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In antiquity, apologetic defences often included appeals to an ancient past. Fundamental to the ancient mind was a notion that favoured primitive wisdom over contemporary culture, antiquity over novel discoveries. In the ongoing clashes between cultures and ethnicities which signified the Hellenistic era, this notion was often combined with a competitive search for communal recognition and validity. This article offers a survey of Jewish authors in Hellenistic times, who engaged in this battle for old age. The article shows how various Jewish writers employed the antiquity argument through comparative historiography, in which they traced the roots of civilization to ancient heroes of Israel. The article ends with a discussion on the logic, structure, and purpose of the antiquity argument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nearly half of all countries have official religions or give preference to specific religious traditions. Most countries with an official religion are majority Muslim; however, most of those with a preference for particular religious traditions are majority Christian. This paper considers empirical data related to constitutional references to specific religions as a framework for a discussion of the comparative constitutional histories of Turkey and the Republic of Ireland. Both moved from systems that preferred their majority religions to ostensive neutrality. This analysis reinforces the importance of religion in law and policy regardless of cultural context and constitutional choices. Constitutional drafters have established a number of approaches to the treatment of religion, including freedom of religion, establishment of religion, separation of religion and state, neutrality, official religion, conformity, repugnancy, and sources of law/legislation. Although these linguistic choices are significant, they may not result in consistent practices across jurisdictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rule of law has become all things to all people, which is precisely why it has been hard to define. Rather than attempt that feat, this article traces how the rule of law has developed as a set of specific governing practices both in the history of comparative law and in recent policy debates. Whereas national legal traditions blended ideas about the constraining effects of law with normative ideas about the organization of politics, the policy conversation has tended to depoliticize law altogether. As a result, it became possible for aspirational autocrats determined to undermine normative legal constraints to game the system and use law for autocratic ends. The rule of law is now beginning a new life, however, through a movement to deparochialize law and re-embed it in transnational norms. This rule of law writ large has become a new touchstone for holding political power accountable through law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal History of Latin American Education / Revista Historia de la Educación Latinoamericana is the property of Universidad Pedagogica y Tecnologica de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal History of Latin American Education / Revista Historia de la Educación Latinoamericana is the property of Universidad Pedagogica y Tecnologica de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Forecasting landslide failure time is important for understanding the kinematics of landslides. In addition to the famous inverse velocity method (INV), other methods such as the minimum inverse velocity method (MINV), slope gradient (SLO), and velocity over acceleration (VOA) have been proposed. Despite the importance of adopting a forecasting technique, very limited insights regarding the mentioned methods have been published. This study aims to address this gap by conducting a comparative examination of INV, MINV, SLO, and VOA on a comprehensive database of 75 historical landslides. This access to a large volume of historical data enabled us to assess the advantages and limitations of each method. Results show that MINV is the only method with better performance than INV, by 23% on average and, in 32% of cases, by at least 100%. On the other hand, the accuracy of SLO forecasts is on average 87% worse than INV forecasts. VOA results have a 6.84 to 11.68 times higher error compared to INV. VOA is highly sensitive, even more so than INV, to scatter in measurements, but the positive effect of filtration is offset by data artifacts caused by the data filtration technique. SLO, owing to its mathematical configuration, is rather insensitive to measurement scatter. Finally, the failure velocities, as calibrated by MINV, are presented for each failure mode; this can enhance the detection of the onset of acceleration and be used toward more adaptive warning thresholds in monitoring systems depending on the site setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Legal Theory / Jogelméleti Szemle / Zeitschrift für Rechtstheorie is the property of Journal of Legal Theory / Jogelmeleti Szemle / Zeitschrift fur Rechtstheorie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Trashumante. Revista Americana de Historia Social is the property of Universidad de Antioquia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose is to analyze the concepts of anticolonialism and postcolonialism in the context of Ukrainian history. The research methodology is based on the principles of intellectual history, the history of conceptual history, comparative history, postcolonial criticism, and methods of historiographical analysis. The scientific novelty. The author compares anticolonialism and postcolonialism and examines ties between particularities of the type of colonialism, ways of thinking, and systems of knowledge in Europe, Asia, and Latin America that shaped these two types of resistance to colonialism. The writings of M. Hrushevskyi and the works of economic historians in the early Soviet period are used as examples of anticolonial discourse. The author outlines key points in the development of postcolonialism (E. Said and orientalism, subaltern studies, multiculturalism, and philosophy in the Global Age). I. Lysiak-Rudnytsky considered particularities of Ukrainian postcolonialism in connection to the distinct nature of colonialism on Ukrainian soil, characterized by the policy of russification and assimilation. Conclusions. We are currently witnesses to the dialogue between anticolonial ideology and postcolonial criticism. In Russia, it manifests itself in the form of a triple self-identification. In Ukraine, due to the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian war, the processes of decolonization are accelerated, and the war takes on a postcolonial character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we suggest that one important if neglected way through which we can make sense of political theories is by understanding their philosophical position on death. Comparative political theory analysis has been made for this purpose, and the history of political thought is read backwards. Focus has been made on Islamism to interpret its position on death and, through this, to see how Islamism approaches political institutions and critiques a modern justice tradition. The utility of such comparative history of political thought is that it shows how death and justice interconnect in political thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates conceptions of explanation, teleology, and analogy in the works of Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) and Georges Cuvier (1769–1832). Richards (2000, 2002) and Zammito (2006, 2012, 2018) have argued that Kant's philosophy provided an obstacle for the project of establishing biology as a proper science around 1800. By contrast, Russell (1916), Outram (1986), and Huneman (2006, 2008) have argued, similar to suggestions from Lenoir (1989), that Kant's philosophy influenced the influential naturalist Georges Cuvier. In this article, I wish to expand on and further the work of Russell, Outram, and Huneman by adopting a novel perspective on Cuvier and considering (a) the similar conceptions of proper science and explanation of Kant and Cuvier, and (b) the similar conceptions of the role of teleology and analogy in the works of Kant and Cuvier. The similarities between Kant and Cuvier show, contrary to the interpretation of Richards and Zammito, that some of Kant's philosophical ideas, whether they derived from him or not, were fruitfully applied by some life scientists who wished to transform life sciences into proper sciences around 1800. However, I also show that Cuvier, in contrast to Kant, had a workable strategy for transforming the life sciences into proper sciences, and that he departed from Kant's philosophy of science in crucial respects. • Explains the relevance of Kant's philosophy for the emergence of biology. • Explains Cuvier's conception of proper science and explanation. • Explains Cuvier's regulative conception of teleology and analogy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a critical discourse analysis of the Gerakan 30 September (G30S) event's portrayal in Indonesian Grade XII history textbooks across various curricula from 1994 to 2013. By analysing four textbooks, the study reveals an evolving narrative of the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) from a predominantly negative portrayal in earlier curricula to more nuanced and multiperspective representations in later editions. Early textbooks, aligned with the New Order's anti-communist ideology, depict the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) as a malevolent force, whereas later texts, especially under the 2013 curriculum, offer diverse viewpoints, reflecting a shift toward critical thinking and balanced historical understanding. This shift indicates changing political ideologies and educational approaches in Indonesia, highlighting the role of textbooks in shaping historical perception and national identity. The findings illuminate the transformation in educational narratives, emphasizing how these changes in textbooks are indicative of broader societal and political shifts and their significant impact on shaping collective memory and national consciousness in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay explores the multifaceted career of Sammy Gronemann, emphasizing his overlooked role as a lawyer within the context of his better-known identities as a Zionist and a man of letters. Gronemann's professional life, particularly his work as a lawyer and judge, is examined in detail, shedding light on his significant contributions to Zionist legal institutions such as the Court of Honor. The paper highlights the evolving trends in scholarly research on Gronemann, which primarily focuses on his literary achievements while neglecting his legal career. Through Gronemann's own writings and historical documents, the paper delves into his self-perception, revealing a complex interplay between his identities as a lawyer and a writer. Ultimately, it argues that Gronemann's passion and success spanned across his various roles, challenging conventional categorizations and underscoring the interconnectedness of his legal, literary, and Zionist endeavors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mediterranea - Ricerche Storiche is the property of Mediterranea-Ricerche Storiche and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigates the charismatic leadership of Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Mahatma Gandhi, analysing their influence on South Asian political history. The primary objective is to compare their leadership qualities and their impact on their respective political movements. Background information highlights the importance of Max Weber's theory of charisma in understanding their influence. The methodology involves historical and analytical methods, utilizing primary sources like speeches and secondary sources such as books and academic articles. Results indicate Jinnah's strategic political acumen and communication skills were crucial in creating Pakistan, contrasting with Gandhi's moral authority and nonviolent approach that faced challenges in achieving political unity. The study underscores the distinct nature of their charisma and its significant impact on South Asian political history. Recommendations suggest further comparative analyses of political leaders to understand the role of charismatic leadership in historical movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Investigaciones Historicas is the property of Universidad de Valladolid, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The book "Doors in the Sea: Atlantic African Islands in the Old Regime" analyzes the role of the archipelagos of Madeira, Cape Verde, the Canary Islands, Sao Tome and Principe, and the island of St. Helena in the connections between Europe, Africa, and America during the modern era. It uses comparative history and relies on documentation from twenty-five archives to study the reality of these territories from the 16th to the 18th centuries. The article focuses on the role of the Canary Islands in Hispano-African relations during the 17th and 18th centuries, highlighting their commercial development and their importance as ports in the new global economic system. It also analyzes the introduction of the peninsular administrative model and the social structure of the islands, as well as the mixture of European, African, and indigenous elements in Canary society. In addition, it studies island imaginaries and the creation of marine ex-votos in the territories under study. In summary, the article offers a fundamental historiographical contribution to understanding the African Atlantic islands and their role in Atlantic history. [Extracted from the article]

The Daoist monasteries, which were first popularized in southern China in the late fifth century, reflected major changes in the structure of medieval Daoism. From the perspective of comparative religious history, the rise of Daoist monasteries bears some similarity to the monasticisms that came into being in the Christian and Buddhist traditions; all three originated in hermitic and ascetic practices. However, Daoist monasticism did not naturally stem from the hermetic Daoism tradition; instead, it underwent a two-stage process of "grafting" in terms of its spiritual beliefs and values. The first stage saw the emergence of Daoist scriptures in the Jin and Song periods; in particular, the Lingbao scriptures, which transformed and distilled the tradition of hermetic Daoism practiced in the mountains and invested hermitic practice with a more complete and sacrosanct doctrinal foundation. The second saw the Southern Dynasties' Celestial Masters order embrace and experiment with the beliefs and values within the Lingbao scriptures; this process introduced the inherent communitarian nature of the Celestial Masters into the development of Daoist monasticism and resulted in the large-scale transformation of religious practice among the Celestial Masters of the period. This change of direction among the Celestial Masters order in the Jin and Song periods toward mountain-based practice led to the establishment of Daoist monasticism, but also to a loss of purity therein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Enthymema is the property of Enthymema, International Journal of Literary Criticism, Literary Theory & Philosophy of Literature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The medieval Frisian Twenty-four Land-laws and the Danish Law of Scania share an eye-catching phrasing in their provisions on animal liability: they refer to a number of animals' injurious body parts, e.g., a dog's tooth. Similar formulas have been identified in the Decretum Gratiani and the Edictum Rothari , but the author's analysis shows that the Frisian and Danish formulas and the legal rules in which they are embedded correspond to a much higher degree than with any other legal source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ricerche di Pedagogia e Didattica is the property of Universita di Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Educazione and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present essay aims to assess the very possibility of tracing a comparative history of Slavic cultures, by highlighting those elements that are potentially common to all these literary traditions. Starting from the examination of Marcello Garzaniti's recent monograph Storia delle letterature slave. Libri, scrittori e idee dallAdriatico alla Siberia (secoli ix-xxi) [History of Slavic Literatures: Books, Writers, and Ideas from the Adriatic to Siberia (gth-21st Centuries), Rome 2023], the author evaluates two possible comparative perspectives: constructing a binary structure between two phenomena or groups of phenomena (for example, Slavia Orthodoxa and Slavia Latina), or interpreting the plurality of a class of phenomena in light of some central unifying element, around which the entire series can be arranged. Both these strategies have proved unsatisfactory, as the space of Slavic cultures is an evolutionary system in dynamic equilibrium, not a fixed totality of materials. Thus, it might be appropriate to abandon the very idea of an integral model referring to what is an inevitably open and infinitely plural class of phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While conventional historical narratives of entrepreneurship education focuson its rise in business schools since the 1970s, this paper traces its roots to the early 19th century and chroniclesits evolutionwithin the field of higher education more broadly. Using a comparative history design, we show how changing social imaginaries of entrepreneurship educationin Germany and the United States were based on divergent and evolving justifications of entrepreneurial autonomy and its relationship to the common good. Our narrative explores howthese social imaginaries shaped themoral and political legitimacy of entrepreneurshipandtheaims, practices, and organizational forms of entrepreneurship education. We draw out the implications of this deeper history for entrepreneurship education today, including (a) its current social imaginary, (b) the character of entrepreneurial knowledge, and (c) the relationship of entrepreneurship education to the modern university. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time in the literature, this study provides an analysis of the activities of two major architectural–archeological missions that investigated the architectural heritage of the Armenian Highlands: the Russian Ani Archaeological Expedition (1892–1893 and 1904–1917) and the Italian academic programs of the Universities of Rome and Venice and that of Milan Polytechnic (from 1966 to the 1980s). In this article, the results of the conducted research are compared, and their contribution to the development of the history of medieval architecture is evaluated. The differences in the results are related to the chronological distance between the missions, as well as the main focus of each work: the activities of the Russians are primarily archeological, while those of the Italian groups are architectural. The head of the Ani Institute, Nikolay Marr, set himself the task of exhibiting the original artifacts in the museum he had created in the medieval capital of Armenia, Ani, while the Italian professors relied on photography for both permanent and touring exhibitions. The second mission was in unspoken contact with the first, forming a kind of time-stretched dialog. Although, by the 1970s, almost none of the participants in Marr's expedition remained alive, his scientific works were periodically being published, with some still waiting their turn in the scientific archives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I rapporti tra il regno di Macedonia e l'impero achemenide rappresentano un tema molto dibattuto negli studi storici. Normalmente si è propensi a ritenere che il primo sia stato influenzato dal secondo sotto vari aspetti (sociale, militare, ideologico). Se questi rapporti ebbero certamente una grande spinta dopo la spedizione asiatica di Alessandro Magno, ben più difficile è capire la portata del modello achemenide sulla Macedonia prima di allora. Il presente contributo vuole analizzare questo tema dal punto di vista delle strutture militari, segnatamente dei reparti d'élites: partendo dal fondamentale contributo di Dietmar Kienast, si passeranno al vaglio le fonti antiche sugli eserciti persiano e macedone prima di Alessandro Magno per valutare la loro eventuale compatibilità in termini sociali, ossia la corrispondenza di reparti militari d'élite a gruppi sociali definibili come ‹aristocratici›. Se quest'ultimo scenario si rivela effettivamente applicabile al mondo persiano, il contesto macedone tra VI e IV sec. a.C. appare meno articolato e, soprattutto, mancante di strutture aristocratiche istituzionalizzate anche a livello militare. Si tenterà infine di mostrare come molte delle somiglianze tra esercito macedone e persiano siano realmente suggerite dalle fonti antiche post-alessandrine, le quali tuttavia proiettano sulla Macedonia tardo-arcaica e classica alcune delle caratteristiche proprie dell'impero che sarà conquistato da Alessandro Magno. Summary: The relations between the Kingdom of Macedon and the Achaemenid Empire represent a much-debated topic in Ancient World Studies. It is normally assumed that the former was influenced by the latter in several aspects (socially, military, and ideologically). If it is sure that these relations strongly increased after Alexander the Great's campaign in Asia, it is far more difficult to evaluate the relevance of the Achaemenid influence over Macedonia before that time. This article aims to analyse this same topic from the perspective of military institutions, namely the elite military divisions: starting from the fundamental reflections of Dietmar Kienast, ancient sources about the Macedonian and the Persian armies will be discussed to assess if they were socially compatible or not – i.e. if elite military divisions corresponded to social groups that can be defined as ‹aristocratic›. This scenario appears to be truthful for the Persian world, whereas the Macedonian context between the 6th and the 4th century B.C. seems to be far less articulate and, most of all, lacking an institutionalization of aristocratic structures in the army. Finally, this article will attempt to show how many of the similarities between the Macedonian and the Persian armies are already suggested by the Alexandrian sources, which nevertheless tend to apply some features of the Achaemenid Empire to the Late Archaic and Classical Macedonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text titled "The Constitutional State in Latin America" is a review of the work written by Bernd Marquardt. The author highlights the importance of Latin America in the world history of modern constitutionalism and seeks to emphasize its relevance in the development of a theory of the constitutional state. The book covers the history of Latin American states from 1810 to the present day, divided into six phases of development. The objective of the work is to offer a deep understanding of comparative history and propose a methodology for future research in the field of comparative constitutionalism. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of International & Comparative Education is the property of International & Comparative Education Editorial, Beijing Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It must have been eight years ago when I read Paul Kramer's article for the first time. Back then, I had just finished my PhD and was developing a new research project thematically located at the intersection of medical, imperial, and global history. One of the particularities of the German academic path when compared to the Anglo-American context is the expectation to embark on a completely different line of inquiry after defending your doctoral dissertation. Postdoctoral researchers venture into an entirely new topic, often take on a new century, and, for good measure, turn to another region of the world. At a time when I was surfacing from a thesis on German post-1945 international history, reading "Power and Connection" was tremendously helpful and instructive in guiding my first steps into the vast terrain of nineteenth-century imperial and colonial history. While its insights into the imperial dimension of U.S. history were fascinating, it was more so its framing of the American case, as a modern empire among others, that led me to the article. Ultimately, this interest evolved into my current project on the policies on epidemics in the nineteenth-century British and American empires. This framing provides the angle for my re-reading of "Power and Connection." From an imperial historian's perspective, particularly of British imperial history and comparative empire studies, I explore here some of the links between the broader discipline and Kramer's essay up to 2011 when it was published and thereafter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International & Comparative Education is the property of International & Comparative Education Editorial, Beijing Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article investigates the word Du (毒) in premodern Chinese medicine and culture. It highlights the paradoxical meaning of the word that served as a foundation for the therapeutic use of poisons in traditional Chinese medicine. The article then situates the study in a comparative framework. By comparing the Chinese notion of Du with the Greek concept of pharmakon , it demonstrates significant similarities on the medical use of poisons in the two cultures. It further identifies a striking difference: While the European pharmacy started to separate poisons from medicines in the medieval era, poisons remained an integral part of healing repertoire throughout imperial China. The article ends with offering some cultural explanations for this divergence, and more broadly, a distinct worldview as revealed by the intimate relationship between poisons and medicines in traditional Chinese pharmacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Several theories have been proposed to explain the impact of ecological conditions on differences in life history variables within and between species. Here we compare female life history parameters of one western lowland gorilla population (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and two mountain gorilla populations (Gorilla beringei beringei). Materials and Methods: We compared the age of natal dispersal, age of first birth, interbirth interval, and birth rates using long‐term demographic datasets from Mbeli Bai (western gorillas), Bwindi Impenetrable National Park and the Virunga Massif (mountain gorillas). Results: The Mbeli western gorillas had the latest age at first birth, longest interbirth interval, and slowest surviving birth rate compared to the Virunga mountain gorillas. Bwindi mountain gorillas were intermediate in their life history patterns. Discussion: These patterns are consistent with differences in feeding ecology across sites. However, it is not possible to determine the evolutionary mechanisms responsible for these differences, whether a consequence of genetic adaptation to fluctuating food supplies ("ecological risk aversion hypothesis") or phenotypic plasticity in response to the abundance of food ("energy balance hypothesis"). Our results do not seem consistent with the extrinsic mortality risks at each site, but current conditions for mountain gorillas are unlikely to match their evolutionary history. Not all traits fell along the expected fast‐slow continuum, which illustrates that they can vary independently from each other ("modularity model"). Thus, the life history traits of each gorilla population may reflect a complex interplay of multiple ecological influences that are operating through both genetic adaptations and phenotypic plasticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article compares the immersion-education systems in Brittany and Wales. The number of Welsh speakers is growing thanks to its well-developed immersion-education system. Brittany has a much less well-developed system and the number of Breton speakers is falling dramatically. Urgent action is needed if Breton is to survive. Using an approach based loosely on 'comparative history as a comparison of contrasts', the paper examines differences in political support for immersion education between the two regions. It considers the impact of this support on planning strategies and mechanisms and considers how a range of pedagogical factors including age of exposure, language-use in the classroom and teacher training are tackled in the two contexts. It finds that the Welsh system enjoys far greater political support than that of Brittany because control of the education system is in the hands of a devolved regional authority which fully supports the regional language. The situation may be about to improve for Breton owing to the publication of a recent circular authorising full-immersion education within the state-education system for the first time. The paper recommends close collaboration between the two regions moving forward in an attempt to save Breton from extinction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article historicises practices called 'personalization' in the UK. It presents data from interviews with practitioners to show how business leaders, public sector managers, policy analysts, activists and others have crafted their personalizing practices through commercial and governmental work over a 40-year period. These public histories are illuminated by professional biographies, which reveal common interests in the transfer and application of technology, data and data analytics. Yet they also illuminate attempts to reform bureaucracies in public and private sectors alike during the late 20th and early twenty-first century. The article asks how mobility – of professionals and their personalizing practices – has affected the pre-existing contrast between, and separation of, public and private organizations. This article contributes to commentaries on personalization that view it as an essentially private and privatizing process. What remains of such domains once they have been crossed, and from whose perspective? This UK history raises questions for comparative histories of personalization and its synonyms elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How did Asian states and peoples try to achieve better lives across the twentieth century, and how far did they succeed? Modern discussions of development concentrate on the importance of enhancing personal capabilities and human development, rather than on simple economic growth. The comparative history of colonial Asian countries, both before and after political independence, shows the range of economic, political, social, and environmental conditions necessary for such improvements. Increases in life expectancy across the range of countries are a useful metric to compare public health and the supply of basic needs. Countering endemic disease – especially malaria – has played an important part here. One key to success in the fight against malaria has been the ability of states, local authorities, and communities to provide support-based security to those who require it. Some colonial Asian countries have been better at this than others and have prospered accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pedagogía y Saberes is the property of Universidad Pedaggica Nacional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Histórica: Historia Moderna is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article presents an overview of the history of tax dispute resolution in Canada. It traces the history of Canada’s system of tax dispute resolution through eight distinct phases from 1918 through to the present-day operation of the Tax Court of Canada. With this history outlined, Canada’s contemporary tax dispute resolution system is compared with the systems in the United Kingdom, Australia, and Singapore. This comparative analysis reveals that Canada is unique among its peers in its employment of a specialist judicial body to adjudicate tax appeals at first instance. The article concludes with some tentative normative reflections on Canada’s unique system of tax dispute resolution. Adopting Lon Fuller’s inner morality of law framework, the author suggests that the decision to dispose of tax appeals by way of a specialised judicial body may be problematic for the principles of generality, clarity, and congruence of law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phylogenetic comparative methods have long been a mainstay of evolutionary biology, allowing for the study of trait evolution across species while accounting for their common ancestry. These analyses typically assume a single, bifurcating phylogenetic tree describing the shared history among species. However, modern phylogenomic analyses have shown that genomes are often composed of mosaic histories that can disagree both with the species tree and with each other--so-called discordant gene trees. These gene trees describe shared histories that are not captured by the species tree, and therefore that are unaccounted for in classic comparative approaches. The application of standard comparative methods to species histories containing discordance leads to incorrect inferences about the timing, direction, and rate of evolution. Here, we develop two approaches for incorporating gene tree histories into comparative methods: one that constructs an updated phylogenetic variance-covariance matrix from gene trees, and another that applies Felsenstein's pruning algorithm over a set of gene trees to calculate trait histories and likelihoods. Using simulation, we demonstrate that our approaches generate much more accurate estimates of tree-wide rates of trait evolution than standard methods. We apply our methods to two clades of the wild tomato genus Solanum with varying rates of discordance, demonstrating the contribution of gene tree discordance to variation in a set of floral traits. Our approaches have the potential to be applied to a broad range of classic inference problems in phylogenetics, including ancestral state reconstruction and the inference of lineage-specific rate shifts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Synthetic Control Method (SCM) has become a widely used tool in both identifying and estimating the causal impact of policies, shocks, and interventions of interest on economic and social outcomes. The technique has become particularly popular in estimating the effect of these shocks on a single treated unit. As a transparent and data-driven statistical technique, the goal of the SCM is to construct an artificial control group for the treated unit that has similar pretreatment characteristics but has not undergone the treatment itself thus developing a plausible counterfactual against which impacts resulting from structural changes can be evaluated as part of a historical investigation. The method works well when the control group balances pre-intervention outcomes and auxiliary covariates as much as possible. In spite of its widespread adoption, the use of the SCM in comparative economic history has lagged behind other areas of economics. In this article, we critically review the properties of the SCM and discuss the necessary conditions for a plausible application of the technique to comparative economic history in support of research designed to answer some of the long-running historical questions and demonstrate the potential to use SCM in comparative economic history studies by estimating the impact of the oil discovery in the 1920s on Venezuela's long-term economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Anzac Nations: The Legacy of Gallipoli in New Zealand and Australia 1965-2015" by Rowan Light is a comparative analysis of the Gallipoli legacy and commemorations in New Zealand and Australia. The book examines the memory of Gallipoli and its meanings, showing that New Zealand has been more inclusive and elastic in its commemoration compared to Australia. It highlights the influence of government organizations and money in shaping national narratives and explores the strategies and reactions of protest groups against Anzac Day. The book also discusses the integration of Indigenous voices into the Anzac national story, with M¿ori traditions being more prevalent in New Zealand than Indigenous voices in Australia. [Extracted from the article]

In his critique of Modernity and the modern Gnosis, the prominent Italian Catholic philosopher Augusto Del Noce was particularly influenced by Eric Voegelin's use of the two concepts in his political theory. The aim of this article is to present the various aspects of the idea of history proposed by Voegelin followed by Del Noce's response and interpretation of them in order to show the similarities and differences between their views. More specifically, the comparison between Voegelin and Del Noce centers on the question of the eidos or "form" of history and on the difference, important for Del Noce, between ancient and modern Gnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of digital technologies in the 1980s led to the development of new formalist frameworks, as scholars tried to identify what distinguished so-called "new media" from all that came before it. Tracing this history across textual and media studies, I show how this formalism catalyzed the desire for more comparative histories of media even as it increased misunderstandings across fields. I then introduce and define four words that cut across textual and media studies: substrate, platform, interface, and format. Together, these terms offer a shared, cross-disciplinary schema for describing the media technologies that store, transmit, and process human culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the result of research whose objective was to investigate the genesis of Library Parks as an expression of political and architectural discourse in Colombia. For this purpose, a methodology based on a comparative historiography of the phenomenon of libraries and educational buildings built in public parks as a government policy at the beginning of the 20th century, and later, in the interstice between the 20th and 21st centuries, is proposed. The conclusions show that, contrary to the general perception, the library park model is not an ex novo phenomenon of the contemporary world. In this sense, the results evidence not only the identification of a set of antecedent projects of this phenomenon, built between 1932 and 1940, but also a set of existing correlations between political and architectural discourses, as a predetermining reflection of a system of thought that gave rise to the library park model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a comparative study on the political developments in the Byzantine Empire between 912 and 1025. In this period, the members of the Macedonian dynasty (867-1056) were politically neutralized because power was seized and shared either by eunuch-ministers or military officers, acclaimed co-emperors under the pretext of protecting the interest of the dynastic emperors. Although regencies for minor emperors were a recurrent power-sharing arrangement in Byzantine history, the regencies of this period differed, for they maintained the dynastic emperor in an everlasting status of minor until late adulthood. Therefore, this article analyses the so far exceptional degree of dynastic legitimacy achieved by the Macedonian emperors, which ended up creating the ideal conditions for their political neutralization. It also emphasizes the unusual position of emperor-protector. In addition, the discursive strategies that tried to legitimate the political neutralization of the dynastic emperors and the movements made by the political actors of the time to enforce it were analysed, along with how Basil II (976-1025) finally put an end to it by emancipating himself from the extended minority forced upon him, reinforcing his right as emperor to rule by himself. Finally, a comparison with the political developments simultaneously taking place in Baghdad, the centre of the Abbasid Caliphate, which share several similarities with what was happening in the Byzantine Empire, will be made as to understand why the political neutralization of the caliph was finally achieved while that of the Byzantine emperor failed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sergio Guerra Vilaboy (1949, La Habana) as director of the American History Department of the University of Havana and honorary president of Association of Historians of Latin America and the Caribbean has developed a prolific career focused on the study of the Latin American framework in comparative perspective according to the teachings of the German historian Manfred Kossok. Author of numerous publications, his knowledge about Latin-American and Cuban historiography makes him a leading figure in the field. For all that, this interview it's focused on his personal career and how it has influenced his intellectual creation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the processes of class formation and workers’ organization in the cities of Rosario and Santa Fe, Argentina, between 1870 and the first decade of the twentieth century. An analytical perspective of local-regional and comparative history was chosen, seeking to observe how these processes operated between both cities beyond the links with the Federal Capital, paying attention to the ideological current that hegemonized the working-class world at that time, anarchism, as well as the workers’ federations. A heuristic analysis and the triangulation of workers’ sources with official documents were carried out and, through the comparative method, an attempt is made to account for the close links and repertoires of collective action shared and used by the workers in their process of union organization, showing the regional organizational capacity beyond the links with Buenos Aires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ottoman Empire and Ireland seem an unlikely pair in every respect. In the secondary literature, the paths of the two countries never converge. Except for Sultan Abdülmecid's famous aid during the Famine, there has been virtually no discussion of the relationship between the two countries. By using the accounts of Ottoman authors and through a careful reading of archival materials from different eras, this article analyses the Ottoman perceptions of Ireland from the early modern era to the twentieth century. These documents and testimonies suggest that there was considerable interest in Ireland among Ottoman intellectuals and statesmen. They saw the country as some sort of anomaly which could be possibly useful in their dealings with Britain. For that reason, they diligently followed the developments taking place in Ireland. The case study developed in this article demonstrates first the importance of Ottoman archival materials for the purposes of comparative history; second the vibrant interest of the Ottoman Empire in the outside world in general and in Ireland in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]