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Magnetic refrigeration is an active research area considering its potential to replace gas-based refrigeration systems, which are detrimental to the environment owing to chlorofluorocarbon emissions. Heusler alloys such as Ni2MnGa are known for their magnetocaloric effect, and addition of elements like Cu has increased the refrigeration capacity of the system. Magnetocaloric properties are a strict function of composition, and few alloy compositions in Mn–Ni–Cu–Ga can exhibit enhanced magnetocaloric properties. Most of the previous works have focused on Mn–Ni–Cu–Ga, and the enhancement of magnetocaloric properties is attributed to adding Cu. However, no magnetocaloric material has been reported in the Mn–Ni–Cu system, which could potentially show benefit from Cu addition. Hence, in the present study, thermodynamic optimization of the Mn–Ni–Cu-based ternary system and its three sub-binaries, Mn–Cu, Mn–Ni, and Ni–Cu, are performed using the CALculation of PHAse Diagram approach. In order to capture the liquidus in the Mn–Ni system and congruent transformation, a few alloy compositions were prepared and analyzed using differential thermal analysis. Using the current optimized database, temperatures are calculated as a function of Mn, Ni, and Cu compositions to ascertain the phase transition between the austenite and martensite phases, which occur around room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First-principles molecular dynamics combined with the approach-to-equilibrium molecular dynamics methodology is employed to calculate the thermal conductivity of non-stoichiometric amorphous SiN. This is achieved by implementing thermal transients in five distinct models of different sizes along the direction of the heat transport. Such models have identical structural features and are representative of the same material, thereby allowing for a reliable analysis of thermal conductivity trends as a function of the relevant cell dimension. In line with the known physical law of heat propagation at short scale, the thermal conductivity increases in size with the direction of heat transport. The observed behavior is rationalized accounting for previous results on crystalline and amorphous materials, thus providing a unified description holding for a large class of materials and spanning a wide range of heat propagation lengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By inducing gamma radiation at a dose of 25 kGy, vinylpyrrolidone (VP) was combined with dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, an anionic surfactant, to create PVP@DSSS. The sorption and recovery of Ce(III) and Co(II) from aqueous solutions were evaluated using PVP@DSSS. The physical and chemical characterisation of prepared sorbent was investigated by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and thermal analysis (TGA-DTA). The characterisations show that sorbents prepared using these techniques outperform conventional preparation methods. The PVP@DSSS was implanted for batch processing with the goal of studying the effect of different parameters on the sorption of the investigated metal ions, such as pH, contact time, metal ion concentration, and reaction temperatures. The results show that the maximum adsorption capacity of the PVP@DSSS adsorbent for Ce(III) and Co(III) were 9.8 and 0.9 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption of Ce(III) and Co(II) from aqueous suspension using PVP@DSSS was fit to Langmuir and pseudo second order equations well. The changes in the free energy (ΔG) and enthalpy (ΔH) values of Ce(III) confirm the endothermic nature of the adsorption reaction, whereas Co(II) adsorption was exothermic and spontaneous. The desorption efficiency was 95% for Co(II) and less than 10% for Ce(III) with HCl as good desorbing agent.The results show that PVP@DSSS is a promising adsorbent for the the recovery and separation process of Ce(III) ions from aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, multiscale modeling of polymer composites consisting of Graphene Foam (GF) and Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is conducted, and their Thermal Conductivity (TC) is investigated through the use of nano-to-microscale analyses. The TC of the PDMS matrix and GF is calculated using the Molecular Dynamics (MD) method. The effective properties of the composites are computed utilizing the Mechanics of Structure Genome (MSG) coupled with Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF) as a novel micromechanical method, which allows an accurate description of the problem resulting in a high-fidelity analysis. Due to the unique interconnected structure of GF, the TC of GF/PDMS composite reaches 0.406 Wm–1 K–1 for GF with 63% porosity, which is about 69% ± 2% higher than that of neat PDMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a key component for the future high‐safety lithium batteries, solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) is gaining an attractive momentum toward large‐scale production due to their remarkable compatibility and processability with electrodes. Further, their excellent performance can be improved using the potential use of plasticizers. A deep eutectic solvent (DES) synthesized from choline chloride (ChCl) and citric acid monohydrate (CAM) demonstrates a promising plasticizer to design good SPE membranes along with poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA). The changes in the surface chemistry of PVA‐based membranes, as determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, confirm the success of DES‐plasticizing effect, where detected by wavenumber shifting around main functional groups such as OH, CO, and COC. Following this, EIS characterization on electrical properties reveals the role of 30 wt% DES in improving the ionic conductivity, with the highest ionic conductivity equivalent to 4.66 × 10−4 S cm−1 and the crystallinity index as high as 41.09%. The presence of LiClO4 and DES significantly reduces mechanical performance, and glass transition of PVA‐based membranes, as characterized by tensile testing and differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetric analysis. Thus, the presence of DES in PVA and LiClO4 matrices could open another window for designing SPE with novel physicochemical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Discarded ultrafiltration membrane of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) was upcycled. • Char was successfully obtained from optimized PVDF pyrolysis at 584℃ for 111 min. • Fluorinated functional groups were released from the PVDF by pyrolysis. • The produced MC exhibited superior properties and a surface area of 344.64 m2/g. • MC's properties suit supercapacitors and adsorbents, aiding in waste valorization. Disposing vast amounts of non-biodegradable wastes presents engineering and economic challenges to environmental management globally. Concomitantly, recycling and upcycling of non-biodegradable materials can play a crucial role in sustainable waste management, reducing the need for raw material extraction and energy-intensive manufacturing. Accordingly, this study aimed to explore the utilization of discarded polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) ultrafiltration membranes for char production via optimized pyrolysis. The Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) optimization method was applied to predict the optimal final temperature (T) and residence time (t) to achieve the maximum membrane char (MC) iodine number under reasonable conditions. Factorial analysis revealed curvature in the model with a p-value of 0.001 at a 95 % confidence interval, indicating the potential applicability of the response surface method (RSM). The optimized pyrolysis (584 °C; 111 min) achieved an average yield of 31.3 ± 2.6 % of MC with an iodine number of 242.35 mg/g. The structural, surface, and textural properties of PVDF fibers and MC were extensively characterized. Thermal analysis of discarded PVDF confirmed the oxidative breakdown of the fluorinated polymer and the revocation of the C-F bond. Moreover, the Raman and FTIR spectral analysis revealed the coexistence of β- and γ- crystalline phases in the PVDF fiber. Consequently, the produced MC demonstrated superior carbon properties and high potential application for various industrial and environmental purposes, aligning with the circular economy approach for reutilizing discarded PVDF membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we used the three-dimensional (3D) printing method to design and fabricate a radar-absorbing structure (RAS) to protect against damage caused by lightning strikes. A carbon black-dispersed 3D filament was used as reinforcement in the composite, and metalized fibers served as the feedstock for 3D-printing. The return losses measured in the X-band and Ku-band (8.2–18 GHz) indicated a maximum return loss of −28.98 dB at 10.68 GHz, with a broad bandwidth of 6.56 GHz in the frequency range of 8.2-18 GHz. A coupled electrical–thermal analysis confirmed that the proposed carbon black-dispersed filament provided conductive paths, which contributed to direct current, energy dissipation, and lightning strike protection. The 3D-printing method ensured a sufficient level of electrical conductivity, limiting the area and depth of damage caused by lightning strikes. Therefore, 3D-printed-RASs, reinforced by electrically conductive materials, can effectively protect against lightning strikes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry water is a green fire extinguisher agent with good cooling and fluidity that is composed of hydrophobic silica and tiny liquid droplets. However, the structure of dry water is unstable and easily broken during production, transportation and storage. In this study, a lignin-based hydrogel was employed as the core material and hydrophobic silica as the wall material to develop a hydrogel reinforced dry water suitable for preventing coal spontaneous combustion. The bulk density, fluidity, stability and particle size distribution of the synthesized hydrogel reinforced dry water were all measured. Compared to traditional dry water, the lignin-based hydrogel reinforced dry water had a better angle of repose and outflow velocity, measuring 19.53° and 9.40 mL/s, respectively. Additionally, the bulk density and water retention in an open environment were 2.6% and 5.2% higher than traditional dry water, respectively. The particle size distribution of the lignin-based hydrogel reinforced dry water is likewise more uniform. Thermal analysis was used to examine the effect of the reinforced dry water on coal oxidation. The results showed that the reinforced dry water reduced the mass increase caused on by oxygen adsorption, hence inhibiting coal oxygen chemisorption. Further investigation revealed that addition of reinforced dry water improved the inhibitory performance of coal spontaneous combustion by decreasing coal oxidation heat release by 4.2% and 11.2%, respectively, in comparison to raw PING and YZ coal, and by increasing coal oxidation activation energy, with maximum increases of 23 and 265 kJ/mol for PING and YZ, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monoclinic barium aluminosilicate (celsian) shows application potential owing to its high-temperature resistance, low thermal conductivity, and excellent oxidative reduction properties. Hexacelsian can easily undergo nucleation because of its favorably symmetric crystal structure, resulting in faster precipitation compared to than in the case of celsian. Celsian can only be formed through the sluggish transformation of hexacelsian at high temperatures. In this study, celsian doped with different contents of CaO was synthesized through a simple one-step solid-state reaction process at lower temperatures and in a shorter time and investigated using differential thermal analysis, phase characterization, microstructural observation, and FactSage thermodynamic calculations. Results showed that the addition of CaO could promote the solid-state reaction, affording products such as barium silicate, hexacelsian, and celsian at lower temperatures. Moreover, CaO could promote the synthesis of celsian in the form of solid solution, affording fully monoclinic celsian Ba 0.7 Ca 0.3 Al 2 Si 2 O 8 with only 3 h of holding time at 1400 °C. The optimal addition of CaO showed a decreasing trend with the increase in heat treatment temperature. An optimum CaO level of 0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.3 was recommended to stabilize celsian. The effects of CaO addition and temperature on the physical, mechanical and thermal conductivity properties of Ba 1-x Ca x Al 2 Si 2 O 8 were investigated, and Ba 1-x Ca x Al 2 Si 2 O 8 also exhibited excellent antioxidant reduction properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obtaining high-purity MAX-phase powders is a challenging issue. Therefore, in this article, the effects of two key parameters, including mechanical activation time (1, 2, and 3 h), and preheating temperature (800 and 1000 °C) were investigated on the formation mechanism of Ti 2 AlC MAX phase using mechanically activated (assisted) self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (MA-SHS) combustion method through thermal explosion mode. For this aim, a powder mixture of titanium, aluminum, and carbon with a stoichiometry ratio of (2:1:1) was used. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) was carried out to evaluate the effect of mechanical activation and preheating temperature of the formation temperature of the target MAX phase. Subsequently, the microstructural, phase analysis, chemical composition, and determination of surface chemical states studies were carried out through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy distribution spectroscopy (EDS) transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and X-ray photoelectric spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. DTA results illustrated that applying mechanical activation alters the formation temperature, which leads to an increase in the purity of the MAX phase. The quantitative measurements were carried out using the Rietveld method to determine the purity of the achieved MAX phase. The results indicated that samples subjected to 2 h of mechanical activation at a preheat temperature of 1000 °C exhibited to contain 96.1 % of Ti 2 AlC MAX phase, which is the highest value among other specimens and the lowest amount of secondary and oxide phases (3.9 % of TiC) during the combustion synthesis process compared to other samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the versality, surface imperfections and diverse redox chemistry of CuxS, hybrid ion exchangers (HIXs) containing these particles are an interesting object of research, including thermal transformation. The composite materials used for testing were strongly basic anion exchangers, with macroreticular (M) and gel-type structure (G), containing in the poly (styrene/divinylbenzene) skeleton fine particles of covellite/brochantite (M1), covellite (M2), covellite/digenite/djurleite (G1) and covellite/digenite (G2). The prepared HIXs contained 12–16 mass% S + Cu. They were subjected to thermal analysis under air and N2 to identify the role of the inorganic phase in decomposition of the polymeric phase. The results were discussed on the basis of the TG/DTG curves and X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the solid residues (CuO after combustion, carbon/Cu2S after pyrolysis). It was found that CuxS in the resin phase exhibited oxidative activity promoting the combustion process. The polymeric skeleton of HIXs decomposed in air at a much lower temperature compared to pure resins (400 vs 600 °C). The TG/DTG curves had a model shape, three separate conversions occurring in a narrow temperature range, which indicated sequential decomposition. The low consumption of hydrogen for the reduction of CuxS to Cu2S during pyrolysis was not conducive to condensation of alkyl radicals and increase of the mass of carbon matter. The results advance the understanding of the effect of copper/sulfur-containing fine particles on the thermal decomposition of anion exchanger and can be useful in preparation of multifunctional carbon-containing composite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyze the influence of operational parameters (foaming agent concentration, agitation time, and drying temperature) on the characteristics of the final product and the foam drying process of Momordica charantia L. leaves, in addition to performing mathematical modeling of the experimental data. The foam characteristic was most influenced by the foaming agent concentration, where the increase in this variable increased its stability, reaching the highest index of 0.9838 ± 0.0038. The drying process was best represented by the Page model, which presented the best adjustments to the experimental data and was significantly affected by the drying temperature, where the increase in this variable resulted in an increase in the drying rate, causing a reduction in the total drying time, with the shortest time obtained being 170 min. The product obtained was also more affected by the drying temperature, where the increase in this variable resulted in better preservation of the biochemical compounds of the material, presenting the highest phenolic compound content of 14,933.95 ± 135.97 mg EAG/g extract. The increase in temperature also reduced the moisture content and water activity of the product, with the lowest values obtained being 5.20 ± 0.60% and 0.25 ± 0.01, respectively, ensuring safe storage for the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate and climatic factors influence live creatures and their activities. Climatic design is a method for coping with challenging climatic conditions and creating comfort. Indeed, architectural design can be done by utilizing data related to climatic conditions and the thermal needs of the desired location. Hence, the current study presented strategies for architectural design based on climatic zoning and indices of thermal comfort in Qazvin city. The study data were obtained through library research and documents, analyzing and combining the data, and by applying an experimental-analytical method. Some compatible climate strategies and measuring thermal comfort indices were presented (based on data from Qazvin Meteorological Organization until 2017). TCIC software was used to calculate thermal comfort indices. Considering that Qazvin climate is cold-arid and according to the analysis of thermal comfort indices in different months, building heating has been paid more attention to rather than cooling in architectural design. Different strategies in this area and methods to gain maximum benefit from climatic facilities (in Qazvin) in other parts of a building have been presented in the suggested tables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this study, a lactic acid bacteria strain isolated from oats was used as a producer to obtain exopolysaccharide (EPS) using MRS agar plates. The findings indicated that the bacterial strain identified as Weissella cibaria (accession number: PP515290) was shown to have good probiotic activity, adapt better to alkaline than acidic conditions, and efficiently produce EPS at concentrations of up to 7.93 g L−1. SEM images showed a smooth surface and compact particle whereas FTIR confirmed the basic functional groups of polysaccharides in the sample. Meanwhile, XRD analysis demonstrated a non‐crystalline amorphous structure and thermal analysis indicated two‐phase thermal decomposition with maximum rate at 210 °C. Subsequently, EPS from W. cibaria was applied as stabiliser in set‐type yogurt (ex situ) in comparison with yogurt using mixed culture with W. cibaria (in situ) and traditional starter culture (control). The results showed that the addition of 2% EPS significantly improved syneresis (14.31%) compared to co‐culture (27.50%) and control (29.80%) as well as increased hardness of yogurt during 2‐week refrigeration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of CubeSats, compact satellites with a standardized form factor, has disrupted traditional space research paradigms, fostering innovation and collaboration across academic institutions and industries. Following deployment, CubeSats typically employ magnetorquer rods to initiate the detumbling sequence, gradually reducing the angular velocity before transferring control to reaction wheels for complete spin neutralization. However, this conventional approach entails a substantial spacecraft space requirement, necessitating an alternative and disruptive methodology. Furthermore, considering that approximately 50% of Attitude Determination and Control Subsystems (ADCS) failures are attributed to faults related to the moving parts in reaction wheels, strategies are taken into consideration to address a worst-case scenario of reaction wheels failure. This paper introduces a disruptive approach that uses diverse geometries and a non-unity track width ratio in PCB-integrated magnetorquers with reaction wheels for comprehensive control. We demonstrate the effectiveness of various coil configurations through a series of extensive simulations and establish a systematic framework to select optimal hybrid designs tailored to specific mission requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfate resistance is evaluated in mortars containing sulfate-resistant cementitious materials (SRCMs) developed by mixing ground granulated blast furnace slag, fly ash, silica fume and desulfurisation gypsum. Compressive strength testing, X-ray diffraction analysis, differential thermal analysis and mercury intrusion porosimetry are carried out. Results show that the sulfate resistance of mortars mixed with SRCMs at a replacement percentage of 74 wt% is superior to that of mortars with 30 wt% fly ash when exposed to drying–wetting cycles in sodium sulfate solution, because adding SRCMs decreases the calcium hydroxide content, causing a reduction in gypsum formation. Moreover, reducing the water-to-binder ratio (W/B) from 0.50 to 0.35 increases the loss of compressive strength ratio (Lf) of mortars with SRCMs immersed in ammonium–magnesium sulfate complex solution. Specifically, the Lf values of mortars with W/B of 0.50 and 0.35 are 42.7% and 36.0% after 100 days of immersion, respectively. Furthermore, the main component of samples subjected to complex solution is identified as gypsum. In addition, both Lf and porosity exhibit a strong linear positive correlation with W/B. Finally, the findings confirm that optimising the composition of cementitious materials and lowering W/B could improve the sulfate resistance of concretes used for a sulfate-rich sewage environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adsorbed water promotes proton conduction in ceramics at ambient conditions prior to its evaporation, apparently leading to the positive temperature coefficient of resistivity (PTCR) effect. Using surface water-containing Cs 2 Ti 6 O 13 (1.8 mol water/mol titanate) as an example, the static conductivity (at 50 °C) of ∼10−5 S cm−1 is one thousand times that at 200 °C due to the enhanced proton conduction. At 50–150 °C, the conductivity decreases by 4 orders of magnitude because water evaporation decreases the number of charge carriers. At 150–400 °C, the conduction in water-free Cs 2 Ti 6 O 13 is thermal-activated with the apparent activation energy E a ∼58–72 kJ mol−1, depending on the formalisms. We show clearly that an endothermic DSC peak (water evaporation) in Cs 2 Ti 6 O 13 coincides with all eight presentations of AC properties examined. Similar correlations are obtained from the TG/DTG curves in Cs 2 Ti 5 O 11 ·H 2 O containing mostly intercalated water. The correlation between thermal analyses and AC properties points out that water molecules essentially contribute to the charge transport at ambient conditions of layered alkali titanates. This scenario might be potentially extended to other humidity-sensitive ceramics. [Display omitted] • Water-induced PTCR effect and Arrhenius-like process are respectively observed in the presence/absence of surface water. • The endothermic water loss peak (DSC) coincides with all representations of AC properties. • Activation energies of conduction from different formalisims were quickly obtained in a single measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes enhanced thermal stability and excellent electrochemical and photocatalytic performance of hierarchical structure of zinc-phthalocyanine (ZnPc) samples prepared through eco-friendly enhanced microwave (MW) synthesis over 5 min at T = 200 °C. The structure and morphology of the obtained ZnPc were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM), and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). At the same time, thermal stability was analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The obtained ZnPc with high crystallinity, pure crystalline phases and reflection peaks related to the β-form of ZnPc. The average crystallite size (D) of 74 nm was determined using the Debye-Scherrer equation for a peak at 2θ = 9.30°. AFM image presented ZnPc material as a distinguished multilayered crystal with a rhombus-shaped crystal structure that seems very smooth on its surface, while TEM images showed a hierarchical structure of synthesized ZnPc self-organized assembles from the needle-like morphology which are aligned at different orientations having length up to approximately 500 nm and with 20 nm in diameter. TGA and DTA showed that the decomposition process occurred at a high temperature of 649 °C, for a heating rate of 15 °C/min, indicating good thermal stability of the investigated ZnPc. The photocatalytic activity of the hierarchically structured ZnPc was evaluated using different initial concentrations of Reactive Blue 19 (RB-19), pH value, and catalyst dose. Additionally, the electrochemical performance of ZnPc as electrode material was investigated. This study indicates facile, low-cost, and green MW method can be used for the preparation of the needle-like form of ZnPc as a promising multifunctional material for the potential applications: in thermal energy storage in future solar power technologies, as electrode material exhibiting superior voltammetric response, with cathodic and anodic current values and as photocatalyst for degradation of RB-19 and other organic dye-pollutants. [Display omitted] • Needle-like form of ZnPc were acquired through microwave-аssisted synthesis. • Thermal stability of ZnPc at high-temperature decomposition, at around 640 °C. • An electrochemical and photocatalytic properties of ZnPc were investigated. • Effects of RB-19 concentration and pH value on the decolorization rate were studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The provided research deals with a mathematical formulation to achieve nonlinear statics for the sandwich annular structure's thermal post-buckling behavior. The structure's core is filled by graphene nanoplatelets (GPLs), while its face sheets have been made of SMA/graphite/epoxy. The first-order shear deformation (FOSD) model has been employed for modeling face sheets, and quasi-3D hybrid and quadratic kind of higher-order shear deformation (Q-3D-HSD) model is supposed for core's in-plane transverse and displacements, respectively. The boundary conditions (BCs) and nonlinear governing equations have been modeled by employing the Hamiltonian, and they have been solved applying the generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) approach. The direct-iterative method has been provided for solving the set of equations, including highly nonlinear factors. Ultimately, the outcomes reveal that the radius ratio of outer to the inner, SMA fiber, GPLs' configurational factors, and large amplitude would play a vital role in the annular sandwich structure's thermal post-buckling response. Moreover, the system with GPL-O distribution pattern has maximum thermal post-buckling load while GPL-X type of distribution would result in the minimum thermal post-buckling to thermal buckling ratio for the annular structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, a porous composite material, hydroxyapatite/chitosan/microcrystalline-cellulose (CaHAp–CS–MCC), was successfully prepared and used for the adsorption of Eriochrome Black T (EBT) from water. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), specific surface area (SSA), and atomic force microscope (AFM) were used to evaluate the physicochemical properties of the prepared adsorbents. CaHAp–CS–MCC exhibited a decrease in crystallinity and reduction in crystallite size. CaHAp–CS–MCC surface exhibited cracks and pores. AFM displayed changes in surface micro-texture of CaHAp, formation of new surface structures, and variations in particle size and distribution. Upon grafting CaHAp with CS and MCC, its specific surface area decreased from 139.224 to 11.775 m2/g. BET suggested that filling CaHAp pores by CS and MCC contributed to the reduction in surface area. The pore volume values decreased from 2.56 × 10–1 (CaHAp) to 3.91 × 10–2 cm3/g (CaHAp–CS–MCC). Adsorption equilibrium was reached at about 40 min. The adsorption capacities values of CaHAp–CS–MCC and CaHAp were equal to 248 mg/g and 92 mg/g, respectively. The pseudo-second order and the Langmuir equations fitted well the adsorption phenomenon. The calculated thermodynamic parameters showed an exothermic and non-spontaneous system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) coated with 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid (IL) (ZnO‐[BMIM][BF4] NPs) and ZnO NPs without IL coating were both synthesized by co‐precipitation. Various analytical methods were used to characterize the synthesized NPs. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that ZnO NPs had a mean crystallite size of 32 nm and that of ZnO‐[BMIM][BF4] NPs was 22 nm. IL alters the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) peaks of the as‐prepared ZnO NPs. A blueshift was seen in the absorption peak of ZnO‐[BMIM][BF4] NPs as compared to bare ZnO NPs. An examination of the UV–visible (UV–Vis) spectra revealed that the optical bandgap decreases with the addition of IL to ZnO NPs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM) investigation revealed the morphology and size of the nanostructured particles. The chemically prepared ZnO‐[BMIM][BF4] NPs displayed the irregular spherical‐shaped morphologies in the range of nanoscale. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed the conventional hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO‐[BMIM][BF4] NPs. Synthesized ZnO‐NPs in water have a zeta potential of −13.1 mV, showing that they are stable solutions. Thermal behaviour of ZnO NPs was studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The agar‐well diffusion technique was used to investigate and compare the antimicrobial activity of synthesized ZnO‐[BMIM][BF4] NPs against the following bacteria and fungi: Streptococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. The MCF7 breast cancer cells were used to assess the anticancer capabilities of ZnO‐[BMIM][BF4] NPs at various doses (100 μg/mL, 10 μg/mL, 1 μg/mL, 100 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL and 1 ng/mL) using MTT assays. The range of cell inhibition was determined to be from 19.14% to 70.52%. The percentage of cytotoxicity increases was observed when the concentration of synthesized ZnO‐[BMIM][BF4] NPs ranges from 1 ng/mL to 100 μg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Monastery of Alcobaça houses in reserve the ceramic tiles that adorned the floor of the church's apse. These tiles were removed during rehabilitation works and many preserve part of their original fixing mortars. A comprehensive analysis of 21 samples was conducted using a multi‐analytical approach (X‐ray fluorescence, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy–energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, μ‐Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetry–differential thermal analysis, optical microscopy, and colorimetry). Results suggest compositional variations in the samples from the back and sides of the ceramic tiles; however, the mineralogy and general characteristics of the aggregates remained consistent between the samples and are coherent with the local geology, suggesting a shared historical origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To modify the physical features and extend applications of the 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), we synthesized NTO with acridine (ACR) at a molar ratio of 1:1, a neutralization reaction. Through altering the chemical composition, it was possible to alter physical properties such as thermal stability, free space (voids), packing coefficient, crystal density, difference in pKa of co-formers, morphology, solubility, and impact sensitivity, and detonation parameters. It appears that physical attributes could be entirely altered. Single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction methods, infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR), and thermal analysis were utilized to comprehensively characterize and confirm the formation of the structure of NTO:ACR. The substantial hydrogen bond interactions and planar layered structures observed between the cations and anions generated a complex 3D network, providing insight into the structure–property interrelationship. One intriguing feature discovered is the layered structure present in NTO:ACR, which may be responsible for the low impact sensitivity. According to the experimental results, NTO:ACR showed good thermal stability (Td = 229 °C) and outstanding impact sensitivity (IS = 100 J). Detonation velocity and pressure were calculated using the EXPLO5 software program and found to be 7006 m·s−1 and 20.02 GPa, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of studies of composite magnesium oxychloride iron-containing binders. The research is aimed at solving the problem of increasing operational durability and expanding the scope of application of magnesium materials. The purpose of the work is to study hydrate formation, hardening, and properties of composite magnesium binders with varying contents of iron compounds. Compositions of caustic magnesite (magnesium oxide) with iron oxides, with ferruginous minerals (andradite and pyrite), and with waste from the enrichment of magnetite ores have been studied. The scientific novelty of the research results lies in the identification of patterns of hydration of magnesium oxychloride binder with a high content (at least 50%) of iron compounds. The mutual influence of magnesium and ferruginous components during hydration and formation of the binder structure has been established. Schemes for the formation of hydrates involving andradite and pyrite have been proposed. The qualitative composition of the main hydrates of composite binders was determined by diffractometric and differential thermal analysis methods. The microstructure of the materials was studied by electron microscopy. The structure of magnesium paste made from a composite binder is formed by crystals of magnesium pentahydroxychloride and amorphous gel-like iron-containing hydrates. In composite binders containing iron oxide or andradite, magnesium hydroxychlorocarbonate is formed. The dependence of the stability of magnesium hydroxychlorocarbonate on the content of magnesium oxide and chloride was revealed. The patterns of the influence of iron compounds on the hydration and hardening of magnesium oxide form the basis for the development of a composite binder containing 50%–70% magnetite ore enrichment waste. A composite binder containing a ferrous man-made component is not inferior in strength properties to caustic magnesite and is characterized by high structural resistance to long-term operational impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the Matusita–Sakka equation and the exothermic peaks in the differential thermal analysis (DTA) curves, in silicate glasses with complex crystallization processes containing the precipitation of two or more crystal phases, the effects of particle sizes on the calculations of crystal growth dimensionality and activation energy of crystal growth have been studied in depth. In crystallization processes with two or more crystal phases but one exothermic peak, 0.3 mm is considered as the boundary between the fine and the coarse particles in this type of glass. For glass samples with a particle size less than 0.3 mm, the crystal growth dimensionality is a three‐dimensional mechanism, and EG increases slightly with decreasing particle size. For glass samples with a particle size greater than 0.3 mm, the crystal growth dimensionality is a two‐dimensional mechanism, and EG increases with decreasing particle size. The EG for the fine‐particle starting material is much lower than that of the coarse‐particle starting material. In crystallization processes with two or more crystal phases and two exothermic peaks, 0.104 mm is considered as the boundary between the fine and the coarse particles in this type of glass raw material. For the first peak, in glass samples with a particle size less than 0.104 mm, the crystal growth mechanism is mainly one‐dimensional growth, and EG increases slightly with decreasing particle size. And for glass samples with particle size greater than 0.104 mm, the crystal growth mechanism is mainly two‐dimensional growth, and EG decreases with decreasing particle size. For the second peak, the crystal growth mechanism is mainly a three‐dimensional growth, and EG increases with decreasing particle size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polypropylene/polyamide 66 composites were enhanced by introducing a polypropylene anhydrous melamine graft agent (PP-g-AM) and by adding different contents of recycled polypropylene (rPP). The composite was prepared using an internal mixer. Our research described here aimed to investigate the processing, production, and characteristics of the synthesized nanocomposites. The properties and structure of the mixtures were summarized to determine the optimal ratio of adding rPP in the nanocomposite (rPP/PP-g-AM/PA66). To comprehend the impact of rPP on the properties of the nanocomposite and the effectiveness of adding rPP for polymer blends/clay nanocomposites, we performed a rheological study and evaluated the mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties. X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated the formation of an exfoliated structure of the mixtures of PP/PP-g-MA/PA66 reinforced with rPP. Through significant mechanical improvement, the mixtures showed better resistance to impact forces. Thermal analysis highlighted an increase in the mixtures' stability under heat. Additionally, the carefully designed mixtures presented interesting barrier qualities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sophorolipids (SL) are glycolipids composed of a sophorose head‐group linked to a hydroxy‐fatty acid tail which makes them a potential source of structurally unique biobased hydroxy fatty acids. Furthermore, Lesquerella is a native southwestern plant that has been commercially cultivated as a replacement for castor seed oil due to high seed oil concentrations of 14‐hydroxy‐eicosenoic acid (14‐OH‐C20:1c11). In this study, SL‐derived hydroxy fatty acids and methyl esters containing 15‐hydroxy‐palmitic acid (15‐OH‐C16), 17‐hydroxy‐stearic acid (17‐OH‐C18), 15‐hydroxy‐palmitic acid methyl ester (15‐OH‐C16ME), 17‐hydroxy‐stearic acid methyl ester (17‐OH‐C18ME), and 13‐hydroxy‐behenic acid methyl ester (13OH‐C22ME) were obtained from the SL produced by two yeast strains. In addition, hydrogenated Lesquerella oil (HLO) was made with ~62% 14‐OH‐eicosanoic (C20) acid (14‐OH‐C20). These materials, along with 12‐hydroxy‐stearic acid (12‐OH‐C18) as a standard for comparison were used to make soybean oil oleogels, and their properties determined. The minimum gelation concentration (MGC) of 12‐OH‐C18 was 1% (wt/wt), while the MGC of 15‐OH‐C16 and 17‐OH‐C18 were 5% and 10%, respectively. The MGC for 15‐OH‐C16ME was 5%, but 17‐OH‐C18ME was unable to form a stable gel at concentrations up to 10%. HLO formed a viscous solution rather than an oleogel, but its crystal morphology underwent a large transformation during storage over a 2.5‐month period, after which it was able to form a stable gel. SL‐based hydroxy fatty acids were able to form oleogels in soybean oil and have the potential to be considered as a new source of low‐molecular weight oleogelators as well as biobased hydroxy fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short take-off/vertical landing (STOVL) engine is an emerging power source for fighter planes that can perform takeoff and landing operations in tight quarters. As the aforementioned function requires specific component design and matching, it is vitally necessary to study the impacts of various component states on engine performance and stability. This paper develops a performance model for STOVL engines based on nonlinear component models and validates the modelʼs correctness. Variable component working conditions and settings are altered, engine performance is forecasted and observed, and the mechanism underlying this trend is investigated. The results indicate that the performance of the STOVL engine is greatly influenced by the design parameters of the gas path, such as the bypass ratio and the injection volume of the roll nozzle, and is highly dependent on the correct adjustment of the rear bypass injector and the throat area of the nozzle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-composites are a group of composite materials that use polymer as the matrix and fiber as reinforcement for the matrix. Due to their unique synergistic multifunction through incorporation of multiple components into one compatible entity, they have found broad applications in electronic, magnetic, optical, and electrochromic. Existing works do not focus on use of natural fiber reinforcement along with natural nanofillers. The goal of this study is to find and evaluate the properties of bio-nanocomposites made using different combinations of jute and flax fiber mat as reinforcement, epoxy as matrix, and coconut shell powder and eggshell powder as nanofiller. Jute-reinforced nanocomposites were found to absorb more water than other nanocomposite samples. It also had higher surface roughness than other nanocomposites with jute/epoxy/coconut shell having highest surface roughness of 0.08. Jute/epoxy/eggshell had the highest tensile strength, Young's modulus, and elongation at break of 34.3291 MPa, 782.5489 MPa, and 4.3885% respectively. Flexural strength was highest for jute/epoxy/coconut shell at 32.3690 MPa. Impact strength was also highest for jute/epoxy/coconut shell at 8.9 kJ/m2. From the SEM analysis, it was found that jute showed minimum debonding with matrix phase due to rough surface and better wettability with matrix phase which provided better strength than flax fiber hence it performed better in mechanical testing. Thus, it was found that jute fiber provided better strength to the nanocomposite along with coconut shell powder making it a slightly better alternative than the other nanocomposite sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel natural plant fibers are being extensively investigated at this current scenario mainly owing to their significant properties over synthetic ones as renewable, biodegradable, and economical nature. With this outlook, the present study has tried to explore a novel plant fiber from Hibiscus canescens stem and analyzed its feasibility through various characterization methods. Water retting method was elected to extract fibers from the H. canescens stem. Chemical analysis was used to determine various chemical components as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, wax, moisture, and ash. The crystalline and amorphous conformation of H. canescens stem fibers (HCSF) were discovered using X-ray diffraction analysis. The chemical possessions are further validated through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. After physico-chemical investigation, the feasible properties of HCSF were determined to be good crystallinity (48.78%), high cellulose content (68.46 wt.%), and relatively low density (1425 kg/m3). Moreover, the desired thermal stability (327°C) and tensile properties (394.9±14.42 MPa; 30.29±4.365 GPa) obtained through thermogravimetric analysis and tensile study demonstrated its suitability for high temperature fixed submissions. The exterior topographical study using SEM and AFM revealed that the surface is uneven with an average roughness of 7.200nm, which is another required feature for good fiber-matrix inter-bonding. Although, these intriguing features are satisfactory to ponder HCSF as a new promising material for composite fabrication in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition, structure, and morphology of dehydrated sewage sludge, a by-product of pulp and paper production, were studied. The thermal characteristics of sewage sludge were investigated. An elemental analysis of the sewage sludge was carried out, the results of which revealed a large number of noncombustible elements (5.5%), including heavy metals (vanadium, chromium, nickel, zinc, and strontium), compared to other types of fuel. Thermogravimetric studies on the thermal decomposition of dehydrated sediment were carried out. The thermogravimetric and differential thermogravimetric curves were described, and the temperature ranges of drying, release of volatile substances, and combustion of coke residue were determined. Microscope photos showed that the particle size of the sediment varied from 0.5 and 350 nm, and amorphous flakes and crystalline inclusions were the main elements of its structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrolysis models are used in the fire science field to simulate the thermal decomposition of materials. These models require knowledge of the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of an assumed reaction mechanism, and the thermophysical properties of the virgin material and product species. Standard test methods exist for measuring the thermal conductivity of nonreactive materials, but to date no suitable method exists that is compatible with contemporary pyrolysis models and is applicable to thermally reactive materials. In the present study, a modified methodology was presented and evaluated to address this need. The methodology involves a preliminary assessment of thermal stability, followed by a series of tests including: thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and laser flash analysis. Once a reaction mechanism has been identified, gram‐scale samples of the virgin and stable product species are isolated and independent measurements of thermal conductivity of those species are obtained. The methodology was applied to eucalyptus fiber hardboard, for which a complete set of property data for pyrolysis modeling was obtained. A pyrolysis experiment was then conducted, and that experiment was simulated using a pyrolysis model parameterized with the measured property data. Model predictions of the mass loss rate and temperature rise of a hardboard sample exposed to radiant heat flux of 35 and 60 kW m−2 were found to be a good match to measurements. These results demonstrate the suitability of the property data, the pyrolysis model, and the utility of this approach. This work will serve as a basis for property determination in future pyrolysis studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Engineering Transactions C: Aspects is the property of International Journal of Engineering (IJE) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A single crystal of L-lysine iodide (LLI) was created by utilizing a room-temperature slow evaporation approach. The monoclinic of the crystal lattice system was confirmed by estimating the lattice parameters of the synthesized single crystals using single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystalline structure and planar indexing were confirmed by powder XRD. In order to confirm that the produced LLI crystals included functional groups, the FT-IR spectra were analyzed. Spectra of visible, near-infrared, and ultraviolet light (ranging from 200 to 1100 nm) were analyzed and the cutoff wavelength of 268 nm. Vickers microhardness tester was used to find out how strong the formed crystal was mechanically stable. From 50 Hz to 3 MHz, the dielectric response of the manufactured crystal was studied at different temperatures. Thermogravimetric analysis used to look at the thermal characteristics. Human pathogens were the primary focus of antimicrobial research. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the surface characteristics of the generated crystal were examined. The produced LLI crystal was recommended for use in opto-electronic and biological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Baghdad Science Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hefei Advanced Light Facility (HALF) will use a 499.8MHz superconducting cavity to provide energy for the beam in the storage ring. The fundamental power coupler (FPC) needs to feed 140kW RF power into the superconducting cavity. In order to meet the requirements of the HALF project, a 499.8MHz FPC prototype was developed at the National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (NSRL). This paper presents the design of the FPC prototype. The fabrication process of the FPC prototype will also be described. The cold test of the FPC prototype room-temperature test stand was carried out. The results show that the cold test performance of the FPC prototype meets the requirements and it can be tested with high power. The high power test of the FPC prototype will be carried out in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The monolith catalysts with the hierarchical microstructure prepared from cordierite honeycomb ceramics by the molten salt reaction and the sol–gel impregnation technology. Aluminum borate whiskers (Al18B4O33) with the lengths of 10–70 µm and the diameters of 0.1–1.4 µm were grown on the channel surface of cordierite honeycomb ceramics, and cilia‐like microstructure improve the capture ability of soot in exhaust. A series of spinel‐type catalysts CoxCr3‐xO4 have loaded on aluminum borate whiskers using the sol–gel impregnation process, and sample Z/C1C2‐0.25 possess the optimal soot catalytic oxidation activity. The study employed various techniques to characterize morphology and phase composition, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), Brumauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG‐DTA). The cyclic stability experiments demonstrate that spinel‐type catalysts Z/C1C2‐0.25 exhibits excellent structural stability and consistent catalytic performance. This unique microstructure has great potential applications in the field of DPF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occupational and environmental exposure to extreme temperatures and harmful UV radiation poses significant health risks for workers in various industries. This study aimed to develop innovative workwear fabrics with enhanced thermal and UV protection properties. A blend of 70% cotton and 30% polyester fabric was coated with SiO2 nanoparticles and silica aerogel. The UV protection factor (UPF) was determined using standard methods (BS EN 13758-1:2002 and AS/NZ 4399:1996). Thermal properties were evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal imaging. The coated fabrics exhibited significantly improved thermal insulation compared to the uncoated control, reducing surface temperatures by up to 7.4°C. Both SiO2 nanoparticle- and silica aerogel-coated fabrics achieved excellent UV protection with UPFs of 39.28 and 38.11, respectively. TGA analysis revealed the thermal stability of the coating materials. The developed workwear fabrics offer promising solutions for mitigating occupational heat stress and UV exposure. These innovative materials have the potential to enhance worker safety and comfort in challenging environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phase diagram for the quasi-binary Tl2Se–Bi2Te3 system has been established based on the results of phase studies by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The diagram for the title system presented in this paper has been compared with that previously published by other authors. As a result of the research, a significant correction of the former phase diagram was made, because it was found that the components of the studied system formed three new chemical compounds. Obtained phase diagram has been compared with other thallium(I)–bismuth(III) chalcogenide systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel series of isostructural lanthanide coordination polymers with the general formula [Ln2(PDA)3(DMF)2] (where Ln3+= La, Nd, Pr, Tb, Sm and Eu, DMF= N,N'‐dimethylformamide and PDA =1,3‐phenylenediacetate) were hydrothermally synthesized and further characterized by vibrational spectroscopy, thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analysis, and powder and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction techniques. In addition, from the crystallographic data, it was possible to determine the topology of the structure, finding that the network consists of 5‐connected nodes with topological type: nov; 5/4/o8 and point symbol (44.66). To study the luminescence properties regarding potential energy transfers among the building blocks, lanthanum‐based samples doped with Tb (III) and Eu (III) (1 %, 2 %, 5 % and 10 %) were analyzed in solid state. Upon ligand sensitization, 4 f transitions could be observed confirming an "antenna effect" of the PDA ligand. These new compounds are potential materials for the construction of photoluminiscent devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen is a major nonmetallic impurity in the coolant of sodium-cooled fast reactors (SFRs) during normal operation. A higher hydrogen concentration than the gas–liquid equilibrium has been transiently detected in the gas space of actual SFR plants. The presence of several sodium compounds can increase hydrogen generation; however, a thorough understanding of the thermal behavior of candidate reactions is lacking. Herein, thermal analysis reveals the hydrogen release behavior of sodium hydride. Mass spectrometry indicates hydrogen generation with decreasing sample mass, indicating thermal decomposition. Detailed kinetic analysis based on master plot methods indicates that the hydrogen release reaction occurred through a mechanism involving random nucleation and growth of nuclei. Furthermore, the reaction rate was newly formulated based on a kinetic model function representing the above mechanism and the Arrhenius-type reaction rate constant comprising an activation energy of 119.0 ± 0.8 kJ mol−1 and a frequency factor of 1.8 × 107 s−1. These findings will enable the numerical simulation of the hydrogen release behavior in SFRs. [Display omitted] • Thermal analysis revealed the thermal behavior of sodium hydride as a hydrogen release source in sodium-cooled fast reactors. • Detailed kinetic analysis based on master plots showed the reaction rate and mechanism of the thermal decomposition. • A new formula was created for the reaction rate using an Arrhenius-type reaction rate constant and a kinetic model function. • Comparison of theoretical and experimental master plots confirmed a nucleation–growth-type reaction mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recycling of solid waste is widely regarded as the one of the most crucial issues of sustainability. This is particularly evident in the industrial sector, where the production of slags is huge and their handling presents a significant challenge. In this study, solid wastes from the industrial sector, namely ferrochrome slag (Fs) and fluorite tailings (Ft), were employed for the preparation of glass-ceramics by the sintering method. Three glasses were prepared by using the melt-quenching method, with a weight ratio of 60∼70 % Fs and 40∼30 % Ft (designated S30, S35, and S40, where the higher number indicates a greater Fs content). The sintering and crystallization behaviors of these glasses were characterized by hot-stage microscopy (HSM) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). It was observed that S40 glass exhibited a weak sintering capacity in comparison to that of S30 and S35 glass, which can be attributed to the robust crystallization propensity of S40 glass. The coarser glass frits were subjected to sintering experiments at varying temperatures, which demonstrates that the predominant crystalline phase is augite and that Cr 2 O 3 remains present in all sintered samples. Besides, a transition of the Cr 2 O 3 crystal into uvarovite was observed in S40 glass sintered at 1050 °C. The sintering time controlling experiment demonstrated that both wollastonite and the Ca-rich flow formed during sintering are vital for the formation of uvarovite. The formation of uvarovite can enhance the hardness of GCs. All GCs samples sintered at 1050 °C and 1120 °C exhibit comparable mechanical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a detailed investigation into the structural, thermal, and radiation shielding properties of a new glass composition, labeled as (50-x)B 2 O 3 + 30TeO 2 + 10Bi 2 O 3 + 10CdO + x Tm 2 O 3 (where x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 mol %). Various radiation shielding parameters such as mass attenuation coefficient, linear attenuation coefficient, half-value layer, mean free path, effective atomic number, and absorbed equivalent dose rates for neutrons were determined through experimental measurements. The study also employed theoretical calculations to assess the exposure buildup factor and effective removal cross-section for neutrons. Additionally, the SRIM program was utilized to investigate mass stopping power and projected range for proton and alpha particles. The structural characteristics of the glasses were analyzed using XRD and FT-IR, while thermal properties were examined through Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA). FTIR analysis revealed distinctive bands corresponding to Bi—O, B—O—B, and Te—O bonds. Glass transition temperatures (T g) increased with Tm 2 O 3 content, ranging from 422 °C to 444 °C. The radiation shielding properties of bismuth boro-tellurite glasses showed that a dose of 1.2025 μSv/h emitted from a fast neutron source was absorbed by 35.1574 % in pure glass and 40.0391 % in glass doped with 5 mol% Tm 2 O 3. Incorporating Tm 2 O 3 into the glass matrix significantly improved the shielding and thermal properties, thus enhancing their potential for advanced high-energy radiation absorption. This investigation contributes to a deeper understanding of how Tm 2 O 3 enhances the structural and thermal attributes of these glasses, positioning them as promising materials for radiation shielding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Climate change is seen as a crucial environmental dilemma that humanity will confront in the upcoming decade. For this purpose, the solvothermal‐assisted technique is used to create metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), which are porous materials characterized by strong connections between organic ligands and metal ions. The MOF discussed here contains cobalt as the metal node and a linker derived from 2‐aminobenzoic acid and terephthalaldehyde. The prepared powder underwent analysis using various techniques including Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area measurement, and thermal analysis. BET analysis revealed a surface area of 1587.06 m2/g, a total pore volume of 0.86394 cc/g, and an average pore size of 1.088 nm. The RGO@Co‐MOF prepared was utilized to evaluate water splitting efficiency, demonstrating favorable catalytic activity like most reported modified MOF catalysts under low current density conditions of 10 mA/cm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]