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Copyright of Cities, Communities & Territories / Cidades, Comunidades e Territórios is the property of Instituto Universitario de Lisboa, DINAMIA-CET and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Local governments view land banks as an improvement to the municipal management of foreclosed property. Critics contend that land banks wield too much power, concentrate demolitions in poor and majority neighborhoods of color, and have unfortunate parallels to the flawed, top-down policies of mid-twentieth century urban renewal. Examining land banks through a lens of social equity and reparative planning, this research asks "To what extent do land banks in New York state work toward equitable urban development?" Interviews with land-bank leaders, property acquisition and disposition data, and spatial analysis of neighborhood dynamics were triangulated in a comparative case study of three land banks in New York state communities. Although land-bank leaders show an awareness and desire to address issues of equity, the authors observed that more community engagement, expanding partnerships with nonprofits, and shifts in approaches to demolition could provide more equitable outcomes in disinvested communities. Some land banks had clearly adopted policies aimed to acknowledge and address the role land banks can and should play in addressing historical inequities. Whether that commitment to equity will remain strong into the future remains an open question. In a COVID-19 context, land banks were operating with significantly reduced inventories and resources. More resources could be provided to land banks from Federal and State sources to support equity initiatives. But those resources should be provided under the condition that land banks become vehicles for repairing past White supremacist and structurally racist policies that created the uneven landscapes that land banks were created to address. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article introduces into scientific circulation sources from the history of the Bey clans of the Crimea from the middle of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th centuries, which are contained in the funds of the Zemsky Bank of the Kherson province and the Bessarabian-Tavriysky Land Bank of the State Archive of the Odesa Region. In these funds, there are 21 cases of the Shirinskys, Arginskys, Yashlavskys, Mansurskys, and Kypchakskys families regarding the granting of a loan secured by an estate or a plot of land. The cases of the Bey families from the fund of the Zemsky Bank of the Kherson province have not been preserved and are known by their names in the inventories. An analysis of documents related to loans granted to the bank by Crimean Tatar landowners descended from Bey families was carried out. According to the type of information, the presented sources can be divided into three groups: economic (documents of economic activity, acts of assessment of the yield of the estate or land plot), procedural (correspondence reflecting the stages of obtaining and paying the loan, sale of the estate), personal documents of a social and property nature (agreement about demarcation, yafta, deed of sale). Documents of an economic nature provide an opportunity for a broader and more detailed study of the state of land ownership and the nature of management of the descendants of the Crimean Tatar aristocracy at the end of the 19th century. It is obvious that the established way of management of the once large landowners, descendants of the Bey clans, did not meet the need for funds. The estates were re-mortgaged several times. Procedural documents show that loans were granted quite quickly, the Bank's Management Board monitored the work of its agents in assessing the profitability of the estate, and was also interested in solving the problems of its customers, preserving their property and preventing the sale of property. The most informative documents that characterize the social and economic processes that took place among the Crimean Tatar nobility during the 19th century are the personal documents of the owners of estates: deeds of sale, agreements on the delimitation of land, distribution acts upon receiving an inheritance, which actually reflect the process of land dispossession of the descendants of the Crimean Tatars family aristocracy and the collapse of the traditional foundations of the rural community during the 19th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Planning Education & Research is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the Land Sector, the Job Creation Law has issued regulations regarding the existence of a Land Bank in Indonesia. Based on article 1 paragraph (1) Government Regulation Number 64 of 2021 states that the Land Bank is a special agency (sui generis) formed by the central government which is given certain authority to regulate land. However, prior to the existence of the Land Bank Agency, there was the State Asset Management Institute, the State Asset Management Institute was motivated by the not fully optimal utilization of state assets related to idle state assets. The purpose of writing this journal is to review and analyze how comparisons to Land Banks and State Asset Management Institutions are related to land in Indonesia based on applicable laws. Normative juridical research approach method. The research procedure is descriptive qualitative analysis and the data source used is primary data through literature and statutory studies.The conclusions in this study, 1) the similarities between the Land Bank and the State Asset Management Institute 2) the differences between the Land Bank and the State Asset Management Institute.

Copyright of Journal of Social Research is the property of International Journal Labs and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

While still in the midst of a global pandemic, it is hard to predict what will be the long-term impacts. Illinois communities, particularly smaller towns outside of Chicagoland, are likely to see an increase in abandoned properties. Local governments need tools to save their towns. One such tool is a land bank. Land banks are public entities created in order to acquire vacant and abandoned properties unwanted by the private market due to overburdened tax liens. Land banks extinguish liens and rehab and sell when possible or in some cases demolish the property. Illinois attempted to pass state-enabling legislation in 2009 but was ultimately unsuccessful. Since then, a handful of land banks have popped up in Illinois, including the Cook County Land Bank Authority. A major concern, however, is the lack of a permanent financing structure. Land banks may be unable to meet their communities’ needs. This Note recommends Illinois passes state-enabling legislation to give existing and future land banks the power to be more flexible, financially stable, and responsive to their communities’ needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study first analyzes how local governments' land-leasing behaviors affect Chinese cities' debt risk then examines the impact of officials' promotion mechanisms on debt risk in China's urban land bank system. The land-leasing behavior is reflected through three indicators, namely, land-leasing revenue, land-leasing scale, and land financial dependence level. Two new indicators are constructed to measure the local government' debt risk from the perspective of debt scale and debt repayment: the debt scale risk and debt burden risk. Empirical analyses are based on the data of 281 prefecture-level cities from 2006--2015. The main findings are twofold. First, the debt scale risk is positively affected by the land-leasing revenue, and officials' promotion pressure. The debt burden risk is positively affected by the land financial dependence and officials' promotion pressure. Second, the officials' promotion pressure significantly enhances the positive effect of land-leasing revenue on the debt scale risk. Local officials, who are under promotion pressure, are inclined to expand the size of urban investment bonds, which increases debt scale risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

North Carolina's colonial assembly emitted its own paper money and maintained some amount in public circulation during its entire history as a separate colony. No systematic or statistical analysis of North Carolina's paper money regime exits in the literature. We correct that here. We model and estimate how the market value of this money was determined. We compare the quantity theory of money with an asset-pricing model to see which explains the observed market value of the paper money better. Finally, we explore counterfactual redemption architectures to show how redemption affected monetary performance in periods of value collapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on how redevelopment authorities and land banks (RALBs) are especially vulnerable to municipal fiscal distress given investment and coordination necessary to bring about meaningful, impactful equitable development require a level of resource deployment most local governments. It mentions powers of public finance authority, distressed property management, code enforcement and blight elimination. It also mentions resources necessary to do urban planning, community engagement.

The British North American colonies were the first western economies to rely on colony-specific legislature-issued paper money as a medium of exchange for domestic transactions. The creation of paper money regimes arose piecemeal among the colonies, making each story unique. Maryland's story is the most complex among the colonies, since the emission of paper money resulted from an attempt to control and manipulate the tobacco market. The paper discusses how market forces, legal maneuverings, and the power of various constituencies combined to shape Maryland's particular paper money system, assesses its successes and failures, and identifies the winners and losers among Maryland's political classes as a result of this paper money experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates several issues related to tax-exempt financing. The author examines the effectiveness of one of the first major tax-exempt financed programs in the U.S., the Federal Farm Land Bank system, to answer various questions about tax-exempt financing. The authors explores whether this type of financing is better suited for particular sectors, if it can be structured to help the intended sector without imposing burdens on others and if it makes financial sense to control the capital markets for a specific special interest.

Many legislators and consumer protection groups have been concerned with the fate of the mortgagor under a variable rate mortgage when interest rates rise. The major concern is whether the mortgage payments become excessive under a variable rate program in which the payment varies. This study addresses this question by examining the experience of the Federal Land Banks with their variable rate rural home mortgage program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author points out the lack of efforts in Detroit, Michigan to prevent the loss of housing by homeowners due to tax foreclosures despite the city's economic recovery. Topics discussed include some indicators of the city's economic recovery, percentage of population in the city that lives in poverty, factors affecting the city's population and employment and tax base and the continuous entry of homes into the Land Bank inventory.

The article focuses linchpin neighborhood approach for the model of transformation with community development. Topics discussed include deindustrialization that has plagued the U.S. legacy cities, and argues that the resulting problems have created a crisis that standard economic development, problems shaping the post-industrial Midwest and discussing the land banking movement and practical value of the law and geography movement and highlights the legal importance of place.

In conventional urban developments, land and property owners benefit from the uplift in land values that arises from the costly public investments by different levels of government in roads, water, sewerage, transport, education, hospitals and other services, as well as from private investments in production, trade, office, retail, entertainment, sporting and residential facilities. This paper describes the many benefits that come from cooperative land banks that make the development of new urban sites with infrastructure and services self-financing (reducing the need for public investment). They also lower the costs of housing and commercial investments by removing the cost of land. This is achieved by separating the ownership of land (now owned by the cooperative) from the ownership of buildings, and by making the rights of ownership conditional upon use (i.e. use it or lose it). Owners of dwellings get a “dynamic lease” that reflects the value of their investment and in addition obtain shares in the cooperative that capture the value of all sites and community assets. Cooperative land banks can also contribute to financing urban renewal initiatives, although, as the paper describes, this may need supportive legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the policy process toward farmland consolidation and deregulation in Japan. The current Abe administration has introduced so-called Farmland Banks to facilitate land transfers to expanding farms, including general corporations, which have long been banned from farmland access in Japan. The paper argues that farmland deregulation puts the ‘incumbent’ local stakeholders of farmland governance, such as local agricultural cooperatives, local administrations, and not least farmers themselves, at risk of losing access to state support and influence. At the same time, the responsibilities for coordinating farmland consolidation have been placed onto the same local stakeholders. The state of local farmland governance has long been critical to impeding coordinated consolidation, whereas deregulation facilitates ‘predatory’ corporate farmland use. In contrast, evidence from Hikawa Town in Shimane Prefecture shows how exceptionally strong local control over farmland enables consolidation—albeit in the ‘defensive’ interests of the local incumbents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of major historical developments in agricultural finance, with particular emphasis on agricultural credit. It reviews the development of Raiffeisen and related banks that emerged in Germany and Europe throughout the nineteenth century and how the cooperative banking system made its way into the banking system of the USA in the early twentieth century. The paper emphasizes the role of the state in the developing of agricultural credit, especially with respect to farm mortgages, securitization, and bond structures.Design/methodology/approach This paper presents a historical synthesis of historical literature on agricultural credit.Findings This paper shows the direct linkage between the developments in Raiffeisen credit cooperatives and the Farm Credit System (FCS) and details the emergence of the land banks, farm credit banks, agricultural bonds and the role of joint-stock banks in agricultural credit policy.Originality/value In total, 2016 marks the 100th anniversary of the passing of the 1916 Federal Farm Loan Act which set in motion the USs’ first Government Sponsored Enterprise and catalyzed the formation of the FCS as it operates today to provide credit to farmers and rural communities on a cooperative basis. Although there are a few wonderful books written on certain aspects of the FCS the story of how the FCS was initiated and the many struggles it faced up to the 1933 Act has not been told often enough. This paper tells the story of the evolution of agricultural credit that ultimately led to the formation of the FCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Almost half of the population of the world lives in rural regions and mostly in a state of poverty. Such inequalities in human development have been one of the primary reasons for unrest and, in some parts of the world, even violence. To ensure that we have a world that is happy, prosperous and peaceful, it is important for us to collectively evolve and implement methods that can empower and enhance the living standard and raise the income level of the world’s deprived population in a sustainable manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on urban development with the history of land banking and the emergence of the new land banking movement. Topics discussed include concept of re-blight and explaining how land banks use contractual clawback mechanisms to prevent it, analogy between land banks and mortgage lenders and real estate consumer protections by relying on contractual clawback provisions to subvert the foreclosure process.

I reconstitute the spending obligations and revenue sources of colonial New Jersey's provincial government for the years 1704 through 1775 from primary sources using forensic accounting techniques. I identify and analyze the methods for raising revenue to meet normal peacetime and emergency wartime expenses. I calculate the provincial tax burdens imposed on New Jersey's citizens. I identify how Britain interfered with New Jersey's fiscal structure. I estimate what the revenues and tax burdens would have been without this interference. New Jersey paid for war expenses by issuing bills of credit, spreading the tax burden of redeeming these bills into the future. New Jersey paid its yearly administrative costs with current property taxes and with current interest earnings from loaning paper money. In the absence of British interference and wars, New Jersey could have driven tax burdens to zero by using interest earnings to pay for all its provincial administrative costs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The importance of both land banks and community land trusts is increasing, and the two organizations are complementary. In distressed neighborhoods, land banks and community land trusts share the same roles as providers and stewards of affordable housing. However, contact points between land banks and community land trusts are currently scarce. This paper analyzes various combinations of land banks and community land trusts in both weak markets and stable markets. When a misalignment of land banks and community land trusts occurs, business models of land banks and community land trusts as well as public policies need to be adjusted. Utilization of community land trusts is an option to add on the disposition of land banks properties because community land trusts have a potential to create perpetual and diverse communities. In order for community-based organizations including community land trusts to grow in depopulated cities, the government needs to show a clear future perspective to each community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the land banking and the development of Tennessee Local Land Bank Act. It mentions the pilot program and amendments in the land banking legislation. It also discusses other topics such as acquisition of property, conflict of interest and property taxes. It also offers information on land banks present in Tennessee including Oak Ridge, Chattanooga and Memphis.

Cleveland, Ohio provides a useful case for examining and contrasting property transfer practices among certain key actors before, during, and after the foreclosure crisis. Transfers among key actors—Cleveland’s two land banks, the State of Ohio, Fannie Mae, investors, and community development corporations (CDCs)—differed considerably. This article empirically shows that inappropriate property transfer practices by financial institutions and speculator-type investors negatively impacted neighborhoods, compounding the damage brought on by the foreclosure crisis. By contrast, a case study of one of the hardest hit neighborhoods in Cleveland finds that the land banks and CDC are producing positive outcomes. A proactive land bank as a conduit and robust CDCs as a project promoter are an effective combination to cope with vacant and abandoned properties. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This is a pioneering study on bus depots based on a review of the English-language literature on or related to them, which is motivated by the prevalence of real estate projects using the land of the former depots. The review is followed by some conjectures about the transaction cost advantages of bus depot sites as a source of development land and examines the hypothesis that redevelopment projects using former bus depots, compared to other uses, in Hong Kong are more easily approved under the statutory planning system. The literature review found that bus depots have attracted much academic attention, although research angles were conditioned by different social perceptions of bus depots. The empirical results of this case study did not reject the hypothesis. The limitations and implications of the study are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

ABSTRACT In 2009, Cuyahoga County, Ohio (Cleveland and 58 suburbs), established a land bank to acquire low-value properties, mitigate blighted housing, and slow the decline of property values. This empirical study evaluates the effectiveness of the land bank by estimating spatially corrected hedonic price models using sales near the land-bank homes. The land bank reduces the negative externalities of the properties it acquires. Its largest impact is the preservation of equity in unsold homes. We also estimate the recovered value for homes sold during the study period and the property tax revenue that may have been forgone, absent the land bank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The British North American colonies were the first western economies to rely on legislature-issued paper monies as an important internal media of exchange. This system arose piecemeal. In the absence of banks and treasuries that exchanged paper monies at face value for specie monies on demand, colonial governments experimented with other ways to anchor their paper monies to real values in the economy. These mechanisms included tax-redemption, land-backed loans, sinking funds, interest-bearing notes, and legal tender laws. I assess and explain the structure and performance of these mechanisms. This was monetary experimentation on a grand scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]