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Describes experiments on properties of leather performed by a science teacher, assisted by senior science students. Concludes that the finish layer contributes a major part of the resistance to air passage, reducing permeability of leather. Flexing increases permeability and may, in its action, discriminate between finishes. (Author/JN)

The study was performed to investigate the biosorption mechanism of Diclofenac Sodium and Ketotifen Fumarate onto CCL biosorbent using isotherms models (Langmuir, Freundlich). Effects of parameters influencing the biosorption such as temperature, pH, biosorbent dose, contact time and biosorbate initial concentration were all investigated and optimised using a batch system. The comparison between various models indicates that the nonlinear form of Langmuir model was the best way to describe the equilibrium data that were approved using error functions: the coefficient of determination (R2), Average relative error (ARE), the sum of the squares of the errors (SSE), Marquardt's percent standard deviation (MPSD), Hybrid fractional error function (HYBRID), Sum of the absolute errors (SAE) and 'sum of the normalised errors (SNE)' parameter. The kinetics experimental data was best predicted by the pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption mechanism identified external mass transfer as the principal measure of velocity control step. Thermodynamically, the process is spontaneous, exothermic and the adsorption was more favourable at lower temperatures. It was found that the regeneration is required as it changes the surface morphology of the biosorbent. Therefore, CCL biosorbent is considered as cost-effective and eco-efficient for removing Diclofenac and Ketotifen adsorbate from aqueous media by adsorption technique especially with its low cost preparation and regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Introduction Objectives Methods Results Conclusion Traces of hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), are a major concern for skin contact with Cr‐tanned leather. Current extraction methods (ISO 17075‐1:2017) for Cr(VI) testing do not necessarily reflect the true potential of surface‐formed Cr(VI), as extracted concentrations are dependent on previous storage and atmospheric conditions.To test whether a spiking method protocol can distinguish leathers with high and low risks of releasing Cr(VI).Two groups of leather types were selected based on previously detected Cr(VI) (group A) and optimal tanning practices with high antioxidants (group B), corresponding to a high and low risk of forming and keeping Cr(VI). Leathers were spiked with different concentrations up to 10 mg/kg of Cr(VI) and incubated at 80°C for 24 h prior to the ISO 17075‐1:2017 extraction protocol.All Cr(VI) was reduced by group B leathers, whereas all group A leather extracts contained detectable Cr(VI) that was dependent on the exact leather type and the amount initially spiked.Pre‐treatment of samples with supplemental Cr(VI) is a potential method for determining the reduction capabilities of leather, which are closely related to the risk of Cr(VI) formation. 10 mg/kg spiking unambiguously distinguished leathers with high and low risks of forming Cr(VI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. The aim of this study was to estimate heritability and genetic correlations, first among behavioural responses of juvenile South African Black ostriches towards humans and secondly with slaughter weight and skin traits. 2. Behavioural traits, such as willingness of the birds to approach humans, keeping a distance from the human observer and allowing touch interactions by a human were recorded (n = 1012 birds). In addition, slaughter weight, skin size, scores for nodule size, nodule shape and the presence of hair follicles were recorded. 3. Single- and multi-trait animal model analyses performed on the data using ASReml4 revealed high heritability estimates of 0.44 for allowing touch interactions and 0.48 for both willingness to approach and keeping a distance from the human observer. In addition, significant genetic correlations among behavioural response traits were estimated, ranging from −0.99 between keeping a distance and willingness to approach the human observer, to 0.87 between allowing touch interactions and willingness to approach the human observer. 4. In contrast, genetic correlations of behavioural response traits with most slaughter and skin traits were low, variable, and not significant. The exception was hair follicle score, which appeared to be unfavourably correlated with key behavioural traits. 5. This study suggested that the temperament of ostriches could be improved by selection of birds that demonstrate willingness to associate with humans without compromising slaughter weight or skin traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of walnut shell extract (Juglans regia) on chromium (VI) formation in leather during the finishing process is investigated in this study. The walnut shell extract composition was determined using gas chromatography. To enable chromium (VI) formation, finished leather samples were aged under various conditions, including exposure to ultraviolet light. The amount of chromium (VI) in each leather sample was measured using a Shimadzu UV-1601 PC UV-visible spectrophotometer at 540 nm based on the ISO/FDIS 17075 standard method. The results showed that the extracts from walnut shell (Juglans regia) significantly reduced chromium (VI) formation in the leather under all aging conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While fashion and sustainability are often proposed as opposing concepts, many companies in the fashion industry are actively working to transform their operations to achieve greater sustainability. The production of leather goods significantly contributes to air and water pollution and generates challenging waste disposal issues. The present study explored emerging sustainable paradigms in the leather goods industry through both social and strategic analyses. The results indicate that, although consumers are often unaware of the differences among leather types, there is a growing openness to sustainable alternatives and a willingness to pay for these products. Quality and durability are key consumer priorities, though a bias toward fast fashion persists. Notably, while consumers value vegan leather as a sustainable alternative, experts caution that synthetic leather alternatives may have greater environmental drawbacks compared to traditional leather. The work supports SDG 12 by advocating for reduced reliance on materials with a high environmental impact and the adoption of sustainable alternatives. Enhanced consumer communication may also drive the industry toward a model that integrates environmental and social responsibility with profitability. Given the prestigious status of leather goods within the Made in Italy initiative, the present work suggests that the value of vegan leather may increase within the global market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the development and characterization of biodegradable leather using alginate derivatives as sustainable tanning agents, aiming to reduce the environmental impact associated with traditional leather tanning processes. Alginate, a natural polysaccharide derived from brown algae, was modified through ultrasound treatment to reduce viscosity and improve its application in leather tanning. This study investigated the use of sodium alginates as bio-based retanning agents, comparing their performance against that of conventional chromium-tanned and vegetable-tanned leathers, as well as synthetic alternatives such as leatherette, Piñatex®, and Desserto®. The physical, chemical, and thermal properties of the resulting leathers were assessed. The results demonstrated that alginate-based tanning agents could produce leather with comparable or superior properties to conventional and synthetic leathers, meeting the quality standards required for high-end footwear and leather goods. This research highlights the potential of alginate derivatives to serve as eco-friendly alternatives in the leather industry. The findings underscore the feasibility of integrating bio-based materials into industrial applications, promoting environmental conservation and resource efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, there is a surplus of American alligator hides in the market (Fannin, Penn, & Stannard, 2021). Finding new uses for alligator leather is critical. However, alligator is challenging to use in apparel products. The irregular shape of the hide can make it difficult to cut items and garments require numerous skins (Belleau, Marquette, & Summers, 2004). Previously, Belleau et al. (2004) reported best practices for utilising alligator leather in apparel. This investigation was almost 20 years ago and did not use experimental patternmaking methods. The purpose of the present research was to apply experimental patternmaking methods to determine the best approach for utilising more of each alligator hide and maximising the creative potential of alligator leather. To investigate, a design team completed five designs. Each design employed a different experimental patternmaking method with alligator leather. Key requirements for designing with alligator were considered and combined by the design team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Leather has been a significant source of chromium (Cr) allergy in Denmark since the 1990s. More recently, cobalt (Co) allergy has been identified in leather as a source of allergic contact dermatitis. Objectives: To measure Cr and Co levels in Danish leather goods. Methods: A total of 87 leather samples were collected, all tanned in Europe. Handheld X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) device was used to screen for the presence of Cr and Co. The 20 leather samples with the highest concentrations of Co and Co were tested using International Organization for Standardization (ISO)‐standards. Results: XRF analysis showed Cr in 78/87 (83.9%) samples and Co in 52/87 (59.7%), with average concentrations of 41 mg/kg (range: 0.0–77 mg/kg) and 0.22 mg/kg (range: 0.0–2.9 mg/kg), respectively. ISO 10195 and 17 075–1 testing identified Cr (VI) in 7 out of 20 samples (1.4; 0.3–4.2 mg/kg), while ISO 17072‐1 detected Co in 6 of 20 samples, averaging 3.95 mg/kg (range: 0.22–7.9 mg/kg). Conclusion: Most leather samples contained Cr, which was expected, while Cr (VI) was detectable in seven out of twenty tested samples but only detected in one product above the regulatory limit of 3 mg/kg. A potentially significant concentration was found for Co. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global demand for the water monitor's skin, Varanus salvator, has made it a valuable wildlife commodity. Leathercraft manufacturing must consider not only beauty but also the strength and flexibility of the leather, which is determined by its structure in the skin. Therefore, this study analyzed and evaluated the fiber type characteristic of the water monitor's skin. Skin samples were collected from 10 Sumatra water monitors with a Snout-Vent Length size of 39-89 cm and were divided into small (39-59 cm) and large (60-89 cm) groups. The skins from the dorsocervical, lumbosacral, and ventral regions were proceeded for histological sections. Histochemical approaches utilized were Hematoxylin Eosin, Picrosirius Red, and Elastin Verhoeff's Hematoxylin staining methods. Thick fibers are the main component in the skin, ranging from 69-73%, respectively, while thin fibers varied greatly and were observed predominantly in the reticular dermis. Fiber size in the reticular dermis of small lizards was lower than that of larger ones. Elastic fibers were observed abundantly at the border of the reticular dermis and subcutaneous layer in both small and large lizards. Moreover, the skin of the small-sized lizard also has a lower morphometric than that of a large-sized lizard, both in thickness and fiber type percentage. Therefore, the skin of small-sized lizards was considered less tough than that of large-sized lizards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements in the application of diverse hydrocolloids in the formulation of fruit‐based leathers. It highlights the significant impact of hydrocolloids in improving the techno‐functional properties of these fruit leathers to align with consumer preferences. The review extends beyond traditional attributes, exploring the specific effects of hydrocolloids on fruit leather formulations. Key factors such as fruit selection, processing methods, the type and concentration of hydrocolloids, and their synergistic interactions are thoroughly evaluated. The review also highlights the importance of controlling parameters like pH, sugar content, total soluble solids (TSS), drying temperature, and drying time which are crucial for maintaining the quality attributes of fruit leathers. By addressing these aspects, the study offers a comprehensive understanding of the role hydrocolloids play in developing superior fruit leather products. Moreover, the textural, and sensory properties and retention of anti‐oxidant activity of fruit leathers are significantly improved with the use of hydrocolloids. This enhancement not only provides consumer demands for better texture and taste but also promotes the creation of healthier food products. Overall, this review underscores the potential of hydrocolloids in transforming fruit leather formulations, leading to more appealing and health‐conscious food options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to develop a highly durable synthetic leather with excellent resistance to light discoloration and deterioration without the use of fluorine or silicon and a surface that is resistant to dyes and odors. Environment-friendly biomass feedstock was used as the reaction component. Firstly, polyurethane (PU) resins with varying glass transition temperatures (T g) were synthesized. Subsequently, these were used as surface treatment agents for synthetic leather, and the relationship between the non-staining performance of the PU resin and the T g values was discussed. In addition, the physical durability over time was investigated. The non-staining performance of the synthetic leather surface against dyed clothing and the odor of ammonia evidently depended on the T g of the PU resin used as the surface treatment agent. The T g range that is the most convenient for practical purposes, and the related best light discoloration and degradation resistance and bending resistance, were confirmed, and serve as indicators that the material can be used as a highly durable interior material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Almost 90% of the leather produced globally uses basic chromium sulfate (BCS) as a tanning agent for permanent stabilization of collagen protein that is produced by reducing hexavalent chromium into trivalent chromium using either organic or inorganic reducing agents. Even though organic reduction using molasses paves a greenway toward BCS manufacture, the quantum of molasses available is insufficient for BCS production to meet global needs. On the other hand, India generates approximately 500 million tonnes of agricultural waste every year, majorly comprising crop residues of rice and wheat that are burned every year to battle surplus amounts of waste. Herein, we report a new method for BCS production using polysaccharide-rich wheat bran (WB) as a reducing agent, making it a facile method to tackle molasses non-availability and burning surplus crop residues. The offer level of WB required for BCS production was optimized to match BIS norms, and the prepared product was evaluated as a tanning agent in leather production. The mechanism of chromium reduction by WB studied using IR and NMR techniques revealed polysaccharide oxidation into aldehyde and carboxylic acid following a classic redox reaction. Additionally, a method for the synthesis of metal complexes of definite morphology using agro-industrial wastes as templates is also proposed in this work. The calculated product cost also confirmed that using WB as a reducing agent in BCS production is economically feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leather is a versatile and widely used material, employed in various products such as fashion, footwear, furniture and automotive industries. The quality of leather products is critical in ensuring their safety, durability and aesthetic value verified through reliable and accurate testing. However, obtaining reliable leather test results can be challenging due to the complexity of the material and the test methods involved. Metrological traceability is a significant aspect of quality assurance, for ensuring results are comparable, consistent and accurate over time and across different laboratories. This paper will look at how the Polymer Laboratory of Kenya Bureau of Standards' Testing Services Department demonstrates metrological traceability of leather tear tests results. The Laboratory identified ISO 3377-1:2011 [IULTCS/IUP 40 Leather—physical and mechanical tests—determination of tear load. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland] as the appropriate reference measurement procedure for determination of tear load. Leather fibre material obtained from cowhide was tested for single-edge tear, result obtained was 6.6 ± 0.7 N. This result was then compared to assigned value for tear (8.1 ± 0.64 N) obtained through consensus of results from participating laboratories all using reference measurement procedure ISO 3377-1:2011|IULTCS/IUP 40 [8]. This comparison allowed the Laboratory to establish a traceability chain that connects its measurement result and any associated uncertainties to the SI unit of force, i.e. newton (N) through calibrated equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of a study focused on collaboratively developing an Innovation Management Model (MGI) for the leather agro-industrial chain in Colombia. This study integrates the participation of interested parties, the prioritization of variables, the literature review, and the validation of the model, emphasizing sustainability considerations throughout the process. The methodology involved a literature review, using Scopus and Google Scholar, focusing on innovation management models, open innovation, and sustainability of the leather sector. In addition, three surveys were conducted to prioritize the established variables, using Likert scale questions, to assess relevance and congruence. Key findings included 26 critical variables covering aspects such as agricultural and technological innovation in platforms and projects, capacity development, R&D activities, supply chain dynamics, innovation management processes, knowledge and technology integration, business model adaptation for sustainable development, and environmental impact assessment. The prioritized innovation model aims to guide stakeholders to define open innovation strategies, sustainable and regenerative innovation generation, and improvement of strategic and technological capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the beginning of human history to the present, one of the most widely practiced arts is still leather processing. Despite this, the damage that leather gives to the environment is increasing day by day with the rapidly developing technology and industrialization during processing. Along with this, ecological problems and pollution that threaten human health are emerging. Due to the increase in environmental pollution-related problems, environmental awareness has increased in recent years, sustainable and biodegradable materials have gained importance. In the 21st century, zero waste has been adopted as a life philosophy, increasing the importance of renewable and sustainable innovative materials. Fungi are among the most promising sources as biomaterials and have recently been used in product design. The goal of this research is to create healthy, economical, easily biodegradable, environmentally friendly innovative surfacee materials from Fomes fomentarius for the leather, textile, and ready-to-wear industries. In the investigation, the experimental study approach was applied. To gather F. fomentarius, fieldwork was conducted. Samples were brought to the laboratory and the identification process was carried out. Eight distinct experimental settings were established on four major frames for the examples, whose species was determined, and novel surface generation techniques were tested. As a result of the experiments, an innovative surface was obtained that can be used in the textile, ready-made clothing and leather sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to explore a theoretical idea in relation to a body of empirical material from a reading activity involving a picturebook on shadow. The theoretical idea, sprung from variation theory, entails children's discernment through synchronic simultaneity as a key to their ability to imagine. To explore this idea, an analysis has been conducted on how 5-year-olds, in words and actions, express themselves in a reading activity involving The Black Rabbit (Leathers, 2014) in regard to discerning and imagining about shadow as a light phenomenon. Vygotsky describes children's previous experiences as a key to their ability to imagine. The results of this study imply that children's discernment in the moment, with synchronic simultaneity, appears to be another key that unlocks their ability to imagine explicit depictions in a picturebook. The results also show that when children's discernment with both synchronic and diachronic simultaneity (i.e., discernment in the moment and before the moment) is missing, their ability to imagine remains untapped, as none of the keys to their imagination, which might unlock their ability to imagine implicit depictions in a picturebook, are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several types of fruit that support ecotourism in the application of food waste include banana peels, apple peels, dragon fruit peels, and manga peels, which will be made into chips and tea products using good hygiene and quality standards. Innovative problem-solving and technology have emerged as promising approaches. The target partners are housewives who are members of the PKK in Batuan Village, Sukawati, from underdeveloped neighborhoods with a great desire to start their own businesses but who are not yet economically productivefrom underdeveloped neighborhoods with a great desire to start their own businesses but who are not yet economically productive. The methods that will be used are interviews, face-to-face, counseling, and direct practice. The output target to be achieved is that the training participants are independently able to make fruit skin chips and tea products from fruit skins so that they can become economically independent [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish skin leather is a sustainable alternative to traditional leather production. The goal of this study is to create a recipe for turning raw stingray leather into protective gloves for hands. The process flow of Stingray Leather Processing and optimization of each single step has been done. The technique is based on tanning agents, formulating new processing methods, conducting an extensive market analysis, and examining the environmental impact. The processed stingray leather was evaluated for resistance to abrasion, cur, and puncture resistance, and it was found that the stingray skin gloves showed better cut and abrasion resistance than the conventional gloves available in the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The negative consequences of fast fashion have heightened concerns about the fashion industry's sustainability. Bacterial Cellulose (BC) has emerged as a promising biomaterial for sustainable applications in textiles and leather. However, dehydrated BC's low thickness and high stiffness pose limitations, reducing its appeal in diverse fields, including fashion, healthcare, etc. To address this challenge, a Plasticized BC-based interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) leatherette is investigated using an innovative 2-in-1 thickening process and a following softening step using Glycerol. The thickening process involves a novel "self-thickening" technique based on cellulosic mercerization and a formation of interpenetrating polymer network structure using BC and Silica skeleton. The fabricated BC-based material exhibits unique IPN structure and significant increase in BC thickness to 1.83±0.10 mm (≈ 16.64 times thicker), areal density to 2034.46±37.58 g/m 2 (≈ 16.33 times denser), moisture content of 31.09±0.48%, moisture regain of 45.12±1.01%, flexural rigidity of 3291.29±100.88 μ Nm, and improved bending modulus of 6.48±0.20 MPa (≈ 1035.27 times lower) compared to those of untreated BC. Furthermore, the durability of the Plasticized BC-based IPN leatherette is evaluated through five washing cycles, with the material retaining approximately 75.96%, 66.61%, 82.98%, and 77.39% of its unwashed thickness, areal density, moisture content, and regain, respectively. This study contributes to the value of BC-based materials in the textile and leather industries, offering a sustainable alternative to existing materials and production processes. Moreover, developing this novel 2-in-1 thickening process establishes a foundation for future research on BC functionalization in various applications, thereby contributing to sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textile-based antennas are of great importance for wearable devices due to their flexible and compact design, which allows the creation of efficient wearable technologies. However, the use of flexible substrates in wearable antennas presents a number of challenges, including frequency shifts that occur during bending. A comprehensive analysis of the bending characteristics of flexible substrates is absent from the existing literature. The objective of this study is to analyze the performance of a Wi-Fi Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA) designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using flexible substrates, such as leather, fleece, and felt, with a detailed examination of their bending characteristics. A bending analysis was conducted to measure the impact on performance metrics, such as return loss, bandwidth, gain, and Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) under bending angles from 0° to 17°. The leather substrate exhibited minimal degradation in performance. The antenna demonstrated a return loss below -15 dB, a bandwidth exceeding 4%, a gain exceeding 5 dB, and a VSWR lower than 2.5 across all tested conditions. The leather substrate has emerged as a promising candidate for wearable Wi-Fi applications due to its ability to maintain stable performance metrics under bending conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Mycelium-based leather is a leather-like material composed of filamentous, branched, and fibrous vegetative parts of fungi, specifically fungal mycelium. This study aimed to assess the production process of mycelium-based leather in Indonesia, especially in the Mylea™ manufacturing process, by considering its environmental impact through a life cycle assessment. Method: The scope of the study starts from the cradle where mycelium is cultivated to the gate of the leather process. A functional unit of 1 m2 natural Mylea™ grade A was used as a reference. The inventory of mycelia as foreground data was gathered from the Indonesian factory with supporting data taken from relevant literature. The infrastructure is not included within the system boundaries. The ISO 14040 and 14044 standards were followed during the analysis. This study used the software OpenLCA 2.02 to carry out the impact assessment and used the Ecoinvent database v3.8. The life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) was carried out using the CML-IA baseline method with 11 impact categories. A sensitivity and uncertainty analysis were conducted to evaluate the environmental impact. Results: The finishing process is the main contributor to all the environmental impact categories. The LCIA results revealed that 1 m2 of natural Mylea™ grade A produces 57.15 kg of CO2 eq. Energy usage in the form of electricity consumption is the major cause, contributing 46.53 kg of CO2 eq to the total carbon footprint, followed by cotton at 6.67 kg of CO2 eq and (ethylene–vinyl acetate) EVA glue at 1.03 kg of CO2 eq. The finishing process, which uses cotton fabric, emerged as the primary environmental hotspot, contributing significantly to most impact categories, such as terrestrial ecotoxicity potential (TEP), abiotic depletion potential (ADP), and global warming potential (GWP100a). Alternative energy scenarios, including hydropower and solar energy, were examined, revealing their potential to reduce the environmental impact. Conclusion: The environmental impacts of mycelium-based leather production were identified in 11 categories. According to the findings, the most critical input parameter is the use of electricity sources. Therefore, several alternative energy sources, such as hydropower and solar photovoltaics, have been proposed to reduce environmental impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This art-based research explored the sculptural potential of using chrome tanned leather to merge plant forms with materials culture. Chrome tanned leather was selected as the medium for its flexible yet durable qualities that allow it to be manipulated into organic shapes reminiscent of botanicals. A series of sculptural works were created using varieties of chrome tanned leather offcuts that were either stitched, glued or tucked over metal pipes, wood or plastic tube armatures. These armatures were then curled, spiralled or formed into nodule shaped components evoking leaves, vines, roots and pods. The works aimed to blur boundaries between the natural and industrial by incorporating the distinctive patina and textures of chrome tanned leather, a material intrinsically tied to industry and manufacturing. Through an iterative process, techniques for shaping, assembling and finishing the leather components were developed. Finishing techniques such as tooling, staining and distressing were employed to enhance botanical details and accentuate the unique properties of the leather. The research found that chrome tanned leather lends itself well to organic sculptural forms and allowed an imaginative merging of plant inspirations with an industrially produced material. By flexing the material past its functional limits, a hybrid language was discovered that challenges perceptions of what leather can signify as an artistic medium. The research contributes to interrogating relationships between nature, culture and materials.