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This review discusses the relationship between neuroscience and psychoanalysis and introduces a new scientific method called neuro-psychoanalysis, a combination of the two phenomena. A significant difference between the two is that psychoanalysis has not evolved scientifically since it has not developed objective methods for testing ideas that it had formulated earlier. In contrast, neuroscience includes a range of subsidiary disciplines, each having its own specific methods used to study different aspects of the nervous system. The review specifically discusses the neurodynamics of dreaming and provides evidence that dreams are motivated by certain phenomena. It reviews information on Broca's aphasia to demonstrate that not all brain-injured patients are alike. The review assists in explaining why patients with right-hemisphere lesions who have only access to the intact positive emotions of the left hemisphere often feel inappropriately positive about their condition, whereas depression is much more common in patients who have only access to the negative emotions generated by the intact right hemisphere. It concludes that both sciences can make a contribution to each other, and that the predictive gap between neural and psychoanalysis processes can best be narrowed through the development of a conciliatory framework. (Contains 30 references.) (JDM)

Children's understanding of dreams as mental states was examined as an instance of their development of a "theory of mind." Thirty-five children between three and seven years of age were interviewed to determine how well they understood the reality, location, privacy, origin, and controllability of their own dreams, versus that of a fictional character, matched for emotional valence. Children's theory of mind developments (understanding appearance versus reality and perspective-taking) were evaluated as predictors of dream understanding. Findings revealed significant age increases in dream understanding that occur in a logical sequence predicted by Kohlberg (1969). Theory of mind developments were correlated with children's understanding of the unreality and privacy of dreams. The findings suggest that children as young as 6 have learned that Western culture deems dreams to be non-real, private, psychological occurrences. (Author/EV)

This paper presents research on dreams of college male and female students during a 10-year interval. In Japan, there have been a number of studies on dreams, but there has been no study of dreams using the Hall-Van de Castle Scales. For this reason, a comparable study was conducted between dreams collected in 1986/7 and 1996/7. It questioned whether the content of dreams had changed in that period and whether there were differences reported by either sex. Characteristics in social interaction, aggressiveness, friendliness, and sexual interactions in dreams were collected and compared. There were some changes noted in correlation of item analysis scales. Differences were seen in relation to aggressiveness and friendly actions with male and female characters, and familiar and unfamiliar characters. Differences were not only compared between of male and females characters, there were also comparisons of social interactions and chronology. From the viewpoint of a dynamic analysis of dreams, correlations of items were examined by the Pearson's correlation coefficient. (JDM)

The purpose of this paper is to present early adolescent Japanese boys' images that emerge from the counseling process through the use of sandplay and dreams. The author, an assistant professor of clinical psychology at the International Buddhist University in Japan, has made use of sandplay and dreams as a mediative method to understand and communicate with his clients. Sandplay therapy, founded by D.M. Kalff by adopting the idea of Analytical Psychology, is one of the effective methods to psycho-somatic disease using the body as mediation, especially Japanese youths who are generally weak in verbalization. The paper described their images in the form of 3 case studies with 3 similarities: 1) each case was a 12 year old male; 2) each male had a stomach ache; and 3) each male had school refusal tendencies. This paper discusses: 1) a therapist-client relationship in all three cases; 2) the common image characteristic symbolically representing the son-mother affective bonding in all 3 case studies; and 3) the physical complaint as an obstacle for the Japanese boys' adjustments. (JDM)

This article discusses how transference shapes relationships between teachers and students. It centers on transference as it affects teachers and teaching, as it emerges through teachers' behavior and their dreams. It also discusses and how consultation and emotional education can become vehicles for professional education and personal change. (Contains references.) (Author/CR)

Examines whether grieving children tend to recall dreaming more frequently than nongrieving children. Results reveal that grieving children do tend to recall dreams more frequently and appear to be more aware of their dream worlds. Suggests that counselors interested in creatively assisting clients through the grieving process might utilize this increased awareness in a therapeutic manner. (Contains 33 references.) (GCP)

Discusses the advantages and limitations of working with children's dreams in counseling. Advises that the counselor must consider issues related to dream theory and child development and follow guidelines to effectively process the dreams of children. (GCP)

Analysis of college students participating in a dream interpretation session found that compared to nonvolunteers, students who volunteered had more positive attitudes towards dreams, recalled dreams more frequently, were more open, were higher in absorption, and were more often female. Helpful aspects of dream interpretations included insights and links to waking life. (RJM)

Discusses the relationship of boundaries to other measures of personality, to dreams and nightmares, to clients' occupations and interests, and to the conduct of psychotherapists and counselors. Explores how some boundary violators have thin boundaries and are unable to maintain clear distinctions between the client's needs and their own needs. (RJM)

Teaching Carl Jung's constructs such as individuation can serve as a blueprint for counselor development. Also discussed are mandalas, masks, active imagination, dreams and poetry. Suggestions and examples of teaching methods are described as they apply to counselor education. (KW)

Twenty-five distressed adult clients received 2 sessions each of dream and event interpretation using the Hill model during 12 sessions of successful therapy. No differences were found in depth, insight, and working alliance among dream interpretation, event interpretation, and unstructured sessions, suggesting that dream interpretation is as effective as other therapist strategies. Discusses other findings. (KW)

Presents a framework within which to organize and synthesize existing knowledge about children's understanding of the mental states of imagination, pretense, and dreams. Concludes that by the age of three, children understand important fundamental aspects of the mental nature, origin, and truth-relation of fictional mental states, but that their understanding continues to develop in important ways. (TJQ)

Provides comprehensive definition of psychological trauma and offers guidance to practitioners who are increasingly needed to treat traumatized children. Key therapy considerations are organized around the role of dissociation and repetition compulsion in trauma. Presents treatments in connection with aloneness of trauma experience, dream and nightmare reactions, use of animals in treatment, parent/child intervention, and external influences. (DR)

Compares the dream content of 12 eating-disordered and 11 non-eating-disordered women. Results showed significant links in the dreams of the eating-disordered group to a sense of ineffectiveness, self-hate, a sense of being controlled or judged by others, an inability to self-nourish, and negative emotions. There were no significant pairings in the non-eating-disordered group. (JPS)

Compares African Americans' manifest dream content with dreams of Anglo-American and Mexican American peers. Some dream elements that were examined included emotions, environmental press, achievement outcomes, and social interactions. Comparisons indicate that African Americans perceive themselves more strongly as victims of their fate rather than as directors of it. (RJM)

Immigrants and refugees often experience difficulty adjusting to a strange new environment. This article considers Adler's (1993) article, "Refugee Dreams and Attachment Theory" but recommends a depth psychology approach, including both Freudian and Jungian perspectives, to incorporating dream analysis as a technique in cross-cultural counseling. (LKS)

Uses ethnographic materials of the past 150 years to examine the visionary traditions of Native Americans of the Great Plains. Presents a Native American worldview in which dreams and visions represent contacts with primordial sources of empowerment and knowledge and play a creative role in the formation and maintenance of cultural values. (SV)

Contrasts dreams of suicidal patients to those of nonsuicidal, depressed patients. Notes that dreams of suicidal patients often reveal wishes for revenge, punishment, reunion, fusion, and rebirth and that confusions between patient's body and that of others are suggested by dreams of some suicidal patients. Discusses phenomenon of transparency in suicidal dreams as it pertains to Rorschach studies. (Author/NB)

Examined the dream content of 90 female college students in San Antonio (Texas) and Mexico City. Reflecting their bicultural development, Mexican-American women were in between Anglo-American and Mexican women with respect to the frequencies of five of seven dream elements (characters, emotions, achievement, environmental press, aggression, friendliness, and sexuality). (SV)

The Gestalt dream approach is a practical way to explore personal issues. This article demonstrates how dream work can be adapted by counselors to focus clients to direct forms of personal exploration. A four-step strategy is described. (Authors)