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In India, mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] is 3rd most important legume crop among pulses after chickpea and pigeon pea that grows most efficiently at temperatures between 27 and 35°C. It is thermotolerant during vegetative phase however sensitive to heat stress during reproductive stage. Terminal high temperature (>40°C) during the summers significantly reduces grain yield of mung bean by decreasing photosynthesis, growth, biomass production, pollen viability, grain setting & pod filling and impairing source sink balance and accelerating flowers and pods shedding. Analysis of the genetic variations in the accessible germplasm and the physio-biochemical processes involve in modulating heat sensitivity and tolerance have prime importance for enhancing the grain yield of mung bean. There is great scope to improve the heat tolerance and yield of mung bean by using various long-term and short-term strategies. In this article, physiological and molecular responses along with mitigation strategies in relation to improve thermotolerance in mung bean have been reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five varieties of beans from Laibin, Guangxi, China, including mung beans, soybeans, black beans, red beans, and adzuki beans, were chosen as study subjects for multi-index determination and full assessment. Data on the fat, ash, crude fiber, trace element, thermogravimetric analysis and combustion heat of five different types of beans were gathered. The results showed that the order of combustion heat of the 5 kinds of beans was black beans>soybeans>mung beans>adzuki beans>red beans, the order of combustion stability was soybeans>mung beans>black beans>red beans>adzuki beans, the order of fat content was soybeans>red beans>adzuki beans>black beans>mung beans, the order of ash content was black beans>soybeans>adzuki beans>mung beans>red beans, the order of crude fiber content was red beans>soybeans>adzuki beans, and the order of multi-index stoichiometric analysis was soybeans>red beans>black beans>mung beans>adzuki beans. The quality of the food was assessed and classified using the stoichiometric approach, while the food nutrition was assessed from the perspectives of fat, ash, crude fiber, trace elements, thermogravimetric analysis and combustion heat. This work provides a solid scientific foundation for the assessment and investigation of the thermo gravimetric analysis of food combustion stability. This study's multi-index comprehensive evaluation approach offers a novel concept for food nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Plant‐based meat alternatives often require fat replacers to mimic the texture of traditional products. This study aimed to develop plant‐based emulsion gels using mung bean protein isolate (MBPI) as a potential fat substitute. However, creating these gels via heat setting requires a high protein concentration, which demands modification of the MBPI structure to enhance emulsifying properties. This study investigated synergistic effects of alkaline treatment (0.3 or 3.5% Na2CO3) and heat treatments (40 or 70 °C) on the functional properties of MBPI at high protein levels, for potential application as a plant‐based emulsion. The combined treatments reduced the zeta potential of protein suspensions from −9 to −19 mV and altered the protein conformation to form smaller particles (from 426 to 166 μm) with increased β‐sheet content. These treatments improved dispersibility of 8% MBPI suspension (58 to 86%), emulsifying activity index (6.34–10.89 m2 g−1), and stability coefficient (43 to 96%). Notably, MBPI samples treated with 0.3% Na2CO3 at 40 and 70 °C exhibited excellent emulsifying properties, forming stable monolayers at the oil–water interface, likely due to the increased surface activity of MBPI. Increasing protein concentration to 11% facilitated heat‐set gel formation; however, addition of 3.5%‐Na2CO3 induced premature gelation, limiting its application in emulsions. At 0.3%‐Na2CO3, increasing the protein content from 8% to 11% and the oil content from 10% to 30% further reduced emulsion droplet size, especially for MBPI treated with 0.3% Na2CO3 at 70 °C (MB‐0.3%‐70 °C) from 5.10 to 2.61 μm, likely due to decreased coalescence. This treatment yielded superior MBPI‐stabilised emulsion gels with enhanced penetration, fluid retention, and stability by possibly reducing protein aggregation. These findings demonstrate the potential of MBPI modified by combined addition of 0.3% Na2CO3 and heat treatment, particularly MB‐0.3%‐70 °C, as a promising ingredient for producing plant‐based emulsions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gut microbiota dysbiosis is associated with inflammation and many chronic diseases. The present study investigated the efficacy of mung bean seed coat extract (MSE) on gut microbiome modulation and the attenuation of inflammatory markers in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats. The high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA showed the low dose (0.3%) of MSE improved HFD-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis and enhanced the gut microbiota richness. The low dose of MSE showed a significant increase in the abundance of beneficial bacteria, particularly Blautia and Lactobacillus, and decreased abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia-Shigella). The low dose of MSE also significantly decreased IL-1β mRNA expression and tended to lower IL-6, TNF-α, and LPS levels. In conclusion, this study suggested that the MSE could modulate gut microbiota and reduce inflammatory responses in HFD-fed rats and this indicated the potential health properties of mung bean seed coat. This research provides informative support for the application of mung bean seed coat as functional ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green soybean (edamame), an early-harvested soybean, is a popular vegetable in Asia and is recognised as a healthy vegetable in the other parts of the world. In Japan, edamame yield has gradually decreased over the last 30 years, despite similar cultivation areas. Damage caused by the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, is one of the main causes. We surveyed the distribution of SCN in different locations and found a wide distribution of SCN across Japan. Different control measures are available, such as chemical control using fumigants or a granular type of nematicide, solarisation, and rotation with non-host crops. We are developing a new type of biological control method, which comprises short-term field cultivation and soil incorporation of mung bean. This method not only decreases the SCN density in soil but also mitigates soil erosion and nitrate leaching. For future SCN control it is essential to establish an environmentally friendly management strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mung bean crop (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) is widely recognized as a key source of pulse food worldwide. However, this crop suffers substantial yield losses due to humid environments, particularly from infestations by the fungal pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina, which causes charcoal rot disease. This infestation results in significant agronomic losses, affecting both the crop's growth characteristics and overall yield. Previous research suggests that these losses can be mitigated through environmentally friendly soil amendments, such as biochar, as well as by applying various nanofungicides. This study aims to explore the potential of biochar and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) to reduce the severity of charcoal rot disease and enhance the agronomic traits and yield of mung bean plants affected by this disease. The experiment was conducted in triplicate, applying ZnONPs at three concentrations (5, 10, and 20 mg. L− 1) via foliar spraying, combined with two levels of biochar (20 g and 40 g per pot). Positive and negative control treatments were also included for comparison. The results demonstrated that applying 40 g of biochar per pot and 20 mg. L− 1 of foliar-applied ZnONPs increased the activities of the anti-oxidative defence enzymes. Additionally, this treatment strategy boosted the plants' disease resistance mechanisms, leading to lower mortality rates and reduced levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) by 61.7% and 49.23%. Moreover, the treatment positively impacted key growth parameters, increasing total chlorophyll content by 43%, plant height by 47%, and legume count per plant by 80.4%. The application of biochar and ZnONPs also improved seed protein content, reflecting an enhancement in nutritional quality. This study supports the use of biochar and ZnONPs as biostimulants to manage yield losses in mung bean crops affected by charcoal rot disease. The future prospects of using ZnONPs and biochar as treatments in agriculture are promising, as they offer innovative, eco-friendly solutions to enhance crop productivity, improve soil health, and reduce reliance on synthetic chemicals, paving the way for more sustainable and resilient agricultural systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Callosobruchus maculatus and Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) are the two predominant species of pulse beetle, found in India, which are generally wrongly identified. Both species are the most economical insect-pest of pulses and can cause huge quantitative losses. Both are sexually dimorphic and can be differentiated based on some morphological characteristics. The culture of both species was maintained separately at 27 ± 10C and 65 ± 5% RH in the laboratory and the observations on morphometry of various developmental stages viz., egg, larval, pupal and adult male and females were analyzed. During storage, both species develop independently, therefore, the interspecifics of C. maculatus and C. chinensis (first case: C. maculatus ♀ and C. chinensis ♂, second case: C. chinensis ♀ and C. maculatus ♂) were tried to develop. In the first case, females of C. maculatus laid very minute eggs all the eggs could not hatch to develop larvae it showing that the eggs of intersex were infertile. However, in the second case there were no eggs produced by the female C. chinensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Practical Application This study examined the effects of the inclusion of mung bean protein (MBP) on the direct expansion characteristics of corn starch during twin‐screw extrusion. Six blends of corn starch and MBP isolate (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% w/w) were hydrated to three different moisture contents (MCs) (16%, 19%, and 21% w.b.). The blends were extruded using a twin‐screw extruder at three screw speeds (SSs) (300, 400, and 500 rpm). The resulting extrudates were evaluated for their water solubility index, water absorption index, expansion ratio (ER), true density, unit density, and porosity. As the protein content increased, the porosity of the extrudates increased. The ER of all extrudates ranged from 2.90 to 5.46, with the largest ER observed at an SS of 400 rpm, an MC of 19%, and 25% MBP inclusion. The porosity of the extrudates ranged from 1.79% to 11.42%. SS and protein content had a significant impact (p < 0.05) on the porosity and ER of the extrudate.This work provides valuable information for the industry on utilizing mung bean protein in direct expanded corn starch‐based extruded snacks. The information could be useful in the development of high‐protein extruded snacks and breakfast cereals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a field trial at the College Farm, NAU, Navsari (Gujarat), evaluated four main plot treatments (T1: Green gram, T2: Cowpea, T3: Dhaincha, and T4: Fallow), which were grown during the summer with three replications following a randomized block design (RCBD). Green gram and cowpea were incorporated into the soil after harvest, but dhaincha was incorporated at 50% flowering. During Kharif, each main plot was split into six smaller plots with different treatments: W1 was 100% RDF, W2 was 75% RDF, W3 was 50% RDF, W4 was 75% RDF + 25% N from FYM, W5 was 50% RDF + 50% N from FYM, and W6 was no fertilizer. The results of all 24 treatment combinations were repeated three times in a split-plot design. The analysis showed significant growth, yield attributes, grain yield, and straw yield of rice in dhaincha-incorporated plots (T3), fb greengram (T1), and cowpea (T2) plots using 100% RDF, while fallow (T4) with no fertilizer application recorded significantly lower values. SPAD meter readings of rice were higher in W4 (75% RDF + 25% N from FYM), which was at par with W1 in dhaincha-incorporated plots (75% RDF + 25% N from FYM) (W4). However, applying no fertilizer (W6) resulted in lower values. The total uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus in rice was highest when it was grown in dhaincha incorporated (T3), followed by green gram (T1), cowpea (T2) incorporated plots with the usage of 100% RDF (W1) and 75% RDF + 25% N from FYM (W4), and lower values were recorded in fallow + no fertilizer treatment (T4W6). Our study revealed that incorporating summer legumes before planting rice significantly increased plant height, tillers, grain and straw yield, and total uptake. With dhaincha, inclusion has shown a greater advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Newly incorporated module into the WASH_2D model has enabled simulating a rainwater harvesting system (RWHS) using a tank. The incorporated module in WASH_2D was tested for two field experiments to determine the optimal tank capacity and cultivated area that give the highest net income for farmers. The first experiment was composed of treatments A, B, and C having the same cultivated and harvested areas (plastic sheets) of 24 m2 and 12.5 m2, respectively. The capacity of the tanks for treatments A, B, and C was set at 500, 300, and 200 L, corresponding to storability of 21, 13, and 8 mm, respectively, while in the second experiment we carried out three treatments: F, G, and H having the same tank capacity of 300 L and harvested area of 12.5 m2 with variable cultivated areas as G and H were larger by two and three times than F (10.5 m2), respectively. Water was applied automatically through a drip irrigation system by monitoring soil water suction. Results of the first experiment showed that the optimal storability and seasonal net income simulated by WASH_2D were 17 mm and 5.82 USD yr−1, which were fairly close to 18 mm and 5.75 USD yr−1 observed from field data, respectively. Similarly, the results of the second experiment revealed that simulated net incomes for different cultivated areas agreed well with the observed data. We concluded that the use of the simulation model WASH_2D can be economically useful to promote small-scale irrigation in semi-arid regions and guide planning irrigation or rainwater harvesting investments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve starch straws with high strength and large toughness, the effects of annealing time on structural and functional performances of mung bean starch straws were studied. The results revealed that with increasing annealing time from 0to 60 min, the ratios of 1047 cm−1/1022 cm−1 in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy decreased from 1.37 to 1.20, and the relative crystallinities decreased from 12.09% to 11.01%. The relative crystallinity increased to 13.28% when annealing time increased to 120 min. The maximum bending force increased from 10.93 to 104.24 N, and modulus of elasticity enhanced from 0.93 to 62.68 N/mm when annealing time increased from 0 to 120 min. Starch straws annealed for 120 min had the lowest water absorption (94.61%), while starch straws annealed for 60 min had the highest water absorption (127.38%). This outcome not only lay a theoretical foundation for preparing biodegradable starch straws with excellent performance, but also apply for beverages, food container, food packaging films, and so on, strongly promoting starch industrial transformation and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk is a naturally complex medium that is suitable for the growth of most lactic acid bacteria. Unfortunately, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ST-III, a probiotic strain of bacteria used to produce fermented foods, grows poorly in milk without supplementation. To solve this problem, we used fresh pineapple and mung bean juice to develop an edible proliferator for L. plantarum ST-III. Our comparative analysis of changes in metabolomics before and after fermentation revealed that amino acids, dipeptides, nucleotides, and vitamins were the most consumed compounds, implying the mechanism of proliferation. These results, in combination with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes metabolic pathway analysis, were used to screen substances that could promote the growth of L. plantarum ST-III in milk. To explore which component of the proliferator was required for L. plantarum ST-III growth, we supplemented milk with several combinations of substances from the proliferator that were identified as promoting growth. The experimental results showed that if any of these substances were missing, the concentration of viable bacteria was lower. The highest concentration of viable bacteria could only be obtained when all the substances were added to the milk. Compared with the control, the concentration of viable bacteria was about 32-fold higher in milk that contained the proliferator. Thus, the study proves that milk primarily lacks available amino acids, dipeptides, uracil, xanthine, nicotinamide, and manganese, which are necessary for the growth of L. plantarum ST-III. The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bi2O3 is an excellent visible light photocatalyst. However, the structural instability limits its activity and engineering application. To enhance the activity and stability, the composite of CQDs and Bi2O3 was constructed by solvothermal method, and the physical–chemical properties of prepared composite were characterized using XRD, TEM, XPS, FTIR and TPC. As the target pollutant, bisphenol A (BPA) was used to investigate the photocatalytic activity and the stability of CQDs@Bi2O3 by photodegradation experiment under the irradiation of simulated visible light, and butyl xanthate was used to prove the applicability by mung bean sprouts. As the results, the existence of CODs obviously promoted the photocatalytic activity of Bi2O3:10% CQDs@Bi2O3 could remove 93.7% of BPA in 120 min, and the reaction constant rate was almost 1.5 time of pure Bi2O3. Moreover, 10%CQDs@Bi2O3 could effectively remove butyl xanthate and greatly reduce the growth toxicity on mung bean sprouts. After doping with CQDs, the electron transfer path on the surface of the catalyst could effectively inhibit the electron–hole composite and improve the stability of the composite to a certain extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid and uniform seed germination and seedling emergence have been associated with grain yield under diverse environmental conditions. Twenty-one (21) mung bean accessions were evaluated at Ile-Ife and Kishi out-stations of the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR & T), Nigeria, to identify the emergence parameter(s) that could be selected for improvement of mung bean for yield. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replications. Data were collected on emergence and yield parameters and analysed using the Statistical Analysis Software (SAS). Mean, heritability, and correlation coefficient were estimated. Path coefficient analysis was used to partition correlations into direct and indirect effects using seed yield as the dependent variable. Heritability estimate was moderate to high for most of the traits. Accessions 3, 6, 14 and 15 with high pod and seed yield had also high values of coefficient of velocity of emergence (CVE) and emergence percentage (E%). All emergence parameters except emergence energy had significant correlation with yield traits. CVE and Emergence Index (EI) had strong positive correlation with number of seeds.pod-1 and pod yield. When only the emergence parameters were considered, CVE had highest direct effect (0.74) on seed yield followed by E% (-0.73) and EI (0.70). Total indirect effects of EI and CVE accounted for only 6.06% and 11.9% of the total correlation, respectively. It therefore suggests that EI and CVE are emergence parameters that could be selected for at early stage in improvement of mung bean for yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.), a widely cultivated legume, belongs to the Fabaceae family's Papilionoideae subfamily. Although Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) genes have been identified in several plant species, their presence and function in mung bean remain largely unexplored. In this study, we identified seven VrPEBP genes from mung bean and classified them into four clades: FT, MFT, TFL and FT-like. Cis-regulatory element analysis revealed that VrPEBP genes may play a role in light, hormone, and stress responses. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that VrPEBPs were constitutively expressed in various tissues. However, tissue-specific expression patterns were observed among VrPEBP genes. Under short-day (SD) conditions, VrFT1 and VrMFT1 exhibited significantly higher expression levels than under long-day (LD) conditions at 8 and 4 h, respectively. Conversely, VrTFL2 and VrTFL3 showed significantly higher expression levels under LD conditions compared to SD conditions at 8 and 12 h, respectively. The varied expression patterns of these genes under different photoperiod suggest their potential involvement in the photoperiodic regulation of flowering in mung bean. Additionally, phenotypic analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing VrFT1 revealed higher expression levels under SD conditions and predicted its role in promoting flowering. These results provide valuable insights into the evolution and function of PEBP genes in mung bean and lay the foundation for further research on their regulatory mechanisms and potential applications in mung bean improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manganese oxide loaded on activated alumina beads (MnOx/AABs) was prepared by one-pot hydrothermal method and applied to activate periodate (PI) towards the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) and other organic dyes. The catalyst was first characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and N2 sorption. Subsequently, the effects of catalyst dosage, oxidant dosage, initial pH as well as co-existing inorganic anion and humic acid on the performance of the MnOx/AABs/PI system were studied. Under optimum conditions (catalyst dosage = 15 beads, PI dosage = 0.2 g/L), the removal efficiency of 50 mg/L RhB reached 99.4%, with a total organic carbon removal efficiency of 51.0%. The removal efficiencies of several other organic dyes were in the range of 70%-95.1%. The leached amount of Mn was measured to be 0.027 mg/L. Mechanism studies revealed that 1O2, IO3⋅ and O2⋅− were identified to be responsible in this reaction system, and 1O2 played a decisive role. In addition, IO4− was converted to IO3− without other toxic products during the degradation process. Reusability test in both the batch and continuous modes showed that the catalyst could be efficiency regenerated by calcination. Combining the results of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and density functional theory calculations, the possible degradation pathway of RhB was proposed. Finally, toxicity evaluation of the degradation products of RhB was performed by theoretical calculations as well as experimental tests with Vigna radiata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of oxygen vacancies in enhancing photocatalytic activity has attracted increasing attention. In this work, ZnO nanorods with enriched surface oxygen vacancies were successfully synthesized via a facile hydrothermal process combined with calcination in the presence of urea, and the content of the oxygen vacancies could be tuned by adjusting the calcination temperature and time. The characterization results proved that the content of oxygen vacancies reached 45.47% with a calcination temperature and time of 500 °C and 4 h, respectively. Additionally, the increased oxygen vacancy content was conducive to not only narrowing the ZnO bandgap, but also accelerating the separation and transfer of photoproduced electron–hole pairs, thus enhancing the methylene blue (MB) removal. The maximum removal efficiency of MB reached 97.65% within 120 min under simulated sunlight irradiation, and the catalyst exhibited stable performance after five consecutive cycles. The degradation intermediates of MB determined by liquid chromatograph–mass spectrometer (LC–MS) were the aromatic and ring-opening products of demethylation, desulfurization and hydroxylation. The toxicities of these compounds decreased significantly based on the germination and growth of Vigna radiata. This study provides a controllable and simple strategy for the design of ZnO with abundant oxygen vacancies and high activity in a photocatalytic system under simulated sunlight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of mung bean seed coat polysaccharide (PS) on the physicochemical properties and freeze-thaw stability of rice starch (RS) gel was studied. Results showed that the addition of PS at concentrations of 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0% affected the physicochemical properties of RS. The onset gelatinization temperature of RS increased and the gelatinization enthalpy decreased with increasing the concentration of PS. PS caused a decrease in peak viscosity, breakdown, and setback but increase in pasting temperature. For the textural properties, PS at the concentration of 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0% reduced changes in RS gels hardness after 5 freeze-thaw cycles by 20.76, 35.91, and 47.57%, respectively, compared to the sample without PS. The syneresis of RS gels during freeze-thaw process was also reduced by the addition of PS especially at 1.0%. It is related with the results of ice crystal size when the addition of PS. Ice crystal image showed a dramatically reduced ice crystal size and modified ice shape influenced by PS. Retrogradation measurement, microstructure, and crystallinity of RS gels after repeated freeze-thaw cycles indicated the minimizing of starch retrogradation caused by PS. These results suggested that PS was effective in preserving quality in frozen rice starch-based products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of mung bean (Vigna radiata) protein consumption on endothelial function in middle-aged adults, focusing on antioxidant enzyme activity and anti-inflammatory markers. Mung beans have shown promise in enhancing cardiovascular function, lowering blood pressure, and improving lipid profiles, but the underlying mechanisms of these functions remain unclear. Conducted as a three-arm randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, this study involved male and female participants aged 45 to 60 and assigned them to consume either a placebo or a mung bean functional drink containing 10 or 15 g of mung bean protein daily for six weeks. Vasodilation was assessed using flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzyme activity, and inflammatory markers were measured at baseline and after the intervention. The results indicate that six weeks of mung bean consumption significantly benefits healthy middle-aged adults by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity and reducing inflammatory mediators' expression. Additionally, the increase in brachial artery diameter following FMD indicates improved endothelial function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the relationship between gel formation and the hierarchical structure of mung bean starch fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum has potential value for its green modification and quality improvement. The variations in characteristics, including gelation characteristics, starch chain, and the molecular order degree of mung bean starch fermented by different L. plantarum, were compared. The results show that in the gelation process, starch began to disintegrate at 65 °C, indicating a critical temperature for structural changes. Compared with the control group, although the effects of different L. plantarum sources on mung bean starch varied, notable improvements were observed in water absorption across all groups of fermented starch, along with reduced free water-soluble substances and enhanced anti-expansion ability. This led to the easier formation of gels with higher viscosity, primarily attributed to decreased crystallinity, increased short-chain amylopectin tendency, an elevated amylose content, and enhanced short-range order when microorganisms acted on the crystallization zone. In conclusion, although L. plantarum came from different sources, its action mode on mung bean starch was similar, which could enhance the gel structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the levels of major flavonoids, nutritional components, total secondary metabolite contents, and antioxidant activities in 136 mung bean accessions and statistically analyzed the effect of seed weight difference on each. Vitexin and isovitexin were detected in all the mung bean accessions, with isovitexin being in a higher concentration regardless of seed weight difference. The contents of total protein and total starch were in the ranges of 22.01–28.96 and 32.62–49.03 g/100 g, respectively. Five fatty acids were detected by GC–FID analysis in all mung bean accessions, with linoleic acid being the most dominant (37.96–50.71 g/100 g). Total saponin content (TSC), total phenol content (TPC), DPPH• scavenging activity, ABTS•+ scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) showed more than five-fold differences. Analysis of variance supported by multivariate analysis demonstrated that seed weight difference had a significant effect on total starch, all individual fatty acids except for stearic acid and oleic acid, TSC, and all antioxidant activities except for ABTS•+ scavenging activity. On the other hand, vitexin, isovitexin, total protein, total phenol, and total fatty acid contents remained unaffected by seed weight difference. Overall, this study showed the diversity of key flavonoids, nutritional components, total secondary metabolite contents, and antioxidant activities in mung bean genetic materials. Moreover, the study unveiled how seed weight affects the analyzed parameters in mung beans for the first time. These findings could maximize the use of mung beans in food industries and breeding programs as well as lead to more studies in metabolomics and genomics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The structuring of plant-based meat alternatives is a complex process which is highly dependent on qualitative and quantitative proportion of different ingredients. In the present study, starch, protein, and oil concentrations were optimized for the formulation of meat alternative (MA) using response surface methodology (RSM). Methods: Protein isolates of mung bean and pea protein, & corn starch were used along with sunflower oil to formulate meat alternatives using heat-induced gelation. The protein functionality of mungbean protein isolate (MBPI) and pea protein isolate (PPI) were analyzed. In addition, the effects of constituent composition on the physicochemical properties of meat alternatives were studied using RSM. Results: The protein content exhibited an elevation with increased levels of MBPI and PPI in 15:15 ratio. Moisture and hardness were chiefly influenced by oil content, as they displayed a decline with increasing oil levels. The color (L*) was principally affected by starch and oil, where the L* reduced with increasing levels of both variables. Springiness was influenced by the interaction of protein ratio (MBPI:PPI) and starch, as it showed a lowest value at the lowest level of protein and the highest level of starch. Chewiness was influenced by the interaction of hardness and springiness. The microstructure analysis showed dense protein matrix in the meat alternative. Discussion: Overall, the study shows that starch facilitated the structuring of meat alternative formulated using MBPI and PPI which could be utilized as potential materials for enhanced textural properties of the meat alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multi-season research trial entitled 'crop residue management effects on yield and water productivity of summer mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) under different irrigation regimes in Indian Punjab' was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Regional Research Station (RRS), Bathinda, during rabi 2020 and 2021. The field experiment was conducted in a split-plot layout with nine treatment combinations and replicated thrice. The treatments consisted of T1 (no wheat residue along with tillage), T2 (leftover wheat residue with zero tillage), and T3 (incorporated wheat residue along with tillage) in main plots and irrigation regimes viz., I1 (vegetative growth and flowering stage), I2 (vegetative growth, flowering, and pod filling stage) and I3 (vegetative growth, flowering, pod formation and pod filling stage) in sub-plots, respectively. The growth and yield attributing characters were significantly higher under T3 than T1 but statistically at par with T2 during both years. An increase of 24.1% and 19.0% in grain yield was found in residue incorporation (T3) and residue retention (T2) over residue removal (T1), respectively. Maximum crop and irrigation water productivity was observed under T3 due to reduced water use and increased yield. Among the irrigation regimes, the I3 recorded significantly higher grain yield (0.70 and 0.79 t ha− 1) than I1. It was at par with I2 during both years due to higher irrigation frequency at the pod formation and pod filling stage. Crop water productivity (CWP) was higher under I3, whereas irrigation water productivity (IWP) was higher under I1 during both years. Additional irrigation at the pod-filling stage increased the grain yield by 36.5%, and two additional irrigations at the pod-formation and pod-filling stage further increased yield by 46.2% compared to only two irrigations at the vegetative and flowering stages. The treatment combinations of T2I2 and T3I2 outperformed T1I3 in terms of growth and yield attributing characters viz. plant height, dry matter accumulation (DMA), leaf area index (LAI), pods plant− 1, seeds pod− 1, and 1000-seed weight, which resulted in higher grain yield in these treatment combinations over T1I3. Applying crop residue can help minimize water use and increase crop water productivity. So, retaining crop residue in summer mung bean resulted in saving irrigation water due to lesser evapotranspiration from the soil surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black gram and green gram are important pulse crops in India, but their production has faced fluctuations and stagnancy in yields over the last few decades. The Government of India has implemented several measures to enhance crop yield, including recommending and promoting the adoption of crop‐specific agronomic practices. However, there is limited empirical evidence on the determinants of the adoption of these practices and their impact on yield and income. In this context, this study analyses the determinants of the adoption of climate and plant management practices among black gram and green gram farmers and their impact on yield, crop revenue and net income across four major crop‐producing Indian states using a multinomial endogenous treatment effects model. Our analysis shows that information, contact with government extension services and access to off‐farm activities are crucial in adopting climate and plant management practices. The results strengthen the view that the adoption of knowledge‐intensive practices happens via formal information sources and plot‐level demonstrations. In addition, the results indicate that farmers who experience frequent crop loss exhibit an aversion towards adopting climate and plant management practices. While adopting these practices had a positive impact on crop yield and crop revenue, the impact on net income was observed only in the case of climate management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yellow mosaic disease (YMD) is a major constraint for the low productivity of mungbean, mainly in South Asia. Addressing this issue requires a comprehensive approach, integrating field and challenge inoculation evaluations to identify effective solutions. In this study, an infectious clone of Begomovirus vignaradiataindiaense (MYMIV) was developed to obtain a pure culture of the virus and to confirm resistance in mungbean plants exhibiting resistance under natural field conditions. The infectivity and efficiency of three Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains (EHA105, LBA4404, and GV3101) were evaluated using the susceptible mungbean genotype PS16. Additionally, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population comprising 175 lines derived from Pusa Baisakhi (MYMIV susceptible) and PMR-1 (MYMIV resistant) cross was developed and assessed for YMD response. Among the tested Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains, EHA105 exhibited the highest infectivity (84.7%), followed by LBA4404 (54.7%) and GV3101 (9.80%). Field resistance was evaluated using the coefficient of infection (CI) and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), identifying seven RILs with consistent resistant reactions (CI≤9) and low AUDPC (≤190). Upon challenge inoculation, six RILs exhibited resistance, while RIL92 displayed a resistance response, with infection occurring in less than 10% of plants after 24 to 29 days post inoculation (dpi). Despite some plants remaining asymptomatic, MYMIV presence was confirmed through specific PCR amplification of the MYMIV coat protein (AV1) gene. Quantitative PCR revealed a very low relative viral load (0.1–5.1% relative fold change) in asymptomatic RILs and the MYMIV resistant parent (PMR1) compared to the susceptible parent (Pusa Baisakhi). These findings highlight the potential utility of the developed infectious clone and the identified MYMIV-resistant RILs in future mungbean breeding programs aimed at cultivating MYMIV-resistant varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mungbean plays a significant role in global food and nutritional security. However, the recent drastic rise in atmospheric temperature has posed an imminent threat to mungbean cultivation. Therefore, this study investigates the growth and physiological changes of 87 mungbean germplasm lines under heat stress. Genotypes were examined using parameters including leaf area, chlorophyll content, membrane stability index (MSI), stomatal conductance, pollen viability, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant, number of seeds/pod, 100-seed weight and grain yield/plant under heat stress and control environments. A wide range of variation was observed for these traits among genotypes under heat stress and control environments. Genotypes were also identified with variable responses under both environments. The phenotypic expression of selected promising accessions was also validated in control environment conditions at the National Phytotron facility. The selected promising genotypes viz., IC76475, IC418452 and IC489062 validated their heat tolerance behavior for key candidate genes revealed by quantitative realtime PCR (qRT-PCR). These mungbean genotypes can act as potential resources in the mungbean improvement programs for heat stress tolerance. This study also provides a comprehensive understanding of the key mechanisms underlying heat tolerance in mungbean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study aims to address the gap in understanding of the impact of the sample quantity, traceability range, and shelf life on the accuracy of mung bean origin traceability models based on near-infrared spectroscopy. Mung beans from Baicheng City, Jilin Province, Dorbod Mongol Autonomous, Tailai County, Heilongjiang Province, and Sishui County, Shandong Province, China, were used. Through near-infrared spectral acquisition (12,000–4000 cm−1) and preprocessing (Standardization, Savitzky–Golay, Standard Normal Variate, and Multiplicative Scatter Correction) of the mung bean samples, the total cumulative variance contribution rate of the first three principal components was determined to be 98.16% by using principal component analysis, and the overall discriminatory correctness of its four origins combined with the K-nearest neighbor method was 98.67%. We further investigated how varying sample quantities, traceability ranges, and shelf lives influenced the discrimination accuracy. Our results indicated a 4% increase in the overall correct discrimination rate. Specifically, larger traceability ranges (Tailai-Sishui) improved the accuracy by over 2%, and multiple shelf lives (90–180–270–360 d) enhanced the accuracy by 7.85%. These findings underscore the critical role of sample quantity and diversity in traceability studies, suggesting that broader traceability ranges and comprehensive sample collections across different shelf lives can significantly improve the accuracy of origin discrimination models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Salinity is one of the considerable factors which wanes crop productivity especially in arid and semi-arid realms of the world. The stress created by high soil salinity can cause osmotic stress, specific ion toxicity, nutritional imbalance, hormonal dysfunction and oxidative damage. A study was carried out to determine the effect of manganese (Mn) on growth rate index (GRI), Nodulation status, total nitrogen content, total amino acid content and total protein content of mungbean plants under salinity. Methods: Three indices were used to evaluate the effect of salt stress on development of mungbean plants (100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl). Untreated plants served as control expect. Mn was supplied to the plants in form of manganese chloride (MnCl2). The plant samples were analyzed for 65 days at every 10-day interval. Result: The results revealed that low level of salinity (100 mM NaCl) showed a significant increment in all the above observed parameters, while higher concentrations (200 mM and 300 mM) decreased the mentioned attributes. Foliar spraying with Mn (0.15%) mitigated the deleterious impacts of salinity and enhanced growth, nodulation and biochemical parameters. Thus, foliar treatment with Mn can be used in increasing the tolerance capacity of the plant and to enhance the nitrogen fixing ability of the plant under salinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research analyzed the impact of exposing mung bean sprouts to ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation for different periods (2, 5, and 10 min). Treated sprouts were preserved at 5°C and 85-95% relative humidity for 6 days. Irradiation for 10 min effectively reduced fresh weight loss, electrolyte leakage, and microbial count and maintained the firmness of sprouts. It also positively influenced the bioactive components, including antioxidants, total phenols, and protein, potentially providing health benefits to consumers. In addition, prolonged UV-C exposure for 10 min leads to oxidative stress, marked by a rise in malondialdehyde, proline, and hydrogen peroxide content. These compounds assist in stress reduction and preserve secondary metabolites. This research implies that postharvest 10 min UV-C irradiation offers a potential approach to uphold quality while maximizing the nutritional value of mung bean sprouts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present investigation was effectuated to study mungbean germplasms with an objective to estimate the genetic variability parameterssuch as coefficient of variation, heritability andgenetic advance for yield and its contributing traits. Methods: The experimental material comprises of forty mungbean genotypes evaluated during Kharif-2017. An experimental study was conducted with emphasis on the selection of superior along with highly variable genotypes thatwere analyzed in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Result: The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the genotypic variations were significant for all of the traits and magnitude of variation was found high for clusters per plant followed by harvest index and seed yield per plant. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was recorded for clusters per plant (96.00%, 65.48%), seed yield per plant (96.00%, 45.78%), pods per plant (93.00%, 44.81%), harvest index (86.00%, 44.42%). Thus, the present findings could be beneficial to develop superior genotypes through selection in mungbean breeding program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterosis has long been harnessed in crop production, and while crop fertility lays the groundwork for leveraging heterosis, there remains a dearth of comprehensive data regarding genic male sterility in mungbean. Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), being a self‐pollinating crop, exhibits significant hybrid vigour in F1 hybrid seed yield, suggesting the potential for developing hybrid varieties to propel mungbean yield beyond existing plateaus. A new male sterile mutant was induced, isolated, stabilized and evaluated, via gamma irradiation at a rate of 600 Gy, identified in the M3 generation of the GM 4 accession. A uniform male sterile line was crossbred with the wild‐type parental plant to explore the inheritance pattern of male sterility. Pollen sterility was validated through the acetocarmine test, while stigma viability was ascertained using the hydrogen peroxide. While all F1 plants displayed fertile flowers, the F2 generation showed a clear 3:1 segregation ratio for fertile to male sterile plants, indicating the control of male sterility by a single recessive gene, mms. Also, a novel existence of a truncated stigma nestled within the anther column inhibits the effective reception of pollen during anthesis, offering potential in reducing emasculation time by a slight cut on the flower bud and enhancing cross pollination during hybrid seed production. The isolation of these two mutants is poised to significantly advance the global mungbean hybrid breeding programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given that mung beans constitute a significant nutrient source in many cultures, it is worthwhile to investigate ways to improve their nutritional and functional properties. The effect of fermentation of mung beans by Bacillus subtilis subsp. natto was investigated in various reactor designs, including static, shaking flasks, and soft elastic tubular reactors (SETR). The results showed that all three processes might affect the substrate, resulting in changes in the protein and carbohydrate fractions. We noticed an increase in soluble protein and serine levels, which we attribute to the proteases produced during fermentation. Through XRD, FTIR, and DSC analyses, it was also discovered that whereas static and shaking flask fermentation might raise relative crystallinity and peak temperature, fermentation performed on the SETR decreased these values. It was also possible to notice that SETR might induce a change in the particle size distribution of the substrate through a complex impact of mechanical forces, mixing, and microbial activity, which could be helpful to some aspects of the process. To summarize, fermentation of mung beans by Bacillus. subtilis subsp. natto could be an attractive approach for producing a food ingredient with various functional and nutritional properties. Furthermore, the SETR has been shown to be a viable technique for dealing with high solid load substrates, whether as the reactor for the entire process or as a first stage/pre-treatment step, and its applicability in bioprocesses should be explored further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the multiple health benefits of vitexin, a natural flavonoid glycoside, its extremely low solubility, poor absorption, and low bioavailability hinder its effective use. This study attempted to enhance the solubility, antioxidant activity, and bioavailability of vitexin by nanoencapsulation in a delivery system of mung bean protein isolate nanoparticles through the processes of pH shifting and pH shifting combined with ultrasonication. The results showed that the combined method significantly induced protein denaturation and promoted protein-vitexin interactions via hydrophobic interactions, in comparison to pH shifting alone. The vitexin-loaded nanoparticles prepared using the combined method had an average size of 40.99 nm, a homogeneous size distribution (0.267), and a zeta potential of − 31.68 mV. The encapsulation efficiency of the nanoparticles produced through the combined method (88.52%) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared to those prepared using pH shifting alone (52.10%). Additionally, the solubility and antioxidant activity of the encapsulated vitexin were markedly increased. High stability of the nanoparticles during dynamic in vitro gastrointestinal digestion was observed by sodium dodecyl sulfate‒polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The amount of vitexin remaining in the nanoparticles after digestion was 72.89%, which was available for absorption. In summary, this study successfully enhanced the solubility, antioxidant activity, and bioavailability of vitexin through nanoencapsulation in mung bean protein isolate nanoparticles using a combination of pH shifting and ultrasonication, demonstrating significant improvements over pH shifting alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological and organic fertilizers application under drought stress can reduce the adverse effects of this global issue and improve plant growth and development parameters. Therefore, this study was conducted in two crop years of 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 in the climatic conditions of Chalus city, Iran. The split-factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a basic randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The main factor included irrigation deficit at three levels (100, 80, and 60% of water requirement) and the secondary factors included biological fertilizer (control, mycorrhizal fungus, and Enterobacter) and organic fertilizer (no use, 16, and 24 tons per hectare) in a factorial manner. The results of the mean comparison showed that the highest seed yield was observed in the second year under 100% irrigation and application of 24 t/h of organic fertilizer and mycorrhiza at the rate of 126.1 g/m2; Subsequently, theco application of 80% water requirement and 24 t/h of organic fertilizer and Enterobacter treatments in the second year caused the highest amount of 124.3 g/m2. Generally, the 60% water requirement reduced grain yield compared to other water requirements levels. According to the results of this study, the organic and biological fertilization under drought stress conditions can significantly improve the quantitative and qualitative yield of mung bean. Therefore, it is recommended that the organic and biological fertilizers can be applied in drylands to mitigate drought stress conditions, and improve the growth, yield and quality of mung beans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prostate cancer is the most common oncological disease in men and one of leading causes of death worldwide. Growing evidence has demonstrated the effectiveness of mung bean bioactive compounds in suppressing various cancer cells. However, their effects and underlying mechanisms on prostate cancer have not been verified. The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutical effects and underlying mechanisms of mung bean compounds against prostate cancer. Results: The results revealed that 56 proteins related to prostate cancer could be modulated by mung bean, including several vital proteins of SRC (Sarcoma), Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8 (MAPK8), Heat shock protein 90 kDa alpha member A1 (HSP90AA1), and Harvey Rat sarcoma virus (HRAS). It was also found that the potential pathways associated with prostate cancer pathogenesis comprising pyrimidine metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and prolactin signaling pathways. Of 19 mung bean compounds docked to four key proteins reveal three promising compound (dulcinoside, peonidin-3-glucoside, and chlorogenic acid) with lower binding affinity score of − 7.7, − 12.2, − 9.0, and − 6.5 kcal/mol against SRC, MAPK8, HSP90AA1, and HRAS, respectively in their site of action. Dynamic simulation results also showed values of − 36.52 ± 2.93, − 35.93 ± 1.67, and − 35.77 ± 1.17 kJ/mol for Dulcinoside-SRC, Dulcinoside-MAPK8, and P3G-HSP90AA1 complexes, respectively. The binding of the compound occur in stable and flexible with the proteins. Moreover, all mung bean compounds predicted to have good ADMET properties. Conclusions: The study concluded that dulcinoside, peonidin-3-glucoside, and chlorogenic acid potentially exhibited anticancer activity against prostate cancer in silico. Nevertheless, further studies such as in vitro and in vivo are needed to optimize and prove the efficacy of the mung brand and its compounds against prostate cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite substantial evidence suggesting that hydrogen gas (H2) can enhance osmotic tolerance in plants, the conventional supply method of hydrogen-rich water (HRW) poses challenges for large-scale agricultural applications. Recently, magnesium hydride (MgH2), a hydrogen storage material in industry, has been reported to yield beneficial effects in plants. This study aimed to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of MgH2 in plants under osmotic stress. Mung bean seedlings were cultured under control conditions or with 20% polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000, with or without MgH2 addition (0.01 g L−1). Under our experimental conditions, the MgH2 solution maintained a higher H2 content and longer retention time than HRW. Importantly, PEG-stimulated endogenous H2 production was further triggered by MgH2 application. Further results revealed that MgH2 significantly alleviated the inhibition of seedling growth and reduced oxidative damage induced by osmotic stress. Pharmacological evidence suggests the MgH2-reestablished redox homeostasis was associated with activated antioxidant systems, particularly the ascorbate–glutathione cycle. The above observations were further supported by the enhanced activities and gene transcriptional levels of ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase. Overall, this study demonstrates the importance of MgH2 in mitigating osmotic stress in mung bean seedlings, providing novel insights into the potential agricultural applications of hydrogen storage materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of alkaline solutions on the production and characteristics of mung bean proteins (MBPs). MBPs were prepared using alkaline solutions of NaOH, NaHCO3, and Na2CO3 and designated MPN, MPH, and MPC, respectively. The yield, protein recovery, and crude protein content of MBP were not significantly different at different alkali concentrations (0.01–0.1%). Although there was no significant difference in MBP yield between alkali types, protein recovery and crude protein content increased in the following order: MPN > MPC > MPH. The essential and branched-chain amino acid contents, molecular weight distribution, and ζ-potential did not differ between MBPs. Regarding MBP pH-dependent solubility, MPN solubility was lower at pH 6–8 than that of MPH and MPC. This pattern was commonly observed for other physical properties. Overall, MBP was prepared using NaHCO3, and Na2CO3 and its functional properties were better when Na2CO3 was used than when NaOH was used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land suitability analysis is essential for informed farming decisions, revealing an area's natural potential and limitations. The primary objective of this research is to determine the suitability of land for cultivating major food grain crops like Kharif rice, Rabi rice, and Green gram in the Sundarban region of India using geostatistics, the fuzzy-AHP (FAHP) algorithm, and GIS tools. Local experts' insights were harnessed to ascertain the relative importance of 19 thematic layers encompassing climatic, soil, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. These were combined using the FAHP model in a GIS to produce a cropland suitability map. The soil parameters were best fitted using spherical and Gaussian semi-variogram models, which showed the best performance. Land suitability analysis revealed that highly suitable (S1) areas were most extensive for Rabi rice (21.65%), followed by those for Kharif rice (16%) and Green gram (11.8%). Moderately suitable (S2) areas dominated the landscape, with those for Kharif rice (68.70%) and Rabi rice (65.32%) exhibiting significantly larger extents than those for Green gram (44.28%). Minor limitations restricted these areas due to low organic content, salt stress, acidic pH, sandy-loamy soil texture, shallow soil depth, and poor-quality irrigation water. Marginally suitable (S3) areas for Kharif rice (14.97%), Rabi rice (12.62%), and Green gram (37.88%) were less extensive, while not suitable (N) areas were minimal (0.33–6.04%). The dependability of the FAHP procedure in suitability assessment was validated using the area under curve (AUC), which was found to be substantial for Kharif rice (81.20%), Rabi rice (83.30%), and Green gram (79.41%). The study concluded that the combined FAHP algorithm in GIS is a practical approach for assessing accurately land suitability for producing specific crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct application of low-grade rock phosphate (RP) is a less expensive alternative than the application of chemical phosphorus (P) for small holders relying on nutrient-deficient weathered soils. However, the effect of RP application on growth and yield is unstable for different crop species and soil water conditions. To identify legume species effective for RP direct application, five tropical legumes (cowpea, groundnut, bambara nut, mung bean, and soybean) were tested under two soil types with different water-holding capacities in Sudan Savanna; Lixisols and Plinthosols. The experiment was conducted under three conditions of P treatment, namely, RP application, triple super phosphate (TSP) application, and no phosphorus fertilizer application (0P). Under RP treatment, higher grain yield was obtained in Lixisols, which had a higher water-holding capacity. However, the yield increase was suppressed in the year with more rainfall owing to drastic changes in the soil moisture content, which caused excessive soil moisture stress during vegetative growth periods. Among the five legume species, cowpea and groundnut showed higher grain yields under the RP treatment than did other species. RP application increased shoot biomass but caused small changes in the shoot P and N concentrations. Soybean in Plinthosols had the highest yield ratio of RP/0P, but the absolute yield was low because of the insufficient soil water availability caused by the low water-holding capacity. RP direct application can assist shoot growth and yield, but it rarely compensates for basal yield differences between soil types and among legume species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Under water stress conditions, intercropping can be used as a strategy for maximum use of sunlight and limited water resources. Due to the difference in morphological and physiological traits, the two plants corn and mung bean may be suitable for intercropping under drought stress; Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of drought stress on the physiological traits and yield of corn and mung beans in monocultures and intercropping in order to study the possibility of reducing water consumption in this production system. Materials and methods: An experiment was carried out as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Ilam University during 2019-2020 growing season. The main plot were four water regimes including (40, 60, 80, and 100% of the plant's water requirement) and the subplots were include the planting pattern at four levels (additive intercropping series 100% corn + 50% mung bean, replacement intercropping series 50% corn + 50% mung bean and monocultures of mung bean and corn). The application of drought stress started after the establishment stage of the plant and continued until the harvest. At the end of the growth period, some physiological traits of both plants were measured, including photosynthetic pigments, photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, proline amount, leaf relative water content and grain yield. Finally, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using Minitab 14 and SAS 9.1 softwares and the means compared by HSD test at 5% probability level (p≤0.05). Results and discussion: The results showed the highest rate of photosynthesis (25.4 µmol CO2.m-2.s-1) was obtained in the treatment of 100% water requirement and the lowest rate of photosynthesis was obtained in 40% water requirement, which showed a decrease of 68.5% compared to the well-watered conditions. The rate of photosynthesis of corn in the replacement intercropping of 50% corn + 50% mung bean was 18.3% higher compared to monocultures corn. The highest rate of mung bean photosynthesis was observed in replacement intercropping under conditions of 100% water requirement and additive intercropping series under 80% water requirement, and the lowest rate of mung bean photosynthesis was observed in intercropping under conditions of 60 and 40% water requirement. Dehydration stress decreased the amount of total chlorophyll in mung beans and corn. The highest intercellular CO2 concentration (475.5 mmol of CO2.m-2.s-1) and the temperature of the corn leaf (36.7 °C) belonged to the 40% water requirement treatment. The rate of transpiration of corn and mung bean decreased by 55.56 and 61.43% in the condition of 40% water requirement compared to well-watered conditions. Water stress reduced the relative water content of corn and mung bean. The highest proline in corn and mung leaves (46.3 and 45.23 µmol.g-1.FW-1, respectively) was obtained in the treatment of 40% water requirement, which had no significant difference with 60% water requirement. Corn grain yield in the treatment of 40% water requirement showed a decrease of 52.76% compared to 100% water requirement. Monocultures (3945.8 kg.ha-1) and intercropping (3875.1 kg.ha-1) had the highest corn grain yield, and the lowest corn grain yield in replacement intercropping was 2700 kg ha-1. At all irrigation levels, the highest grain yield of mung bean was obtained in monocultures, and the yield decreased in additive and replacement intercropping, and additive intercropping had the lowest grain yield. The values of land equality ratio of all intercropping patterns were greater than one, which indicates the advantage of corn and mung bean intercropping patterns to use land and increase yield. Conclusion: Considering the occurrence of recent droughts in arid and semi-arid regions of the country and the need for forage in these regions, the cultivation of forage plants, especially corn, is inevitable. Therefore, one of the appropriate strategies to protection in management and water consumption is the intercropping of this plant with plants of the legume such as mung bean. Intercropping can partially moderate the effects of drought stress on plant water conditions. In general, it seems that the patterns of intercropping and substitution, due to having higher grain yield potential, is a suitable strategy for producing higher yield and stability of this plant compared to monocultural under well-watered and stress water. Acknowledgments: This research has been carried out using the research credits of Ilam University, by which we express our thanks and appreciation to the respected Assistance of Research and Technology of Ilam University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The mung bean crop (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) is widely recognized as a key source of pulse food worldwide. However, this crop suffers substantial yield losses due to humid environments, particularly from infestations by the fungal pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina, which causes charcoal rot disease. This infestation results in significant agronomic losses, affecting both the crop’s growth characteristics and overall yield. Previous research suggests that these losses can be mitigated through environmentally friendly soil amendments, such as biochar, as well as by applying various nanofungicides. This study aims to explore the potential of biochar and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) to reduce the severity of charcoal rot disease and enhance the agronomic traits and yield of mung bean plants affected by this disease. The experiment was conducted in triplicate, applying ZnONPs at three concentrations (5, 10, and 20 mg. L− 1) via foliar spraying, combined with two levels of biochar (20 g and 40 g per pot). Positive and negative control treatments were also included for comparison. The results demonstrated that applying 40 g of biochar per pot and 20 mg. L− 1 of foliar-applied ZnONPs increased the activities of the anti-oxidative defence enzymes. Additionally, this treatment strategy boosted the plants’ disease resistance mechanisms, leading to lower mortality rates and reduced levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) by 61.7% and 49.23%. Moreover, the treatment positively impacted key growth parameters, increasing total chlorophyll content by 43%, plant height by 47%, and legume count per plant by 80.4%. The application of biochar and ZnONPs also improved seed protein content, reflecting an enhancement in nutritional quality. This study supports the use of biochar and ZnONPs as biostimulants to manage yield losses in mung bean crops affected by charcoal rot disease. The future prospects of using ZnONPs and biochar as treatments in agriculture are promising, as they offer innovative, eco-friendly solutions to enhance crop productivity, improve soil health, and reduce reliance on synthetic chemicals, paving the way for more sustainable and resilient agricultural systems.

Abstract Callosobruchus maculatus and Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) are the two predominant species of pulse beetle, found in India, which are generally wrongly identified. Both species are the most economical insect-pest of pulses and can cause huge quantitative losses. Both are sexually dimorphic and can be differentiated based on some morphological characteristics. The culture of both species was maintained separately at 27 ± 10C and 65 ± 5% RH in the laboratory and the observations on morphometry of various developmental stages viz., egg, larval, pupal and adult male and females were analyzed. During storage, both species develop independently, therefore, the interspecifics of C. maculatus and C. chinensis (first case: C. maculatus ♀ and C. chinensis ♂, second case: C. chinensis ♀ and C. maculatus ♂) were tried to develop. In the first case, females of C. maculatus laid very minute eggs all the eggs could not hatch to develop larvae it showing that the eggs of intersex were infertile. However, in the second case there were no eggs produced by the female C. chinensis.

In order to improve the baking characteristics and nutritional quality of mung bean bread, mung bean sourdough was made by fermenting mung bean flour using Northwest leavening head, and then combined with yeast as a compound leavening agent to make mung bean bread. The microbial composition of the Northwest leavening head was analyzed to clarify the composition of its microflora, the Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and rheometer were used to analyze the changing pattern of the secondary structure and viscoelasticity of gluten proteins in the dough of the mung bean bread, and the texture meter was used in combination with the sensory assessment to evaluate the sensory quality of the mung bean bread. The results showed that the phytic acid content of the mung bean sourdough fermented in the Northwest fermentation head was reduced by 44.71% at 6 h of fermentation, and the pH and total titration acidity (TTA) were 6.29 and 11.03 mL, respectively. Compared with the control group, the bread with added mung bean sourdough showed a decrease in the modulus of elasticity and viscous modulus of the dough, an increase in the plasticity of the dough, the content of α-helices and β-folds in the secondary structure of proteins, and the stability of the dough. The antioxidant results showed that the scavenging ability of mung bean bread for both DPPH and ABTS+ free radicals also significantly increased (P

Abstract A multi-season research trial entitled ‘crop residue management effects on yield and water productivity of summer mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) under different irrigation regimes in Indian Punjab’ was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Regional Research Station (RRS), Bathinda, during rabi 2020 and 2021. The field experiment was conducted in a split-plot layout with nine treatment combinations and replicated thrice. The treatments consisted of T1 (no wheat residue along with tillage), T2 (leftover wheat residue with zero tillage), and T3 (incorporated wheat residue along with tillage) in main plots and irrigation regimes viz., I1 (vegetative growth and flowering stage), I2 (vegetative growth, flowering, and pod filling stage) and I3 (vegetative growth, flowering, pod formation and pod filling stage) in sub-plots, respectively. The growth and yield attributing characters were significantly higher under T3 than T1 but statistically at par with T2 during both years. An increase of 24.1% and 19.0% in grain yield was found in residue incorporation (T3) and residue retention (T2) over residue removal (T1), respectively. Maximum crop and irrigation water productivity was observed under T3 due to reduced water use and increased yield. Among the irrigation regimes, the I3 recorded significantly higher grain yield (0.70 and 0.79 t ha− 1) than I1. It was at par with I2 during both years due to higher irrigation frequency at the pod formation and pod filling stage. Crop water productivity (CWP) was higher under I3, whereas irrigation water productivity (IWP) was higher under I1 during both years. Additional irrigation at the pod-filling stage increased the grain yield by 36.5%, and two additional irrigations at the pod-formation and pod-filling stage further increased yield by 46.2% compared to only two irrigations at the vegetative and flowering stages. The treatment combinations of T2I2 and T3I2 outperformed T1I3 in terms of growth and yield attributing characters viz. plant height, dry matter accumulation (DMA), leaf area index (LAI), pods plant− 1, seeds pod− 1, and 1000-seed weight, which resulted in higher grain yield in these treatment combinations over T1I3. Applying crop residue can help minimize water use and increase crop water productivity. So, retaining crop residue in summer mung bean resulted in saving irrigation water due to lesser evapotranspiration from the soil surface.

Abstract Background Prostate cancer is the most common oncological disease in men and one of leading causes of death worldwide. Growing evidence has demonstrated the effectiveness of mung bean bioactive compounds in suppressing various cancer cells. However, their effects and underlying mechanisms on prostate cancer have not been verified. The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutical effects and underlying mechanisms of mung bean compounds against prostate cancer. Results The results revealed that 56 proteins related to prostate cancer could be modulated by mung bean, including several vital proteins of SRC (Sarcoma), Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8 (MAPK8), Heat shock protein 90 kDa alpha member A1 (HSP90AA1), and Harvey Rat sarcoma virus (HRAS). It was also found that the potential pathways associated with prostate cancer pathogenesis comprising pyrimidine metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and prolactin signaling pathways. Of 19 mung bean compounds docked to four key proteins reveal three promising compound (dulcinoside, peonidin-3-glucoside, and chlorogenic acid) with lower binding affinity score of − 7.7, − 12.2, − 9.0, and − 6.5 kcal/mol against SRC, MAPK8, HSP90AA1, and HRAS, respectively in their site of action. Dynamic simulation results also showed values of − 36.52 ± 2.93, − 35.93 ± 1.67, and − 35.77 ± 1.17 kJ/mol for Dulcinoside-SRC, Dulcinoside-MAPK8, and P3G-HSP90AA1 complexes, respectively. The binding of the compound occur in stable and flexible with the proteins. Moreover, all mung bean compounds predicted to have good ADMET properties. Conclusions The study concluded that dulcinoside, peonidin-3-glucoside, and chlorogenic acid potentially exhibited anticancer activity against prostate cancer in silico. Nevertheless, further studies such as in vitro and in vivo are needed to optimize and prove the efficacy of the mung brand and its compounds against prostate cancer. Graphical abstract