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The brushless DC (BLDC) motor requires to be controlled at the preferred speed in order to operate. A brushless DC motor's speed can be adjusted by adjusting the input voltage. In general, speed increases with voltage. The application of a Luo converter is made to satisfy the load demand, get rid of output voltage ripples, and reduce parasitic effects. The magnitude of stator input voltage to BLDC motor is controlled through the pulses applied by ATMEGA 328P micro controller to voltage source Inverter which in turn controls the magnitude of speed of BLDC motor. The position of the brushless DC (BLDC) motor is continually monitored by infrared sensors, which are then processed by a PIC16F872 microcontroller to produce the necessary pulses for BLDC motor speed regulation. The BLDC motor speed can be regulated by the pulses applied to voltage source inverter through the IR sensors placed at the motor. The outcomes of controlling the speed of a BLDC motor using voltage variation values have been shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the potential use of components from a hard disk drive (HDD) for physics teaching demonstrations. Specifically, the article highlights the spindle motor and voice coil motor (VCM) within the HDD as useful tools for teaching various physics concepts. The spindle motor can be used to demonstrate electromagnetic induction, while the VCM can be used to demonstrate wireless power transfer, resonance, and interference of waves. The author provides examples of simple physics demonstrations that can be conducted using these motors, which can aid students in understanding fundamental physics principles. [Extracted from the article]

The use of electric automobiles, or EVs, is essential to environmentally conscious transportation. Battery EVs (BEVs) are predicted to become increasingly accepted for passenger vehicle transportation within the next 10 years. Although enthusiasm for EVs for environmentally friendly transportation is on the rise, there remain significant concerns and unanswered research concerns regarding the possible future of EV power transmission. Numerous motor drive control algorithms struggle to deliver efficient management when ripples in torque minimization and improved dependability control approaches in motors are taken into account. Control techniques involving direct torque control (DTC), field orientation control (FOC), sliding mode control (SMC), intelligent control (IC), and model predictive control (MPC) are implemented in electric motor drive control algorithms to successfully deal with this problem. The present study analyses only sophisticated control strategies for frequently utilized EV motors, such as the brushless direct current (BLDC) motor, and possible solutions to reduce torque fluctuations. This study additionally explores the history of EV motors, the operational method between EM and PEC, and EV motor design techniques and development. The future prospects for EV design include a vital selection of motors and control approaches for lowering torque ripple, as well as additional research possibilities to improve EV functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrified automotive vehicles are pollution free mobility and those are referred as eco-friendly mobility. In the electric vehicle, different subsystem of motor, Controller and battery are included. During the design electric vehicle, the important subsystem part to be chosen is an electric motor as because as it plays major role in an electrified vehicle. The electric motor used in an electrified vehicle need to create vehicle demanded traction power and torque that are necessary for vehicle traction requirement. The key role is to calculate an appropriate power of motor based on the dynamic load to be pulled. This paper explains the strategies for calculation of power of electric motor with an examples of Brushless Direct Current motor for an electric vehicle. The vehicle dynamics is derived for selecting the appropriate proper electric motor subsystem that would provide necessary power, torque for the traction demanded. In addition to that, proper calculation of power rating required also involves in finalizing Motor characteristics towards torque and speed, Power and speed curves. Hence, to meet all the tractive characteristics of the motor performance, the Dynamic load of the vehicle is derived and considered for the BLDC Motor power calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pointing accuracy is a crucial performance index for a fully steerable large-aperture radio telescope and is subject to external and internal disturbances. Improvement of the antenna's servo control performance is meaningful for pointing, especially for blind pointing of the antenna. This paper firstly establishes a multi-motor-driving four-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) model of an antenna servo system, then optimizes the original design consisting of the active disturbance rejection (ADR)-based velocity controller and lead–lag-based position controller, making the velocity controller a novel linear ADR-based controller coupled with a disturbance-velocity compensation (DLADRC) and the position controller the simplest proportional (P) controller. Simulation results based on a 100 m class radio telescope servo model indicate that the new control system's velocity-loop response is smoother, the position-loop peak disturbance response is reduced by 17.8%, the position-loop dynamic performance with the short settling time and slight overshoot remains the same as the former PD-LADRC system, and the RMS pointing/tracking error is 2.16 arcsec under a mean wind of 3 m/s, less than the design specification of 2.5 arcsec RMS required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of FME Transactions is the property of University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The commutation points of the Brushless DC motor in the sensored mode of operation are synchronized with discrete rotor position detection signals from three Hall effect sensors. Therefore, any delay in the hall sensor signals results in delayed commutation, which disturbs synchronization with the motor Back Electromotive Force (BEMF) profile. The classical methods to correct this commutation delay include phase advancing schemes that utilize BEMF profiling, zero crossing detection, virtual neutral point creation, and system architecture or control scheme modifications. This paper presents a method for estimating the commutation delay in electrical degrees using the proposed estimation relation with DC link current for fault effect minimization. The proposed method can be easily implemented in actual controllers without hardware change requirements. The proposed method is established and tested using MATLAB Simulink models for two motors with different delay angle values. The proposed method is tested on the experimental test bench of a controller with a 1 kW BLDC motor of an electric rickshaw under different load conditions. Simulation and hardware test results show the mean estimated commutation delay lying within ± 1° electrical of the actual value under various error and load conditions. The corrections implemented according to the estimated delay angles result in reduction of peak-to-peak DC link current, increase in the nominal torque generated per ampere, and reduction in the DC current ripple content. Simulation and experimental results confirm reduction in the effect of commutation delay and verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a method for detecting the angle of a bearingless motor with less magnetic interference due to the current. Bearingless motors have suspension windings and motor windings that generate leakage flux. Owing to this electromagnetic phenomenon, the signal of the linear Hall‐effect sensor for angle detection is disturbed, and it has to be avoided to place Hall sensors near the winding conventionally. To solve this interference problem, this paper clarifies the ideal combinations between sensor positions and the number of poles and slots of concentrated winding bearingless motors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The imperative need to advance the development of more efficient electric motors requires the meticulous measurement of small increments while minimizing the associated uncertainty in dynamometer tests. One of the key variables in such tests is the angular speed, which is typically obtained based on encoder measurements. This paper proposes a systematic measurement uncertainty assessment method based on the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty for the two most widely used methods for angular speed measurement, namely, the frequency and period methods. In addition, the impact of the angular speed calculation method on the efficiency test uncertainty is assessed using an automatic test rig for electric motors. Our experimental results consider both steady-state and dynamic analyses. The results show that the period measurement method provides measurements with lower uncertainty for the encoders typically used in such test rigs, about 30 times less than the uncertainty determined for the frequency measurement method. Based on these results, the choice of a proper method can drastically decrease the angular speed uncertainty, and consequently the motor efficiency uncertainty, without increasing instrumentation cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Induction motors are widely applied in motor drive systems. Effective temperature monitoring is one of the keys to ensuring the reliability and optimal performance of the motors. Therefore, this paper introduces a multiplexed optical temperature sensing system for induction motors based on few-mode fiber (FMF) spatial mode diversity. By using the spatial mode dimension of FMF, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) carried by different spatial modes of optical paths is embedded in different positions of the motor to realize multipoint synchronous multiplexing temperature monitoring. The paper establishes and demonstrates a photonic lantern-based mode division sensing system for motor temperature monitoring. As a proof of concept, the system demonstrates experiments in multiplexed temperature sensing for motor stators using the fundamental mode LP01 and high-order spatial modes LP11, LP21, and LP02. The FBG sensitivity carried by the above mode is 0.0107 nm/°C, 0.0106 nm/°C, 0.0097 nm/°C, and 0.0116 nm/°C, respectively. The dynamic temperature changes in the stator at different positions of the motor under speeds of 1k rpm, 1.5k rpm, 2k rpm with no load, 3 kg load, and 5 kg load, as well as at three specific speed–load combinations of 1.5k rpm_3 kg, 1k rpm_0kg, 2k rpm_5 kg and so on are measured, and the measured results of different spatial modes are compared and analyzed. The findings indicate that different spatial modes can accurately reflect temperature variations at various positions in motor stator winding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the most promising technology available, a fuel cell stack called a "Polymer-Electrolyte Membrane (PEMFC)," is used to power a brushless DC motor. To enhance the PEMFC's functionality, a robust "maximum power point tracking" (MPPT) algorithm was used in the DC/DC boost circuit. The "perturbation and observation" (P&O) method was developed for this purpose. In this paper, we present a self-tuning PI-fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for the speed of brushless DC (BLDC) motors. The effectiveness of the proposed controller was evaluated using simulated load disturbances and reference speed fluctuations. Hence, the rise time (R.T), settling time (S.T), steady-state error (S.S.E), overshoot (OVER), undershoot (UNDER), peak time (P.T), and peak value (P.V) are computed and examined as part of the required control performance characteristics. PEMFC source optimization with load variation and BLDC speed regulation is the key contribution of this study. The findings of this study have the potential to lead to the development of more efficient, sustainable energy systems that would be good for the planet and cheaper to operate. The results further demonstrate that the controller performs admirably across a wide range of speeds and loads since the PEMFC battery reliably supplies the power required for the BLDC motor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the needs of environmental protection and the adjustment of energy structure, new energy vehicles are playing an increasingly important role in the field of transportation today. The permanent-magnet brushless direct-current motor has the characteristics of high efficiency, and can be used in the drive system of new energy vehicles or other auxiliary equipment. In the control process of the permanent-magnet brushless direct-current motor, based on a three-Hall position sensor, due to various factors, there are some errors in the Hall position signal, which must be corrected by appropriate measures. In this paper, the relationship between the position deviation in the commutation interval and the non-commutation-phase current is analyzed, and the current expressions in three different states are given. A new closed-loop compensation strategy for correcting the inaccurate commutation caused by the Hall signal error is proposed. Taking the position of a 30° electrical angle before and after the phase-change point as the H point, realizing the current symmetry within the 30° interval around the H point as the target and the sum of the slopes of the tangent lines at the two points symmetrical within the β (0 < β < 30) electrical angle around the H point as the deviation, a proportional-integral regulator is designed to correct the phase error of the phase-change signal. Finally, it is verified by experiments that the closed-loop compensation strategy proposed in this paper can effectively compensate the phase deviation of the commutation signal at a speed of about 2000 r/min, which improves the working efficiency of the motor to a certain extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the development of an optimization and modeling method for the objective functions of output power, efficiency and weight of an outer rotor permanent magnet brushless DC (BLDC) motor based on radial basis function (RBF) approximation technique. The proposed RBF‐based Pareto optimization method requires less knowledge about electric/magnetic formulas and can replace conventional optimizations based on these equations with higher accuracy. To apply the proposed optimization method, the initial design should be developed using such equations. Therefore, RBFs are used to model and predict engine behavior. To optimize the objective functions, we used a genetic algorithm optimization technique with nonlinear electric and magnetic constraints to find the Pareto front set. The design obtained by the proposed radial basis function Pareto optimization (RBFPO) method was finally verified by Ansoft Maxwell. The results of optimal design using the RBFPO method have higher output power and efficiency. Also, in addition to the advantage of a favorable accuracy, RBF‐based models are significantly faster than models available in simulation tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the torque ripple analysis of a brushless DC (BLDC) motor. This torque ripple is generated by generating the ripple in the stator current. For reducing the ripple, a phase-modulated model predictive current control strategy has been implemented in an MMC-fed BLDC motor. The performance of the torque ripple of the BLDC motor is enhanced by using the proposed phase-modulated model predictive control (PMMPC) technique as compared to the model predictive control (MPC) and proportional-integral (PI) controller. Moreover, the performance of the torque ripple is enhanced by increasing the switching frequency for all controllers. A comparative analysis of the torque ripple of the BLDC motor is depicted for different current control and different switching frequency. A harmonic distribution is also shown for all control techniques at switching frequencies of 1, 5, and 10 kHz. The harmonic content is minimum for the PMMPC technique when compared to the other mentioned control technique. The experimental validation of simulation results has also been done here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on determining the technical specifications and parameters of an all-electric passenger vehicle, modeling it according to these parameters, selecting the appropriate electric motor as a result of the modeling, and then designing and making a new 75 kW three-phase DC-AC converter (inverter) as per to automotive standards for the brushless DC motor used for vehicle propulsion. Three different power stage designs are conducted and compared. The system losses were calculated, and three variants of cooling systems were used for cooling the power stage to reduce losses. Performances of such cooling systems were compared. Air cooling, fan-assisted air cooling, and liquid cooling structures are designed for power stage cooling, and the performances of these three systems were compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the application of a fuzzy-logic-based controller for a drive with a BLDC motor. Two main aspects of the work are presented in this paper. The first of them is focused on the design process of the fuzzy model. For this purpose, the rules of the applied fuzzy system are defined according to the Lyapunov function. The gain coefficients of the controller are optimized using the Chameleon Swarm Algorithm. Various issues and aspects were analyzed in the simulation tests (robustness against parameter changes, the influence of the controller parameters on the precision of control, stages of optimization, etc.). The presented work confirms the assumptions regarding precision and stable operation (also in the presence of changes in the object parameters—the mechanical time constants of the engine) in connection with the applied fuzzy speed controller. Moreover, the second part of the manuscript presents the low-cost power electronic device developed for laboratory tests. It uses STM32 ARM-based microcontrollers (state variable measurement, control algorithm calculation, control signal generation) and a Raspberry Pi 4B microcomputer (control application—reference value and parameter definition). The experiment performed for the control structure—an electric drive with a BLDC motor—verified the theoretical considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the tilt integral derivative (TID) controller technique for controlling the speed of BLDC motors in order to improve the real-time control of brushless direct current motors in electric vehicles. The TID controller is applied to the considered model to enhance its performance, e.g., torque and speed. This control system manages the torque output, speed, and position of the motor to ensure precise and efficient operation in EV applications. Brushless direct current motors are becoming more and more popular due to their excellent torque, power factor, efficiency, and controllability. The differences between PID, TID, and PI controllers are compared. The outcomes demonstrated that the TID control enhanced the torque and current stability in addition to the BLDC system's capacity to regulate speed. TID controllers provide better input power for BLDC (brushless DC) drives than PI and PID controllers do. Better transient responsiveness and robustness to disturbances are features of TID controller design, which can lead to more effective use of input power. TID controllers are an advantageous choice for BLDC drive applications because of their increased performance, which can result in increased system responsiveness and overall efficiency. In an experimental lab, a BLDC motor drive prototype is implemented in this study. To fully enhance the power electronic subsystem and the brushless DC motor's real-time performance, a test bench was also built. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a new robust control technique that enables the DC-DC boost converter driving a permanent magnet direct current (PMDC) motor to operate in high static and dynamic performances. The new technique is based on the design of a both linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and linear quadratic regulator-proportional integral (LQR-PI) type controllers, which have the advantage of eliminating oscillations, overshoots and fluctuations on different characteristics in steady-state system operation. In order to increase the output voltage, the LQR regulator is combined with a first-order system represented in the form of a closed-loop transfer function, the latter raising the output voltage to 24 volts, this voltage is enough to drive the permanent magnet direct current motor. The contribution of this paper is the creation of a robust control system represented in the form of a hybrid corrector able to regulate steady-state and transient disturbances and oscillations as well as to increase DC-DC boost converter output voltage for the PMDC motor to operate at rated voltage. The results of the three control techniques are validated by MATLAB Simulink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new online technique for Hall Effect sensor fault diagnosis in brushless DC (BLDC) motor is proposed. The proposed technique is based on phase current waveform analysis and does not need any Hall sensor information. The normalized phases current values are analyzed per and post-sensor fault in every cycle. Using a definition of suitable conditions and threshold values for normalized currents values, all sensor fault types (i.e. set to 0 and 1) could be detected and located online effectively. The main contribution of this paper is introducing an online BLDC sensor fault detection and location technique under low-speed operation and transient conditions. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed technique in all of the sensor faults types diagnosis without any sensor output value information. Two different types of BLDC motors are considered for fault diagnosis using the proposed technique. Simulation results during starting and low-speed operations of BLDC motor are well confirmed by the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To fulfill high-reliability requirements for aerospace applications, a novel traveling wave rotary ultrasonic motor with a piezoelectric backup function (Backup motor) is proposed in this paper. The backup function is enabled by the addition of a set of piezoelectric ceramics (PZT). Based on the ultrasonic motor of the CSX-60, a cantilever-tooth backup motor (CTBM) is designed and fabricated. This backup motor can operate in three working modes according to the excitation settings of PZTs, namely normal mode, backup mode, and enhanced mode. The relationships between three working modes' performances are analyzed by finite element (FE) analysis and prototype tests. The results show that backup mode, as the substitution, can nearly reach normal mode's performance, while enhanced mode is obviously higher than others. Furthermore, a modified backup motor with straight-tooth (STBM) and different sizes of PZT is designed and tested as a supplement to verify the feasibility of the proposal. In addition, the effect of stress reduction on PZT damage is verified by extreme working experiments. The comparison between the two types of motors indicates that STBM can provide better frictional drive performance. This proposal can provide a new reference for the subsequent reliability study of ultrasonic motors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brushless synchronous machines (BSMs) are replacing conventional synchronous machines with static excitation in generation facilities due to the absence of sparking and lower maintenance. However, this excitation system makes measuring electric parameters in the rotor challenging. It is highly difficult to detect ground faults, which are the most common type of electrical fault in electric machines. In this paper, a ground fault detection method for BSMs is proposed. It is based on an inductive AC/DC rotating current sensor installed in the shaft. In the case of a ground fault in the rotating parts of the BSM, a fault current will flow through the rotor's sensor, inducing voltage in its stator. By analyzing the frequency components of the induced voltage, the detection of a ground fault in the rotating elements is possible. The ground faults detection method proposed covers the whole rotor and discerns between DC and AC sides. This method does not need any additional power source, slip ring, or brush, which is an important advantage in comparison with the existing methods. To corroborate the detection method, experimental tests have been performed using a prototype of this sensor connected to laboratory synchronous machines, achieving satisfactory results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposed a double-sided staggered conical teeth traveling wave rotating ultrasonic motor based on in-plane bending mode, which reduces the difficulty of rotor preload application and improves the output characteristics of in-plane bending mode traveling wave rotating ultrasonic motor. The motor has four sets of drive teeth alternately distributed on both the inner and outer sides of the vibrator, with the drive teeth gap dedicated to accommodate the piezoelectric ceramic piece, and the staggered drive teeth on both sides of the vibrator are used to drive the rotor rotation. The motor operates in two in-plane third-order bending modes with the same frequency and orthogonal to each other, and is excited by four sets of piezoelectric ceramic disks spaced 90 degrees apart from the inner and outer sides. After the prototype was completed, its vibration characteristics and output performance were experimentally tested, and the actual effects of the three excitation schemes were compared. The experimental results show that the motor can provide a maximum output torque of 1.82N-mm and a maximum no-load speed of 96.4 rpm when the excitation voltage is 300 V and the excitation frequency is 20.60 kHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problem of difficulties in heat dissipation for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) with high power/torque density, the effect of motor length‐to‐diameter ratio (r0) on the selection of cooling water channels is investigated from the perspective of the geometric parameters of the PMSM in this paper. First, the 3‐D fluid–solid coupled heat transfer models of three actual motors with the length‐to‐diameter ratios of 0.27, 0.81 and 2.04 are established. Every model is calculated under spiral, axial and circumferential cooling water channels, respectively. The cooling effect, cooling energy loss and motor thermal balance are compared and analyzed. Then the optimal cooling water channel for each of three motors is confirmed. Further, the motor temperature rise and fluid differential pressure are plotted. The threshold of motor length‐to‐diameter ratios is determined at which the overall performance of the axial and circumferential cooling water channel is highly similar. The general conclusions of selection of cooling water channels for PMSMs with different geometry shape are summarized. Finally, a prototype with r0 = 0.27 is fabricated and tested, verifying the validity of the fluid–solid coupling simulation analysis. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stator turn-to-turn faults occur due to improper loading, eccentricity in the rotor, and increases in the operating temperature. During the occurrence of a stator turn-to-turn fault, an abnormal temperature increase occurs, and if this state is left unattended for a long duration, it can lead to degradation of the permanent magnet. This paper presents an analytical modeling scheme for surface permanent magnet brushless DC motors for diagnosing and classifying stator turn-to-turn faults using SIMULINK® during non-stationary operating conditions. A significant increase in the stator current, back EMF, torque, and speed is observed. A current signature analysis is performed during non-stationary operating conditions using a fast Fourier transform method to identify the severity of the fault. Furthermore, a simple and efficient classification model is developed by selecting the best classifier among the decision trees, neural network, support vector machine, discriminant analysis, and ensemble classifier. A statistical evaluation of the current signal for fault feature extraction and ranking is performed based on minimum redundancy and maximum relevance, Chi-square test, Relief F, analysis of variance, and Kruskal–Wallis test. The dataset for classification is extracted from a Simulink analytical model. Neural network-based classifiers can classify faults precisely and rapidly with a minimum number of features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provided a novel control technique for generating a switching sequence for a six-step commutation of BLDC motor utilizing a Hall Effect sensor. The strategy combines hybrid control with a model predictive current control (MPCC), namely Hybrid-MPCC. The purpose of implementing Hybrid-MPCC is to obtain a simple commutation scheme, make step commutation works automatically, and reduces torque ripple. The framework of Hybrid-MPCC is a control system that is composed of an interacting continuous and discrete system that influences each other's behavior, kept the constant of the non-commutation phase current, predicted the phase current based on the output phase currents over a specified interval, controlled the three-phase currents separately by varying the motor speed and set the active PWM modulation. Desired properties of Hybrid-MPCC include global asymptotic stability of an equilibrium point and the close-loop system takes on safe values variables. The simulation and practical findings show that the proposed unique method in this work may successfully decrease torque ripple when compared to classic driving methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to model the brushless direct current motors and regenerative braking system used in electric vehicles using intelligent control approaches. Type-2 fuzzy logic control model is used as an intelligent control method. The application of regenerative braking extends the driving range of electric vehicles. In this study, an innovative regenerative braking system is presented. Speed control of brushless direct current motor and control of regenerative braking system are provided by Type-2 fuzzy logic control. Type-2 fuzzy logic control outperforms other solutions in terms of modeling uncertainties, generating new solutions, robustness, and efficiency. Type-2 fuzzy logic control is built on Matlab/M-file platform. The simulation in which the experimental studies were carried out was created on the MATLAB/Simulink platform. With this simulation study, battery charge status, battery current and brushless direct current motor speed values were obtained. The simulation results show that Type-2 fuzzy logic control can effectively control regenerative braking system. The regenerative braking system maintains its braking quality, while the electric vehicle slows it down at a safe driving distance. In addition, it is clearly seen in the results that the brushless direct current motor in the electric vehicle can increase the driving distance by charging the vehicle battery, thanks to its use as an alternator during braking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes solutions for zero-value-cross detection (ZVCD) in a single-phase mains-powered motor used for high-torque tightening. Four different applications are presented: resistor-polarized digital input, a resistor-polarized optocoupler, comparators steering up the optocoupler, and n-MOSFETs polarizing the optocoupler. The performance of each solution is evaluated in terms of complexity, dimensions, power dissipation, and response time. The n-MOSFET-based solution is found to be the most suitable, providing a simple design, low power dissipation, and almost instantaneous response. This solution meets the project's requirements for accurate and fast zero-crossing detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides an efficient torque and speed control method for brushless DC (BLDC) motor utilizing a fractional order proportional integral derivative (FOPID) controller based on the multiverse optimization algorithm and salp swarm optimization (SSO). When combined with a solar photovoltaic (PV) system and a voltage boosting architecture, standard PID controllers regulated the BLDC drive parameters due to their simplicity and improved steady-state performances. A solar PV system with a specific power range is chosen for the best output solution on the output side. The MPPT method employed is the incremental conductance approach for tracking maximum power from the source. However, it has a problem with unpredictability owing to load changes. The PID controller tuning also relates to the structure's parametric uncertainties. Therefore, precise control methods may be offered with the aid of the FOPID controller to address the aforementioned issues. Simulation results of the proposed MVO and SSO-based FOPID controller for BLDC speeds run in the Matlab Simulink platform. To confirm the adaptability of the suggested control scheme for BLDC motor, the outcomes are interrelated using genetic algorithm, gray wolf, and PSO-based FOPID controllers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The hydraulic motor will generate noise in operation and it has fluid-structure coupling and compact internal structure. The sound intensity measurement is difficult to distinguish the noise sources of motor. In this paper, a high-precision localization method for noise sources of bent-axis motor is studied to improve the resolution of the sound intensity images to locate noise sources accurately. Firstly, the structural characteristics of the motor are analyzed, and the sound intensity images are obtained through the experiment. Then the high-resolution optimization method based on compressed sensing is designed according to the characteristics of the sound intensity field. Finally, the sound intensity images with high resolution are constructed. The high-resolution images can distinguish the position of the prominent points, and the error is less than 0.4 dB. The identification distance of noise sources can reach 30 mm, and it breaks through the highest resolution of the traditional sound intensity test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, sensorless robust speed control with nonlinear lumped mismatched disturbance observers for a permanent magnet type axial gap bearingless motor (AGBM) is designed. Multistage anti-windup-based dynamic surface control combined with integral backstepping control is proposed to control the motor's axial displacement and rotor speed. The approach is against parameter uncertainties and external disturbances, improving steady-state accuracy, eliminating the derivative explosion phenomenon, no chattering problem, and reducing the magnitude of the control system when current saturation occurs. In addition, a novel nonlinear lumped mismatched disturbance observer is proposed to improve the approach under unmodeled dynamics and external disturbances. To obtain high-accuracy tracking control, the control system includes the robust controller combined with the disturbance observers and anticipatory activation of anti-windup (AW) compensation, which means the controller is more complex. Then, to design a sensorless robust speed control for the motor, the rotor position and speed observer require higher accuracy. High-gain back-EMF observer combined with an improved phase-locked loop is proposed to estimate rotor angular position and speed even when the motor speed is reversed. Overall stability of closed-loop system control, including a sensorless speed control approach for motors using back-EMF estimation combined with saturation of the currents and lumped disturbance observers, is mathematically proven. Finally, the simulation results under measurement noise show that the proposed control system are obtained the effectiveness, feasibility, and robustness. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fault-tolerant control (FTC) is a design methodology that ensures control systems continue to function even with component faults or failures. FTC is particularly used in Brushless DC Motors (BLDC), electric motors that use electronic commutation instead of brushes. These motors use three Hall effect sensors, placed 120 degrees apart, to accurately determine the rotor's position and control its speed and torque. This paper presents a methodology using electronic logic gates to compensate for sensor faults by analyzing the behavior of the Hall effect signals, translating them into binary language, and enabling continued control of the BLDC motor. This methodology improves the fault-tolerant capability of BLDC motors and ensures their continued functioning despite component failures. Simulation and validation results using Matlab/Simulink demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology in ensuring the continued operation of the BLDC motor despite component failures. The proposed fault-tolerant control strategy can enhance the reliability and performance of BLDC motors, making it a valuable tool for various industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a brushless motor with a three-phase inverter is investigated under healthy and multiple open-circuit faults. The occurrence of faults in an inverter will lead to atypical characteristics in the current measurements. This is why many usual entropies and multiscale entropies have been proposed to evaluate the complexity of the output currents by quantifying such dynamic changes. Among this multitude of entropies, only some are able to differentiate between healthy and faulty open-circuit conditions. In addition, another selection is made between these entropies in order to improve diagnostic speed. After the fault detection based on the mean values, the open-circuit faults are localized based on the fault diagnostic method. The simulation results ensure the ability of these entropies to detect and locate open-circuit faults. Moreover, they are able to achieve fault diagnostics for a single switch, double switches, three switches, and even four switches. The diagnostic time to detect and to isolate faults is between 10.85 ms and 13.67 ms. Then, in order to prove the ability of the fault diagnostic method, a load variation is performed under the rated speed conditions of the brushless motor. The validity of the method is analyzed under different speed values for a constant torque. Finally, the fault diagnostic method is independent from power levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering is the property of Chongqing University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The paper presents the results of studies of approaches to the development of a scanning device based on a specialized brushless magnetoelectric motor of return-rotary motion. The structures are described and a comparison is made of servo systems with motors both with an elastic magnetic coupling between the stator and the rotor, and without such coupling. The dependences of the accuracy of a given sawtooth signal processing and the stator current effective value on the parameters of the servo systems, the values of the coefficients of elasticity and viscosity of the motor, as well as the relative value of the duration of the linear interval of the reference sawtooth signal are determined. It is shown that the reduction of the stator current effective value is achieved by introducing an elastic magnetic coupling between the stator and the rotor, as well as limiting the second derivative when forming the process of resetting the reference sawtooth signal. References 8, figures 9, tables 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminal neurological conditions can affect millions of people worldwide and hinder them from doing their daily tasks and movements normally. Brain computer interface (BCI) is the best hope for many individuals with motor deficiencies. It will help many patients interact with the outside world and handle their daily tasks without assistance. Therefore, machine learning-based BCI systems have emerged as non-invasive techniques for reading out signals from the brain and interpreting them into commands to help those people to perform diverse limb motor tasks. This paper proposes an innovative and improved machine learning-based BCI system that analyzes EEG signals obtained from motor imagery to distinguish among various limb motor tasks based on BCI competition III dataset IVa. The proposed framework pipeline for EEG signal processing performs the following major steps. The first step uses a meta-heuristic optimization technique, called the whale optimization algorithm (WOA), to select the optimal features for discriminating between neural activity patterns. The pipeline then uses machine learning models such as LDA, k-NN, DT, RF, and LR to analyze the chosen features to enhance the precision of EEG signal analysis. The proposed BCI system, which merges the WOA as a feature selection method and the optimized k-NN classification model, demonstrated an overall accuracy of 98.6%, outperforming other machine learning models and previous techniques on the BCI competition III dataset IVa. Additionally, the EEG feature contribution in the ML classification model is reported using Explainable AI (XAI) tools, which provide insights into the individual contributions of the features in the predictions made by the model. By incorporating XAI techniques, the results of this study offer greater transparency and understanding of the relationship between the EEG features and the model's predictions. The proposed method shows potential levels for better use in controlling diverse limb motor tasks to help people with limb impairments and support them while enhancing their quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wheel motor drive system is one of the structure transmission schemes in an electric tractor. The coordinated control of electronic differential speed and torque can significantly improve the energy utilization of tractors. The motor of the electric tractor can also be urgently required for the energy conversion device for higher energy, efficiency, and reliability, compared with the traditional fuel tractors. Among them, the finite element (FE) method can be used to accurately predict and evaluate the electromagnetic performance of the wheel drive motor in electric tractors and then to optimize the structure of the electromagnetic converter. However, traditional models cannot consider the bidirectional magnetic-thermal coupling between the electromagnetic and temperature field, leading to the low prediction accuracy of the model. In this work, the FE model was developed and then verified by a series of experiments. A kind of 12-slot, 7-pole brushless DC wheel drive motor with the reducer was also taken as the research object. Dynamic characteristics of the motor were then analyzed under no-, half- and rated loading. Simulation results show that there was no magnetic leakage, where the flux density was in the unsaturated state under no-load conditions. The loss of copper, iron, and eddy current in the motor rose dramatically with the increase of the load, where the copper loss increased the most. Specifically, the copper losses of the motor tended to be 0, 60, and 340 W, respectively, under no-, half- and rated loading. The average core losses were 9, 15, and 22 W, respectively, whereas, the average eddy current losses were 11, 32, and 58 W, respectively, under the three load conditions. The magnetothermal bidirectional coupling model of the motor was then constructed to simulate the distribution of the temperature field. The results demonstrated that the highest temperature of the motor occurred on the permanent magnets under three working conditions. Temperatures of permanent magnets were elevated by 54.61, 77.63, and 87.10 °C, respectively. In addition, the air-gap width, stator-notch width, spacing, and the width of the permanent magnet were set as the variables, while the groove torque, torque density, and permanent magnet loss were taken as the optimization objectives. A two-layer multi-objective optimization was proposed to improve the optimization efficiency and accuracy using Taguchi and response surface. The optimal structural parameters were determined as follows: The optimized spacing between permanent magnets, the width of permanent magnets, the air-gap width, and stator-notch width were 0.4, 3.5, 1.1, and 4.75 mm, respectively. Simulation results showed that the motor torque density increased by 8% compared to that before optimization, whereas, the permanent magnet loss decreased by 18.6%. The bench test of the prototype showed that the groove torque of the motor was reduced by 20.9% after optimization, indicating the effectiveness of the optimization. This finding can provide a strong reference to promote motor performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]