant theological schism between Orthodox and Latin Christianity that overshadowed the external threat posed by the Ottomans. The fall marked the end of the Eastern Roman Empire and highlighted the deep-rooted theological tensions within Christianity, tensions that were so profound that many Orthodox Christians preferred Ottoman rule over submission to the Latin Church. This preference stemmed from a desire to maintain theological autonomy and avoid the doctrinal compromises required by the Latin Church. The essay critically assesses the contemporary scholarship on Christian Islamophobia, arguing that it often overlooks the internal Christian divisions and portrays Christianity as a monolithic entity united against Islam. By focusing on the diverse Christian attitudes towards the Ottomans, particularly the Orthodox perspective, the essay demonstrates that the fear of theological compromise with the Latins was considered a worse fate than Muslim conquest. This analysis challenges the prevailing narratives in Islamophobia literature by highlighting the necessity of acknowledging intra-Christian tensions to fully understand the historical dynamics of Christianity and Islamophobia. Through an exploration of various Christian responses to the Ottoman threat and the subsequent establishment of the millet system, the essay advocates for a more nuanced portrayal of Christianity's internal divisions and their impact on the construction of Christian identity and attitudes towards Islam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses the study of late antique cities and challenges the traditional views of decline and decay during this period. It emphasizes the importance of considering the agency of individuals and communities in shaping the urban environment. The authors argue for the use of agency-focused methodologies and materialist approaches to gain a more nuanced understanding of late antique cities. The text also highlights the significance of examining the relationships between humans and materials, as well as the role of craftspeople and laborers in urban development. Overall, the article presents a more complex and diverse perspective on late antique urban environments. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Journal of Cultural Studies / Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Journal of Cultural Studies / Kultur Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The lower chamber of tower J17 from the Aurelian Walls in Rome is covered by a singular brick vault by slices that is almost completely preserved. This kind of vault is unusual in a Roman context and specifically in Aurelian Walls. Brick vaults by slices were extensively studied by the French engineer Auguste Choisy, who mainly scrutinized their ease of construction that doesn't require formwork and can adapt to different plans to achieve lowered vaults. The best-known examples are in Byzantium and generally in the Eastern Roman Empire, while we don't know many cases dating from late Roman antiquity on the Italian peninsula. Based on a rigorous photogrammetric survey and thorough data management, a detailed analysis of this vault allows us to establish a hypothesis about its construction process and to deepen the knowledge of this type of structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the College Of Basic Education is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the reign of Emperor Basil II, the Byzantine Empire intensified its policy of expansion in the eastern direction, thereby creating the prerequisites for the capture of new territories. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate and highlight the significant role of the Principality of Tayk in the context of this policy, and also to illustrate the diplomatic success of the Byzantine Empire in the capture of Tayk. The Principality of Tayk reached its apogee during the reign of David Kuropalates Bagratid. As a consequence of the latter’s heirless state, King Bagrat III of Georgia was designated the successor to Tayk. As a result of Basil II’s astute and forward-thinking policies, the territory of the Tayk principality was first expanded, and subsequently, Bagrat III was deprived of his inheritance. In the end, Basil II was declared the heir of the Tayk principality. Despite the efforts of the Georgian establishment, Tayk was annexed to the Byzantine Empire at the end of Basil II’s reign.

Copyright of Geschichte für heute is the property of Wochenschau Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Naval activities of the Muslim Arabs in the Middle East and central Mediterranean led to a famous sea battle with the Byzantine Empire, known as Dhāt al-Sawārī since the ships' masts dominated the panorama. During the reign of Caliph 'Uthmān, the governors of Syria and Egypt, Mu'āwiya b. Abī Sufyān and 'Abd Allāh b. Sa'd b. Abī Sarh, respectively, built a strong navy to protect the coastal cities and the newly conquered territories, and also to break the power of the Byzantium in the Mediterranean. 'Abd Allāh b. Sa'd sailed from 'Akkā to the northwest with the Egyptian and Shām fleets 200 ships strong. In response to the Muslim campaign, the Byzantine navy set sail under the personal command of Emperor Constans II (641-668). When the naval battle began on the coast of Finike (Phoenix) in Antalya, the Muslims tied the enemy ships to their own with ropes and chains and then started a hand-to-hand combat as if they were on land. When the battle was over towards noon, according to the sources, the sea was red with blood and the Emperor barely escaped from captivity under disguise. With the decisive victory of the Islamic Caliphate in 31 (652) or 34 (655), the Byzantine Empire not only lost its most valuable cities in the East, but also found a rival that was about to launch large-scale campaigns in the Mediterranean. This article examines Dhāt al-Sawārī (The Battle of the Masts) in light of the information from the main sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the beginning of the theater in the Arab world and the role of foreign communities in the context of Sudanese theater are discussed. Sudan first met the theater in 1899, a year after British occupation forces seized Sudan, in the city of Sawakin. The first theatrical experiences were influenced by Tatu performances organized by the British occupation forces. İt was formed the first steps of the Sudan theater. There were also individuals from countries who know the theater with British-Egyptian army. Among them were Egyptian and Syrian citizens, as well as Greek and Armenians. These foreign communities continued their activities by organizing their own private theater performs. Sudanese intellectuals and art lovers have closely followed the work of these communities and have been affected. First, theater performances were shown in schools and colleges. Then, they took the first steps toward giving Sudanese theater its own personality by establishing their own clubs and theater groups. İn this study, first, the emergence of the theater in Sudan will be examined; then, the birth of Sudanese school theater, and the effect of foreign schools, communities, and theater groups on the birth and development of Sudan theater will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oinos or vinum was one of the most prestigious and common beverages in Greek and Roman culture. Without a doubt, wine got an equally great recognition in the Eastern Roman Empire, where, as before, it was a signifier of social position and cultural identity. Nevertheless, wine was considered a drink beneficial to the human body and health. The motive of wine was also a significant one in the Greek thought for many distinguished and prominent authors, among others Plato, Aristotle, Theophrastus and Epicurus. Naturally, a similar passion was retained in the late ancient and Byzantine culture and literature. It is therefore not surprising that in Geoponica, so much attention and care was devoted to the types of oinos and its production, maintenance and preservation. It is also not surprising that this work includes recipes for preparing medicinal wines, which have been eagerly used for a long time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to present the beginnings and the development of the Eastern Christian cult-both in its Byzantine and medieval Orthodox Slavic variants-of seven Holy Martyrs: Basil, Ephrem, Eugenius, Elpidius, Agathodorus, Aetherius and Capiton, who at least from the 9th-10th century were worshipped as Bishops of Chersonesus, contributing to spreading the Eastern (Orthodox) Christianity in the region of the Crimean Peninsula. In the first part of our article we are making an attempt to reconstruct the beginnings of this cult in Byzantium and to show, to what extent the early hagiographical tradition of the Bishop-Martyrs from Chersonesus was shaped by a changing political situation in the Byzantine Empire. The second part is devoted to the Orthodox Slavic version of their cult: we are discussing here the earliest remarks about these Saints, that can be found in the Church Slavic sources, analyzing all hagiographic texts devoted to them, that have been preserved in the Eastern and South (Bulgarian and Serbian) manuscript material from the 10th-16th centuries. Some attention has been given also to images of the Seven Bishop-Martyrs from Chersonesus in the Orthodox Slavic medieval art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appendices of Michael of Devol to the chronicle of John Skylitzes are a valuable testimony in the knowledge of the Balkan wars of emperor Basil II and the first century of Byzantine rule in Bulgaria. They also provide important information on the biographies of individual members of the Komitopules family or the process of assimilation of Bulgarian elites in the geographical area of Macedonia under Byzantine rule in the XI-XII centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Route Educational & Social Science Journal (Ress Journal) is the property of Ress Academy Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Magazine of Historical Studies & Archaeology is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article "Nexus of Knowledge on the Silk Roads" published in Inner Asia discusses the contested term 'Silk Road' and its historical inaccuracies. It highlights the complexity of cultural exchanges across Eurasia and the role of various commodities beyond silk. The article emphasizes the importance of using the term 'Silk Roads' in the plural form to reflect the multiplicity of routes and interactions. Scholars in the field have embraced the term to explore the historical and cultural richness of the Eurasian landmass, focusing on the transformation of science, medicine, and technology through multidisciplinary research approaches. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Studia Academica Šumenensia is the property of Konstantin Preslavsky University of Shumen and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Academica Šumenensia is the property of Konstantin Preslavsky University of Shumen and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Academica Šumenensia is the property of Konstantin Preslavsky University of Shumen and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Academica Šumenensia is the property of Konstantin Preslavsky University of Shumen and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kufa Studies Center Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the early fourteenth century, decades before the Ottomans became the sole rulers of Anatolia, the Germiyanid beylik stood as a dominant force among the principalities that had emerged in western Anatolia following the demise of the Seljuks (1307). Nonetheless, to date, the exact origins and ethno-cultural background of the Germiyanids remain unclear. This article re-evaluates previous theories and posits that the embryo of what eventually became the Germiyanids formed between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries in the lowlands between Malatya and Lake Van, and that the name "Germiyan" was of Kurdish origin. It also suggests that an intense proto-Yedizi proselytism took place in eastern Anatolia before the Germiyanids migrated to western Anatolia. Beyond its significance to the history of the Seljuks, the Ottomans, the Mongols, and Byzantium, this paper challenges the prevailing narrative that views the emergence of the beyliks as an exclusively Turkic phenomenon and sheds light on the role played by non-Turkic people, including Kurds and Arabs, in their formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 988, under the leadership of Kinyaz Viladimer, Russians accepted Christianity through the Patriarchate of Constantinople and entered a new phase in their history. With Christianity, the Russians were introduced to writing and, most importantly, to religious texts. At the same time, this religious conversion also led to the acceptance of the belief of chosenness, which had spread to Christianity from Judaism. Nestor, a Russian priest who lived in the 12th century, wrote in his work that although Russians were the last community to accept Christianity, they would undertake important missions in the future. He also attributed a mission to the Russian society by referring to the biblical passage that the feet will be the head and the head will be the feet. However, in the mentioned centuries, the Eastern Roman Empire was still the center of Orthodoxy. For this reason, the Russian Orthodox Church would remain for many years as a Metropolitanate under the Patriarchate of Constantinople. However, the increasing Ottoman pressure on Constantinople from the 1400s onwards created several historical opportunities for the Russians. In particular, the Byzantine agreement with the Pope of Rome in Florence in 1439 mobilized the Russian Church. Using this agreement as a pretext, Moscow severed its relations with Constantinople. In 1453, the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, the center of the Orthodox world, opened a new page in Russian Theo-politics. Russian priests believed that Nestor's prophecy had been fulfilled and Moscow developed the concept of the Third Rome. Appearing in the 16th century, the Moscow-Third Rome concept soon became the ideological basis for the formation of the Moscow kingdom. In this article, the concept of Moscow Third Rome, which is one of the important turning points in Russian history, is analyzed through an analytical method. The background of the concept, the conditions that led to its emergence, its historical development and its reflections on the present day are emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the aspects that caracterizes the period of the so-called Dominate (Dominatus) or Absolute Monarchy is the fact that the imperial power makes use of religion to legitimize itself. From another perspective, changes in the organization of the Imperial Chancery took place that reflect the reality of an absolute monarchy of divine right supported by a complex bureaucracy and a strong army, with important impact on the tax system. An exponential price increase characterizes the crisis of the 3rd century AD from Aurelian onwards and justifies Diocletian's despotism on economic issues. Characteristic of this epoch is an Imperial Government formed by several Emperors at the same time. A system of Imperial Tetrarchy was thus established. The radical change in the imperial policy concerning Christianity took place under Emperor Constantine. After the Milan Agreement (313 AD), Constantine assumed himself more and more as the protector of the Church, collaborating with the Bishops in their fight against heresy and legislating favourably towards Christianity. The definitive division of the Empire into two took place after the death of Emperor Theodosius I, Augustus in the East between 379 and 394 AD, only Emperor in 394/395 AD, with two Emperors, one in the Eastern Roman Empire, the other in the Western Roman Empire. The so-called Barbarian Invasions, that is, the assault of several Germanic tribes and tribal groups on Roman territory in the 5th century has caused the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Yet the Eastern Half of the Empire continued to exist. In the 5th century the Western Roman State underwent a gradual disintegration. The conclusion of foedera, that is, treaties with Non-Roman Barbarian Groups which contained a right to settle on the territory of the Roman Empire, were instruments of power, to which the weakened Roman Emperors resorted in order to be able to continue to assert their claim to sovereignty over the territory of the Roman Empire. For other reasons, too, the authority of the Roman emperors came under scrutiny. The spread of the so-called patronage in both the Eastern and Western Roman Empires means, for example, that prominent personalities such as imperial officials and large landowners maintain private armies (e.g.: buccellarii) that act in their own interest and are not in the service of the common good. Especially after the reign of Majorian (457-461 AD), the disintegration of the Western Roman State could no longer be stopped. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in analyzing the manufacturing techniques of Byzantine church doors in laboratory settings. However, the connection between the iconography and significance of the décor of church doors and their liturgical performativity, as well as their parallels with iconostases in Byzantium, remained a relatively underexplored area of study. This article seeks to delve deeper into these intersections. By focusing on the relationship between the iconography of church doors in Middle to Late Byzantium and their connection to the sacred space and liturgical practices, I aim to shed light on how these artworks played a crucial role in the sacred experience of the Byzantines. This exploration will not highlight only the aesthetic evolution of church door artwork but also emphasize the communal and embodied nature of the religious experience during the Byzantine era. Their intricate designs were not merely decorative elements but served as portals to the divine, enriching the salvation journey of worshippers as they crossed the threshold into the liturgical spaces. By conducting an examination of the development of door iconography and their symbolism throughout the empire's history, the transformation of narrative depictions from the Middle Byzantine era to the Palaiologan period, culminating in a convergence of symbolic meanings within the sacred space of the church, is delineated. This transformation is further exemplified by a sculpted church door from the Principality of Wallachia. By bridging the gap between art history and religious studies, this article aims to rekindle interest in the profound symbolism and significance of Byzantine church doors and their relation to sacred liturgical space, offering a broader perspective on an important aspect of Byzantine heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "Crusading, Society, and Politics in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Age of King Peter I of Cyprus" is a review of a book edited by Alexander D. Beihammer and Angel Nicolaou-Konnari. The book is a collection of papers presented at an international conference on the topic of knighthood, crusades, and diplomacy in the Eastern Mediterranean during the reign of King Peter I of Cyprus. The papers cover various aspects of King Peter's reign, including his depiction in historical sources and modern popular culture, the geographical and political context of his sack of Alexandria, the role of Cyprus in the Crusades, Venetian diplomacy in the Eastern Mediterranean, environmental factors during King Peter's reign, the competing claims of the Angevin and Lusignan royal houses to the crown of Jerusalem, the relationship between the papacy and King Peter, European military developments in the Eastern Mediterranean, and the sack of Alexandria from the perspective of the Mamluks. The article provides a brief overview of each paper and highlights the main arguments and findings. This collection of essays offers valuable insights into the political, structural, and intellectual developments in the Latin East, Byzantium, Muslim Anatolia, and the Mamluk sultanate during this period. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Marmara University Journal of Turkology / Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Marmara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)