Search

The paper explores the relationship between the shadow economy, corruption, and taxes in 25 high-financial developed countries (HFDCs) and 30 low-financial developed countries (LFDCs) using the PVAR method. The results of the impulse-response function show that the corruption perception index (CPI) has a positive correlation with tax revenue and the shadow economy in HFDCs, while tax revenue and the shadow economy are negatively correlated. In contrast, in LFDCs, the shadow economy has a positive correlation with tax revenue and a negative correlation with the CPI. In addition, the study also suggests that there is no relationship between tax revenue and the CPI. From the above findings, we propose several related policies for each group of countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Government responsiveness is a key feature and justification for democracy. Yet, previous studies show that the ability of governments to deliver responsive policies critically depends on the availability of resources. This study suggests that the shadow economy hurts democratic responsiveness because it reduces government revenues and decreases the reliability of economic statistics. Governments facing lower resources then respond to wider economic constraints and not to their publics. Using Eurobarometer data to evaluate public opinion in 15 European democracies and data on welfare generosity to measure policy outputs, this study finds that larger submerged economies correspond to less responsive governments. Additionally, the empirical analysis highlights that the shadow economy makes welfare systems less generous and taxation rates more demanding. These novel results have important implications for our understanding of democracy and help us clarify the conditions under which governments are more or less likely to deliver responsive policies. Finally, these results demonstrate the importance of studying the political consequences of the shadow economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document "An Introduction to Distributional Consequences of New Energy Technologies and Policies" from the Journal of the Association of Environmental & Resource Economists explores the intersection of changing energy technologies and policies with equity and distributional concerns. It contains eight papers from workshops funded by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, focusing on consumer technologies like heat pumps and electric vehicles, as well as producer technologies such as carbon capture. The papers highlight how the adoption of new energy technologies varies based on race and income, emphasizing the importance of understanding these differences for designing effective policies. [Extracted from the article]

Local governments stand at the frontline of responding to natural hazards, but they often lack the capacity and resources necessary to manage such crises. Disasters can affect local government spending and revenue streams and also trigger land-use changes with enduing fiscal implications. This paper examines the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy and the subsequent New York state buyout and acquisition programs, focusing on their impact on the local finances of municipalities and school districts across the state. Utilizing a difference-in-differences model, we found that the storm led to a significant short-term increase in both total revenues and expenditures across the affected municipalities and school districts. The surge in revenues was driven mainly by increased intergovernmental transfers, and the increase in expenditures was manifested largely in general government spending. Our findings also suggest that there were discernible disparities in fiscal responses between wealthier and poorer municipalities and that the state's buyout program did not affect local fiscal stability, and had negligible effects on local tax bases and public service delivery. These findings offer insights for policymakers and stakeholders as they plan local fiscal strategies and prepare for future disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the supply efficiency of ecological products (EPSE) is of great significance to protect the ecological environment, promote the development of green industry and the sustainable growth of the economy. This paper focuses on constructing an evaluation index system for EPSE and exploring the relationship between the development level of the digital economy (DE) and EPSE in China. To measure the EPSE, the study employs the Undesirable Slacks-Based Measurement (SBM) Model across 30 provinces, cities and districts in China from 2011 to 2022. Furthermore, the research utilizes spatial econometric models, panel threshold effect models, and other methodologies to investigate the impact mechanism and nonlinear relationship between DE and EPSE. The research shows that: (1) The overall level of EPSE in the study area is relatively low, with significant development differences observed; (2) The DE has a nota-ble spatial spillover effect on EPSE, with a significantly negative impact in neighboring areas; (3) The development of the DE promotes EPSE through the upgrading of human capital structure, industrial structure, and increases in local government fiscal revenue and corporate operating profits; (4) Heterogeneity analysis shows that the impact of DE on EPSE varies significantly across eastern, central, and western China, with positive effects pronounced in the eastern and western regions; (5) Regression results of the threshold effect indicate a significant single threshold effect on the impact of DE development level on EPSE. Specifically, when the threshold value is less than 0.1232, DE significantly contributes to the improvement of EPSE. This paper contributes new literature evidence and factual references to the understanding of the causal relationship between DE and EPSE. The findings highlight the importance of considering spatial spillover effects, impact mechanisms, and regional heterogeneity in analyzing the relationship between DE and EPSE. The research also suggests that promoting the development of the digital economy could be a viable strategy to enhance EPSE, especially in regions where the threshold value is below 0.1232 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of fiscal discipline on the dynamics of exchange rate pass-through during inflation targeting. The present study analyses the Turkish economy for the period 2006–2022 by the use of threshold regression models. Our results suggest that fiscal discipline, measured by the IMF-defined primary budget balance as a share of GDP (which excludes the one-off government revenues balance such as privatization, interest earnings, and real estate sales) has a significant role in inflation dynamics. The degree of exchange rate pass-through is significantly lower and thus raises the effectiveness of inflation targeting when the government ensues strict fiscal discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs) are known to exist in various forms. In this study, we investigate the role of Red-Tape Barriers (RTBs), a type of NTBs resulting from wasteful bureaucratic procedures, in a bilateral trade model under international oligopolistic competition. We demonstrate that, under relatively weak conditions, RTBs can arise endogenously. Furthermore, we reveal that RTBs can exhibit reactions opposite to tariffs. Specifically, we show that an increase in tariffs can lead to a significant decrease in RTBs, causing total trade costs to decline, which we call 'backlash'. Additionally, when the backlash occurs, an increase in tariffs can improve consumer surplus, government revenue and expenditure, and social surplus. This study implies that tariff elimination, with the presence of RTBs, may hinder trade liberalization and reduce social surplus, emphasizing the need to carefully consider RTBs' effects in trade policy, especially for oligopolistic industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is one of the countries with the lowest tax collection rate in Southeast Asia. Optimizing tax collection is very urgent considering the economic conditions post the Covid-19 pandemic. This is the government's effort to ensure the availability of public goods and services, including health services that must be provided to Indonesian citizens. This is what underlies the aim of this research, namely analyzing the comparison of regional government income and expenditure and looking at the performance of regional tax collection by the Regional Revenue Service of West Kalimantan Province. The research form uses a comparative descriptive method. The type of data used is primary data in the form of questionnaire results and secondary data in the form of financial reports of the regional government of West Kalimantan Province. The data collection techniques that will be used are questionnaires/surveys, documentation techniques, and literature studies. Analysis technique with a comparative approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Portugal introduced a sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) tax in 2017. This study uses unique administrative accounting data for all SSB producers/importers in Portugal, and an event study design with bottled water firms as the primary comparison group, to assess the causal impacts of the tax on multiple firm-level outcomes. We find a 6.8% average decrease in domestic SSB sales, relative to bottled water. The soda tax hindered SSB firms' financial health, namely net income, ability to convert receivables into cash, and liabilities. SSB producers/importers did not decrease wages, cut jobs, or modify their workforce toward higher R&D capacity. Forgone corporate income tax appears negligible compared to the government revenue generated by the tax itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of economic development in China cannot be separated from the 'shadow' of government target intervention. Under the Chinese system of fiscal decentralization, constraints created by local government fiscal revenue targets (CCFRTs) will have a series of influence on development economically and socially. Based on the fiscal revenue target data revealed in the government work reports of 281 prefecture-level cities in China from 2006 to 2019, this paper explores the influence of CCFRTs on green technology innovation (GTI). The findings are as follows: first, CCFRTs significantly inhibits GTI. Second, Spatial Durbin model analysis shows that CCFRTs has significant negative spatial spillover effect on GTI. Third, CCFRTs can affect GTI through the optimization of industrial structure, the level of human capital, and the degree of opening-up, technological progress and economic growth. Fourth, CCFRTs has an obvious threshold effect on GTI. Finally, the influence of CCFRTs on GTI has regional heterogeneity in central, eastern and western China. In the western and central regions, CCFRTs significantly restrains GTI significantly, while in the eastern region, CCFRTs significantly promotes GTI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition from traditional to digital payment platforms is reshaping domestic revenue mobilization, with significant impacts on sectors like agriculture, health, business, education and economy. This transition, while presenting both challenges and opportunities, has the potential to foster economic growth and boost revenue mobilization. This paper investigates how digital taxation or electronic levy (e‐levy) has shaped mobile money (MoMo) adoption in Ghana since the introduction of e‐levy on digital financial transactions. The underlying theories supporting this study include the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Social Norm Theory (SNT), and Expectancy‐Confirmation Theory (ECT). A cross‐sectional design was employed, and data was collected from 206 participants (mobile network subscribers) through a self‐administered online survey conducted and applied a partial least square structural equation modeling technique. The findings indicate that inherent innovativeness, the structure of the tax, and social tax compliance norms significantly influence citizens' compliance attitudes towards e‐levy in the context of a developing country. Conversely, the study found that potential taxpayers' attitudes towards e‐levy do not determine their intention to pay (actual use) e‐levy. In this respect, recommendations to drive the digital taxation agenda among government revenue agencies in developing countries are (i) continuous inherent innovativeness on the part of the government, (ii) ensuring compliance attitudes towards e‐levy, (iii) proper structuring of the tax components and (iv) ensuring ease of use of the system. These findings provide governments and revenue agencies, particularly those in developing countries, with valuable insights into citizens' behavioral change towards digital taxation on MoMo transactions. An effective convergence of the determinants discussed in this research would expedite government mobilization efforts for electronic levies and promote development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has conceptually reviewed the Nigerian upstream petroleum sector and revenue generation with accounting artificial intelligence system as a moderating variable. An in-depth exploration of existing literature was made to buttress the views expressed by the researchers and prior research with regard to the subject matter examined. The study employs the desk-top review methodology by examining existing literature on the topic in order to get adequate firsthand information. Findings emanating from the conceptual review indicate that oil and gas serve as a major source of revenue for the Nigerian government, and as such, there should be adequate accountability for the number of barrels extracted from the upstream exploration. Based on this, the study suggested that the Nigerian government, policymakers, and upstream petroleum sector regulators should engage key players operating in the artificial intelligence and machine learning language industries to design and develop an accounting artificial intelligence solution system that will assist the upstream corporation in realising the actual volume of crude oil extracted and determining the actual revenue that is accrued to the revenue collection agencies without human disruption and manipulation on behalf of the Nigerian government.

This study uses data from 1986 to 2021 and the auto-regressive distributed lag model to explore India’s fiscal policy determinants of government health spending. The results find two structural breaks in time: (i) 2002 for state government health spending (SGHS) and (ii) 2014 for central government health spending. The results also show that central revenue transfers to states have a positive and statistically significant effect on SGHS in the long run. The results imply that a 1% rise in central revenue transfers to states leads to a 0.399% increase in SGHS. Further, state government public debt exhibits a negative and statistically significant relationship with SGHS, implying that a 1% rise in public debt leads to a 0.119% fall in SGHS in the long run. Fiscal management (i.e., revenue mobilization and debt sustainability) is essential to prepare a long-term strategy for health-care financing.

Background: Although the World Health Organisation (WHO) has proposed the use of fiscal policies to mitigate consumption externalities such as overweight and obesity-related diseases, very little is known about the impacts of the different types and framing of national and/or regional fiscal policies that have been implemented over the years. There is the need to provide up-to-date evidence on the impact of fiscal policies that have been enacted and implemented across the globe. Methods: We conducted a scoping review of all implemented government fiscal policies in the food and drinks sector to identify the different types of fiscal policies that exist and the scope of their impact on consumers as well as the food environment. Electronic databases such as the Web of Science and Google Scholar were used to search for appropriate literature on the topic. A total of 4,191 articles were retrieved and 127 were synthesized and charted for emerging themes. Results: The results from this review were synthesized in MS Excel following Arksey & O'Malley (2005). Emerging themes were identified across different countries/settings for synthesis. The results confirms that fiscal policies improve consumers' health; increase the prices of foods that are high in fats, sugar, and salt; increase government revenue; and shift consumption and purchases towards healthier and untaxed foods. Conclusion: Governments already have the optimum tool required to effect changes in consumer behaviour and the food environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to simulate the effect of land revenue policy reform in China under the shock of tax policy reform. To this end, this research has built a computable general equilibrium model and collected data from China's input–output table for 2017 to construct the China land revenue social accounting matrix for 2017. Five scenarios of land reform policy have been considered. The first scenario concerns a reduction in the construction land supply; the simulation shows that the reform will lead to increasing real estate prices, which will result in a crowding-out effect for the manufacturing industry. The second scenario involves levying a property tax nationwide, which will restrain the trend of the increase in the real estate price and increase the local governments' revenue, although household income and economic growth will be restrained. The third scenario has to do with a reduction in the deed tax. The simulation shows that this reform can alleviate the negative impact on the economy. The fourth scenario is related to a combination of the first and second scenarios, which will lead to a decrease in employment demand and an increase in land financial revenue. Finally, the fifth scenario is also a combined policy involving the first, second and third scenarios, which will result in higher urban and rural household income than the fourth scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parking problems greatly affect traffic flow, especially in crowded areas. Illegal parking occurs illegally or without an official permit from the local government, is not under the supervision or guidance of the district or city government, and the income from the parking is not paid to the government as regional revenue. Illegal parking in Cirebon City can be a problem because it does not comply with the applicable rules. The purpose of this study is to find out how parking arrangements are arranged from the perspective of policy and practice. This research method uses a qualitative method. Data collection techniques carried out by researchers with observations, interviews, documents and legislation that are related to the problem being researched. The results of the study show that the problem of illegal parking occurs due to the number of parking lots that use the road body, because the lane that should be used for vehicle flow is instead used for parking. In practice, sometimes the enforcement of these rules is inconsistent due to the limitations of direct supervision. Even though the parking attendants were warned not to allow double parking and had been given guidance, violations still occurred. The conclusion of this study is that the problem of illegal parking lies in individuals' awareness of traffic rules and their discipline in obeying them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regressive taxation plays an increasingly important role in financing public programs, but prior studies have not fully explored the conditions under which citizens would support such financing strategies. This paper fills this gap by focusing on the United States, where sales taxes account for nearly one-third of state government revenue, and sales tax ballot measures have received majority support. I conducted an online survey experiment to examine two potential sources of public support for a sales tax increase: equal treatment beliefs (i.e., that all taxpayers should pay the same rate) and a lack of public awareness of the distributive consequences of sales taxes. I find that exposure to information about sales taxes' distributive consequences significantly reduced respondents' support for a sales tax increase, but that equal treatment beliefs had no significant effect on such support. Additional analyses suggest that other-regarding motivations are a plausible mechanism underlying the effects of information provision. These findings shed light on how misperceptions of tax burdens shape support for regressive taxation and have broad implications for how fairness beliefs influence tax policy preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazil has been known for its mineral resources, which have been exploited by companies spread for the whole country. Nonetheless, the Brazilian mining sector has also been known for the recent disasters which have generated unprecedented social, economic, and environmental costs. In this way, this work presents an analysis of the impacts of the imposition of a new tax on the Brazilian mining activity, since it is a potential cause of negative externalities, causing damage to the environment and the society. For this, the computable general equilibrium (CGE) model was used. The results show that the introduction of a tax for the mining sector increased the production cost of mining activity and related sectors, which implies a reduction in economic dynamism. On the other hand, an introduction of the tax has also generated an increase in government revenues, which can finance new spending on other sectors of the country. Therefore, the economic losses resulting from the policy are not very pronounced, making it feasible to impose the tax on mining activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has conceptually reviewed the Nigerian upstream petroleum sector and revenue generation with accounting artificial intelligence system as a moderating variable. An in-depth exploration of existing literature was made to buttress the views expressed by the researchers and prior research with regard to the subject matter examined. The study employs the desk-top review methodology by examining existing literature on the topic in order to get adequate firsthand information. Findings emanating from the conceptual review indicate that oil and gas serve as a major source of revenue for the Nigerian government, and as such, there should be adequate accountability for the number of barrels extracted from the upstream exploration. Based on this, the study suggested that the Nigerian government, policymakers, and upstream petroleum sector regulators should engage key players operating in the artificial intelligence and machine learning language industries to design and develop an accounting artificial intelligence solution system that will assist the upstream corporation in realising the actual volume of crude oil extracted and determining the actual revenue that is accrued to the revenue collection agencies without human disruption and manipulation on behalf of the Nigerian government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the relationship between tax revenues and macroeconomic determinants in European Union (EU) countries, particularly examining corporate tax rates. Topics include the impact of direct foreign investment on corporate tax revenues, the role of unemployment and gross domestic product (GDP) in tax collection, and the methodological approaches of panel regression and cluster analysis to assess these relationships over time.

Copyright of Estudios Regionales en Economía, Población y Desarrollo is the property of Estudios Regionales en Economia, Poblacion y Desarrollo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

When an electricity provider wants customers to pay their bills monthly, it sends them a bill each month. Yet, this is not how the tax system works— at least not for independent contractors. Their taxes are due quarterly, but they receive a tax statement (Form 1099) only one time a year. It is up to the individual, then, to know when their taxes are due and how to pay them, and it is on that individual to estimate how much they owe each quarter. As a result, compliance for independent contractors—particularly for online platform workers—tends to be lacking. Failure to pay their estimated taxes subjects these taxpayers to potential penalties and causes the government to collect less tax revenue. There is a simple—yet entirely overlooked—reform that could vastly improve compliance when it comes to paying estimated taxes: third-party information returns (Form 1099s) should be issued to taxpayers on a quarterly basis. The idea is straightforward and intuitive. If the government wants people to pay taxes four times per year, it needs to effectively “bill” them four times per year. This idea is supported by social science research showing that, the more taxpayers are reminded to pay their taxes, the more likely they are to do so. This Article is the first to propose quarterly tax information returns. It offers a detailed proposal for a new Form 1099-ES, which would communicate quarterly earnings and provide guidance on how much to pay in estimated taxes. In doing so, this Article argues for rethinking the conventional wisdom surrounding tax information, taking a more taxpayer focused approach. Rather than viewing Form 1099s solely as a source of information for the government to monitor taxpayers and deter cheating, we should also view the role of information returns as assisting taxpayers in tracking their income and estimating their tax liability. When viewed in this light, the goal should not necessarily be more year-end returns to more people, but instead should be more frequent and useful information for taxpayers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese central government uses top-down land quotas as a key tool for limiting urban expansion. Faced with the benefits of land development, how will local governments respond to centralised quotas? We established a framework for multidimensional local government competition to explain quota implementation. This framework includes vertical competition for fiscal revenue and quotas, horizontal competition for economic growth and political promotion, competition between former and subsequent local leaders for recognition of their leadership and temporal distribution of land finance revenue and government debt and competition with landowners as well as developers for land appreciation income and tax revenue. We argue that these types of competition and their spill-over effects drive local governments to strengthen land-centred urbanisation, resulting in the failure of quotas to restrain urban expansion. Our findings help to improve the understanding of local governments' strategies for urban spatial development and centralised urban growth management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tax collection has always been one of the main problems of governments for a long ago because companies evade paying taxes and deceive governments for several factors. Therefore, this paper identifies and prioritizes the effective factors in reducing tax evasion in the tax affairs organization. This is qualitative and quantitative research. This article identifies and prioritizes effective factors in preventing tax evasion through the content analysis method, Delphi survey method, and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) by drawing a decision tree. Moreover, data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire, as well as examining the conceptual relationship between the indicators and the questionnaire pairwise comparisons. The sample includes 25 experts working for the Tax Affairs Organization in 2022. The hierarchical analysis results have identified five main factors affecting tax evasion, including managerial, economic, political, social, and rules and regulations factors. Also, 19 effective factors in reducing tax evasion were identified and agreed upon by experts. The findings showed that the factor of rules and regulations with a relative weight of 0.381 and political and managerial factors with weights of 0.228 and 0.204, respectively have the highest degree of importance in reducing tax evasion from the Tax Affairs Organization experts’ opinions. Governments strive to maximize tax revenue to meet rapid growth and economic development; therefore, governments always seek a solution to prevent tax evasion to achieve a stable level of tax revenue. Therefore, accurate identification of the effective factors in this field helps governments to take steps towards the realization of their goals. The research findings show that this article can be a good start to address the effective factors and priorities in reducing tax evasion for the government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Territorially, Spanish public administrations are organized into State Administration, Autonomous Community Administration, and Local Administration. Local government has the closest contact with citizens and therefore the powers and decisions taken by local institutions have the greatest impact on the social welfare of citizens. To ensure this well-being, it is necessary to analyze and pay attention to the administrative and financial autonomy of local governments. Financial autonomy translates into the capacity of local entities to govern their respective finances, determining, within certain limits, the level of the volume of their own resources and organizing their expenditures. In this work, we study the Financial Autonomy Indicator, which aims to determine the tax resources available to the local entity. Taking into account that Spanish municipalities have, depending on their population size, different obligations when providing services to citizens, the convergence of financial autonomy is studied to detect whether there are common trends by applying the techniques of β -convergence and σ -convergence. It is analyzed whether municipalities starting from lower indicators achieve higher growth over time (β -convergence), and whether dispersion between municipalities is reduced (σ -convergence). Points for practitioners: Local autonomy grants local entities the freedom to manage their own interests within the State's legal framework. Greater economic diversity and the ability to raise more money on their own through taxes, fees, and other sources characterize larger communities. They have a wider tax base thanks to their higher economic diversification, which opens up more opportunities for revenue collection. The speed of convergence is highest in the smallest municipalities. Knowing whether there is convergence or divergence in financial autonomy can help policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The revenue mobilization remains a challenge for many countries, especially developing countries such as India. Therefore, this study explores the macroeconomic determinants of Goods and Service Tax (GST) revenue of the government in India as GST constitutes a major share in the Own Tax Revenue (OTR) of the government in India. The current study has employed the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to examine the macroeconomic determinants of GST taxation revenue of the government in India. The results reveal that foreign direct investment, depreciation in the exchange rate and foreign exchange reserves have a favorable impact on the GST revenue of the government in India. Furthermore, the gross fiscal deficits of the government and inflation have a detrimental effect on the GST revenue collection of the government in India. The results of the study are supported by the Tanzi effect and the Tanzi–Olivera effect for the detrimental effect of inflation and gross fiscal deficit on the GST revenue of the government in India. The current study has major policy implications for the government, policymakers, and researchers. The empirical results illustrates that the government may put a stringent check on inflation and gross fiscal deficit of the country to improve their GST collections. Moreover, the government should try to focus on foreign direct investment, trade openness, and foreign exchange reserve in India to increase their GST revenue. Meanwhile, the current study can be used as a base for conducting future studies at national and international levels for examining the determinants of other taxation revenue of the government by incorporating other country specific variables. This study may act as a novel contribution to the available literature on the macroeconomic determinants of taxation revenue in India. To the knowledge, it will be the first study in India to especially explore the determinants of GST revenue of the government in India. However, the findings of the study need to be generalize in future by incorporating a larger sample size as GST is still in its introductory phase in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Different views of corruption are discussed in the literature, ranging from theories highlighting a positive role of corruption (to 'grease the wheels' of an economy) to negative (acting as 'sand in the wheels') or even destructive effects of corruption on economic outcomes. The empirical evidence in this context is mixed, with alternative theories being supported by different studies, typically relying on different data sources, time periods, and measures of corruption. In this paper, we assess several alternative views of corruption simultaneously in a single empirical framework. Specifically, we test six prominent hypotheses regarding the role of corruption for government revenues using a comprehensive country-level panel dataset covering 194 countries in the period 1996–2019. Our results help to shed light on the factors that are empirically important in explaining the link between corruption and government revenues, including the role of governance, autocracy, fragile states, and natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the article is to determine the impact of changes in the tax-free amount on the tax wedge in Poland and to assess the proposed changes in the tax system. Design/methodology/approach: In order to determine changes the development of the tax wedge, it was measured twice for 2024. The tax wedge analysis was performed for salaries in the range of PLN 4,242 - PLN 19,000 gross per month. The impact of the proposed changes on state budget revenues was adopted as a criterion for assessing changes in the tax system. Findings: Increasing the tax-free amount to PLN 60,000 in 2024 would the will reduce the tax wedge by between 1.3 and 4 percentage points and reduce state budget revenues by approximately PLN 48 billion. The current situation of local government units, in particular municipalities, is difficult and requires subsidization from the state budget, and the proposed changes in the tax system will further reduce their own income and pose a serious threat to their independence. Research limitations/implications: The subject of further research may be the tax wedge taking into account the degressive tax-free amount and its impact on budget revenues. Originality/value: The article was written in response to the work carried out by the Ministry of Finance on increasing the tax-free amount and is an attempt to assessment the proposed changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few years, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has experienced great economic expansion, which has resulted in varied degrees of diversified commerce, an elevated level of government revenue, and an increase in the demand for energy. The purpose of this study is to provide a solution to this conundrum by analyzing the effects of trade diversification (TDF), government revenues (GRN), gross domestic product (GDP), and natural resource rent (NTR) on the sustainable development of the ASEAN countries between the years 1981 and 2022. In order to accurately portray the concept of environmental sustainability, the ecological footprint (EFP) is utilized to represent sustainable development. The quantile‐based econometrics technique known as the Method of the Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR) has been utilized in order to investigate the direction and amplitude of the asymmetric correlation that exists between the interaction of GRN, TDF, NTR, and EFP. According to the estimations of the MMQR, it is proposed that government revenues, which include significant financial incentives that promote the stringent execution of environmental rules, hence avoiding deleterious impacts on the environment, have negative coefficients at all quantiles (Q0.25 − Q0.90). Conversely, TDF and GDP have a positive and statistically strong significant correlation across all quantiles (Q0.25 − Q0.90), revealing that TDF reduces environmental sustainability and expands the size of the world's EFP by making energy‐intensive products more accessible. In addition, the Augmented Mean Group (AMG) and the Common Correlated Effect Mean Group (CCEMG) both provide evidence that supports the correlation study by demonstrating that there is a similar pattern of causality across variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a comprehensive multiple account evaluation (MAE) framework that is intended to inform public interest determinations in impact assessment (IA). Using MAE methodology; which involves separating impacts into government revenue, economic activity, environmental, social, health, and Indigenous accounts; the proposed 'Public Interest MAE Framework' seeks to inform senior government decision makers on all the positive and adverse consequences associated with a proposed project in a manner that allows for analysis of key trade-offs from the perspective of society as a whole. The proposed framework is applied to a case study to demonstrate how the framework functions in practice. Additionally, a survey is conducted with IA practitioners, experts, stakeholders, and Indigenous groups to evaluate the proposed Public Interest MAE Framework. The primary conclusion of this study is that the Public Interest MAE Framework has the potential to inform public interest determinations and overcome many of the limitations associated with other estimation methods used in IA. Finally, opportunities and challenges associated with integrating the Public Interest MAE Framework into IA are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the impact of the tax system on the economic growth of Nigeria. The study utilized data extracted from annual financial reports of the Central Bank of Nigeria, focusing on indicators like Gross Domestic Product, Petroleum Profit Tax, Value Added Tax, and Company Income Tax. The chosen timeframe spans 28 years, encompassing the years 1984 to 2021, aiming to assess how the tax system influences economic growth in Nigeria. To analyze the data, the researchers employed an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique and conducted preliminary tests before the main analysis. The outcomes of the research indicate that all the explanatory variables (Petroleum Profit Tax, Value Added Tax, and Company Income Tax) exhibit positive effects on the dependent variable (Gross Domestic Product). However, the impact of Petroleum Profit Tax was found to be statistically insignificant. Based on the findings, the study concludes that there exists a noteworthy positive relationship between the tax system and economic growth in Nigeria. Consequently, the research recommends that all sectors adhere to established tax policies and standards to minimize tax avoidance and evasion. This, in turn, could lead to an increase in overall government revenue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the effect of e-taxation system on government tax revenue in Nigeria, employing hypothesis testing and regression analysis to explore key influencing factors such as awareness levels, behavioral responses, technological advancements, and demographic variables. The study finds that while there is a statistically significant relationship between awareness levels and the distinction between businesses and individuals, the impact of awareness alone on e-taxation effectiveness is relatively weak. However, positive behavioral responses to e-taxation initiatives significantly enhance government revenue, highlighting the critical role of fostering responsible taxpayer behavior. Technological advancements, such as block chain and digital currencies, show a strong positive correlation with the efficiency and effectiveness of e-taxation systems, this underscores the necessity of ongoing investment in cutting-edge technologies to maintain and improve e-taxation infrastructure. Additionally, demographic factors such as age, education, and income significantly influence the adoption and effectiveness of e-taxation policies. The study recommended that a targeted awareness campaigns segmented by demographics (age, income level, location) and business types should be developed. Also, appropriate communication channels (social media, SMS, workshops) tailored to each segment to ensure clear and effective messaging should be utilized. Focus should be on educating taxpayers about the benefits of e-taxation systems, such as convenience, efficiency, and security. Similarly, initiatives that incentivize timely tax filing, accurate reporting, and efficient utilization of e-taxation platforms should be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) represents a politics of repair for American Federalism. The unprecedented size, scope, and timeliness of ARPA enable local governments to address some of the structural inequities laid bare by the pandemic. U.S. Federalism was broken before the pandemic, with states exerting a triangle of pressures that created a tightening vice on local government through revenue restrictions, downloading expenditure responsibilities, and restricting local policy authority. Recent federal action through ARPA has helped ease the pressure on local revenue, enabling new expenditures and new policy action. ARPA is larger, longer, and more expansive than the American Rescue and Recovery Act passed after the Great Recession. We analyze revenue and expenditure data for all local governments and special districts from 2000 through 2022. ARPA represents a layer in the palimpsest of federalist policy, a politics of repair, that reminds us that more cooperative federal-local relations are possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local governments face revenue constraints and increasing demands for public service delivery. Confronted with fiscal pressures, cities, and counties engage in collaborative arrangements to save costs or improve service levels. However, the same pressures can also prevent them from seeking collaboration. Two distinguishable arguments in tension can be identified: fiscal stress as a driver or as a deterrent for collaboration. This study reconciles these contrasting views using longitudinal network analysis to examine how fiscal stress affects the likelihood of collaboration in four critical service areas. Results point toward fiscal stress negatively affecting collaboration in service areas when economies of scale are not achievable, and increasing the likelihood of collaboration in service domains where these scales are possible. Understanding when fiscal stress affects collaboration is particularly relevant given resource disparities at the local level. Such inequality can create reinforcing cycles of fiscal stress and reduced opportunities to collaborate in service delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainable growth of Malaysia’s economy is important to ensure full employment and efficient allocation of national resources. This empirical study is motivation driven to ascertain the relevant economic dynamics that can significantly affect national gross domestic product (GDP). Using quarterly secondary data from 2015 to 2022, we employed the Johansen-Juselius cointegration test as an estimation tool. The results revealed that net foreign direct investment (NFDI) is a significant economic factor that influences national income over, both, short- and long-run. As such, this external economic factor is one of the key determinants in underpinning the effectiveness of Malaysian government’s fiscal policy. This paper analyzes Malaysian economic activities from the fiscal perspective over the past eight years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article assesses the scale and harmful effects of counterfeit trade on Korean intellectual property (IPR) rights holders, government and economy. Topics discussed include innovation and IP infringement, statistics used to measure counterfeiting and its effects, characteristics of trade in counterfeit goods infringing Korean IPR holders, and impact of global infringements of Korean IPR on the Korean economy particularly on sales and jobs in the manufacturing sector and government revenue.

Copyright of REMAH Journal is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Numerous managerial and corporate finance perspectives suggest mutual tax advantages when depreciation is transferred from an asset's user to a lessor, creating a perceived loss of tax revenue for the government. This study delves deeper into the lease versus buy decision and its ramifications on government tax revenue. It goes beyond tax rate discrepancies, exploring how factors like lessor‐lessee borrowing rate differences, asset lifespan, depreciation, and lease payment schedules impact tax revenues, both analytically and numerically. The paper establishes a strong theoretical foundation, emphasizing positive‐sum games involving lessees, lessors, and governments in individual deals. Government benefits from leasing vary across asset classes, market structures, depreciation timelines, credit quality, tax credits, and business cycles. The proposal is that the aggregate impact at the federal level could be positive, negative, or neutral across all leasing deals. These insights surpass conventional knowledge, offering valuable perspectives for finance and accounting educators, students, practitioners, and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to find out how the impact felt by the community after the implementation of the VAT rate increase policy on individuals who act as end consumers, and business actors or MSMEs who act as distributors. The method used in the study is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) from various studies on the impact and implications of VAT rate increases in Indonesia. The results of the study show that VAT affects the price of goods and services in the market, increases production costs and selling prices, and worsens inflation. However, the increase in VAT rates can also increase government tax revenues, reduce the budget deficit, and stabilize the country's fiscal condition. In addition, the increase in VAT can affect consumer behaviour and business investment, especially in the manufacturing, trade, and service industry sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide, counterfeit, illicit, and untaxed alcoholic spirits are responsible for problems with economy, labor, and public health. Estimations of counterfeit spirits range from 25% to 40% of total alcoholic spirits consumed globally. Including knock-on effects, these products cost the EU alone 23,400 lost jobs and at least €3B in lost revenue per year. Annually there is at least €1.2B in lost government revenue. Counterfeit products decrease legitimate sales, both by replacement sales, and by the erosion of consumer product trust and satisfaction of legitimate goods and decrease legitimate manufacturing jobs. We review the worldwide problem, scope, and scale of the spirits counterfeiting problem including specific health issues, and the international plight of reduced labor available resulting directly from production and sale of counterfeited liquor. In addition, we review a wide range of methods and technologies to analytically detect chemically adulterated or substituted products that have been published and group technologies into 4 functional areas highlighting economy, generality, and utility. Approaches to prevention are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Funding is critical to the attainment of Aspiration 1 of the African Union (AU) Agenda 2063, which aims to promote inclusive growth and sustainable development. However, the funds required to meet these targets are not readily available in Africa. In Nigeria, constitutional provisions for revenue mobilization and public expenditure place restrictions on the foreign economic relations capabilities of non-central governments (NCGs) as well as undermine their capacity to raise the revenue required to meet development objectives. Against this background, this article reviews the strategies utilized by NCGs to overcome their fiscal powers–constitutional responsibilities mismatch and argues that in the context of the development imperatives subsumed in Aspiration 1, the strategies are counterproductive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study examines the effect of board characteristics on the tax aggressiveness of listed companies on the Colombo Stock Exchange in Sri Lanka. Design/methodology/approach: The sample consists of 264 firm-year observations of non-financial listed companies in Sri Lanka from 2014 to 2019. The dynamic panel system GMM technique was used to test the hypotheses, and further analyses were performed using the propensity score matching technique. Findings: All four effective tax rate measures' mean values were lower than the statutory tax rate, indicating the likelihood of tax planning. Whether board attributes are likely to mitigate tax aggressiveness is uncertain because the results are inconsistent and depend on the ETR measure. Similarly, the logistic regression results derived using the PSM approach are inconsistent, suggesting that board characteristics may have a limited effect on tax aggressiveness. Hence, the corporate governance-tax aggressiveness nexus is limited in the case of Sri Lanka. Research limitations/implications: This investigation is limited to non-financial listed companies in Sri Lanka and incorporates only four tax aggressiveness measures. Findings are imperative for policymakers, regulators, and professional bodies to improve corporate governance codes and rules to enhance organisational transparency toward corporate tax payments. Social implications: Aggressive tax planning by companies will reduce government tax revenue, hinder social progress, and cause public mistrust of large corporations and institutions. Originality/value: This study provides insight into the nexus between corporate governance and tax aggressiveness in a middle-income economy in South Asia hit by an economic crisis where tax revenue has fallen and tax enforcement is weak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A political business cycle (PBC), with governments adjusting and timing economic policy for electoral gains, has long been hypothesized. A lack of data has so far limited testing of this phenomenon for government policies as opposed to fiscal outcomes such as tax revenue or government deficit, especially at the national level. We use new monthly data on tax reform announcements for a set of 22 democracies, 1988–2014, to test the PBC hypothesis for taxation. In addition to the traditional electoral strategy formulation of the PBC, we also put forward and test a capacity version of the PBC. We find evidence for the capacity version but not the traditional version of the PBC: tax reforms are less likely to be announced before elections and more likely after elections, independently of whether they are increases or decreases. Our evidence suggests that while a PBC exists, it may be less driven by strategic electioneering and more innocuous than previously assumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates how tax rates and tax enforcement jointly impact fiscal capacity in low‐income countries. We study a policy experiment in the D.R. Congo that randomly assigned 38,028 property owners to the status quo tax rate or to a rate reduction. This variation in tax liabilities reveals that the status quo rate lies above the revenue‐maximizing tax rate (RMTR). Reducing rates by about one‐third would maximize government revenue by increasing tax compliance. We then exploit two sources of variation in enforcement—randomized enforcement letters and random assignment of tax collectors—to show that the RMTR increases with enforcement. Including an enforcement message on tax letters or replacing tax collectors in the bottom quartile of enforcement capacity with average collectors would raise the RMTR by about 40%. Tax rates and enforcement are thus complementary levers. Jointly optimizing tax rates and enforcement would lead to 10% higher revenue gains than optimizing them independently. These findings provide experimental evidence that low government enforcement capacity sets a binding ceiling on the revenue‐maximizing tax rate in some developing countries, thereby demonstrating the value of increasing tax rates in tandem with enforcement to expand fiscal capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates fiscal sustainability in Indonesia and draws comparisons with Malaysia and Thailand. The analysis encompasses an evaluation of fiscal rules, fiscal performance, and an assessment of fiscal sustainability across these three countries. Given that the Coronavirus Disease (COVID‐19) pandemic affected budget deficits in each country starting in 2020, the empirical assessment utilizes data from 2010 to 2019. Despite persistent fiscal deficits in each country, the results suggest that all three countries maintain fiscal sustainability. A more detailed analysis of the Indonesian case focuses on government revenue and expenditure. The discussion addresses challenges in these areas, aiming to identify feasible policy options for enhancing fiscal sustainability in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A smooth operation of the public budget requires simultaneous growth of macro-fiscal instruments. In this background, the study intends to estimate the macro-fiscal determinants of the public budget in the North-Eastern states (NES). The percentage estimation of fiscal capacity, fiscal dependency and revenue base depicts an overall fiscal conundrum in the NES. The empirical estimation procedure begins with the unit root test, followed by a Pedroni cointegration test, followed by the fully modified least square and the dynamic least square model to estimate the degree of relationship. Two series have been estimated to avoid multicollinearity. The results depict a cointegration between the macro-fiscal instruments (total government expenditure, state's own revenue (SOR), gross state domestic product (GSDP), grants (GR), gross fiscal deficit (GFD) and revenue deficit (RD)). The results show that the SOR, GSDP and GR are the positive and significant determinants of government expenditure. On the other hand, GFD is a positive yet insignificant determinant of government expenditure. RD is a negative and significant determinant of government expenditure. This implies that a stronger revenue generation capacity could result in augmenting the public budget for the efficient provision of public services. JEL Codes: E62, H1, H50, H62, H71, H72 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]