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Learning to write the Arabic alphabet is crucial for Arab children's cognitive development, enhancing their memory and retention skills. However, the lack of Arabic language educational applications may hamper the effectiveness of their learning experience. To bridge this gap, SamAbjd was developed, an interactive web application that leverages deep learning techniques, including air-writing recognition, to teach Arabic letters. SamAbjd was tailored to user needs through extensive surveys conducted with mothers and teachers, and a comprehensive literature review was performed to identify effective teaching methods and models. The development process involved gathering data from three publicly available datasets, culminating in a collection of 31,349 annotated images of handwritten Arabic letters. To enhance the dataset's quality, data preprocessing techniques were applied, such as image denoising, grayscale conversion, and data augmentation. Two models were experimented with using a convolution neural network (CNN) and Visual Geometry Group (VGG16) to evaluate their effectiveness in recognizing air-written Arabic characters. Among the CNN models tested, the standout performer was a seven-layer model without dropout, which achieved a high testing accuracy of 96.40%. This model also demonstrated impressive precision and F1-score, both around 96.44% and 96.43%, respectively, indicating successful fitting without overfitting. The web application, built using Flask and PyCharm, offers a robust and user-friendly interface. By incorporating deep learning techniques and user feedback, the web application meets educational needs effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Studies - Comparative Religious Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the study is to analyze and evaluate the Arabic and Cyrillic alphabets used for Kazakh by Nikolay Ivanovich Ilminskiy. The alphabets discussed in the study are extracted from three separate publications of Ilminskiy. The first of these publications is among the Scientific Notes published by Kazan University at regular intervals throughout the year, published in three parts in different numbers in 1860 and 1861, the first part of which contains short grammar notes, the other parts of which are a Kazakh-Russian dictionary. Study is that used Cyrillic-based alphabet for Kazakh, called Resources for Learning the Kyrgyz [Kazakh] Dialect. The second is the book Guide to Self-Teaching Russian for Kyrgyz, published in 1861, in which Arabic letters were used for Kazakh. The third is the epic called Er Targın, published in 1862, again using Arabic letters for Kazakh. Ilminskiy used twenty-nine letters for twenty-nine sounds and two sound groups in his work titled Resources for Learning the Kyrgyz [Kazakh] Dialect. In his book Guide to SelfLearning Russian for Kyrgyz [Kazakhs], he used thirty-four letters for thirty-nine sounds and three sound groups. Er Targın used thirty-four letters for thirty-eight sounds and two sound groups in his book. Twenty letters of the Cyrillic-based alphabet used by Ilminskiy in his dictionary work and today's Kazakh Cyrillic alphabet are common, while six of the other nine letters are different forms of the same letter. Although Ilminskiy used Arabic letters for Kazakh in his Guide to Self-Learning Russian for Kyrgyz [Kazakhs] and Er Targın, the writing of the texts contains Kazakh dialect features, different from the written language common at that time

Makhraj, or pronunciation, is an essential element of Arabic phonetic rules in the Quranic reading. Studies on the articulateness of Arabic alphabet pronunciation of phonetic aspects due to the influence of native languages have been debated for decades. The Makhraj of Hijaiyyah is related to learning and reading the Quran, as the Quran itself is revealed in Arabic. Therefore, the consonant of Hijaiyyah's pronunciation must be mastered at the beginning of the Quranic study to produce a clear sound and precise meaning. This study aims to acquire a pattern of Hijaiyyah consonant designation in terms of the characteristics of the Malay tongue's articulation fluency, consonants, and phonetic nature for the basis of Quranic learning and teaching. The content analysis method developed a theme related to the pronunciation fluency of letters in three levels. The classification of letters is emphasized to guide teachers and other researchers in teaching the Arabic language and al-Quran education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning to write the Arabic alphabet is crucial for Arab children’s cognitive development, enhancing their memory and retention skills. However, the lack of Arabic language educational applications may hamper the effectiveness of their learning experience. To bridge this gap, SamAbjd was developed, an interactive web application that leverages deep learning techniques, including air-writing recognition, to teach Arabic letters. SamAbjd was tailored to user needs through extensive surveys conducted with mothers and teachers, and a comprehensive literature review was performed to identify effective teaching methods and models. The development process involved gathering data from three publicly available datasets, culminating in a collection of 31,349 annotated images of handwritten Arabic letters. To enhance the dataset’s quality, data preprocessing techniques were applied, such as image denoising, grayscale conversion, and data augmentation. Two models were experimented with using a convolution neural network (CNN) and Visual Geometry Group (VGG16) to evaluate their effectiveness in recognizing air-written Arabic characters. Among the CNN models tested, the standout performer was a seven-layer model without dropout, which achieved a high testing accuracy of 96.40%. This model also demonstrated impressive precision and F1-score, both around 96.44% and 96.43%, respectively, indicating successful fitting without overfitting. The web application, built using Flask and PyCharm, offers a robust and user-friendly interface. By incorporating deep learning techniques and user feedback, the web application meets educational needs effectively.

In this two-part article we focus on the text of Ibn ʿArabī's Fihrist, a listing of his writings which was composed sometime before 627/1229 in response to a request from one of his students. After a brief overview of the contents, we discuss in detail the substantial section that involves an alphabetical coding, and the special and often complex relationship between the title of each work and the letter or letters assigned to it. Part 1 provides a general introduction, an explanation of how the alphanumeric abjad system is employed in the text, and a detailed analysis of the single-letter section of 28 works. Part 2 will focus on the two-letter section of 73 works, and conclude with a structural analysis of the whole and observations on the abjad system and methodology, as well as on the number of works that Ibn ʿArabī wrote. Our aim is to show not only that there is a completely coherent connection between the letter and the title in terms of their abjad values, but also that this whole section of the Fihrist is tightly structured around the meaning of abjad (the first four letters of the Arabic alphabet which stands as a summary of all the letters). In this sense the Fihrist is to be understood less as an auto-bibliography, as previous studies have described it, and more a guidebook on abjad and the nature of the human being as bibliophany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every language borrows words from other languages. Many of the world's cultures interact with each other. Today, there are words from many languages such as Arabic, French, English, Turkish, Persian, Russian, etc. in today's Tatar language. They use some of these words by changing them completely phonetically, according to their phonetic forms in the language they have taken. If the phonetic structure of the language they receive matches the phonetic structure of Tatar, they quote the word as it is. The Turkish World entered into the circle of Islamic civilization after the Karakhanids accepted the religion of Islam collectively. With the influence of the religion of Islam, he began to use the alphabets of the Arabs. Cultural relations between Arabs and Turks began to develop. We encounter phonetic changes in many of the words taken from Arabic. There were also phonetic changes in the words that Kazan Tatar borrowed from Arabic while writing in the reformed Arabic, Latin and Cyrillic alphabets. Arabic borrowed words were adapted to the dialect and dagger structures of Kazan Tatar Turks. The fact that the Latin alphabet shows the vowels in full has caused the emergence of many elements that are not shown in the writing, and phonetic changes in the words in the Arabic alphabet, which is spoken in Kazan Tatar Turkish. In this article, we will examine the sound events that occur in the words that Kazan Tatar borrowed from Arabic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jawi is the orthography in which Malay has been written since the Middle Ages, when it was adapted from the Arabic script. Introduced by Muslim traders, it was adapted to Malay phonology using diacritics that modified six letters. It was used until the Roman script (Rumi) brought in by European traders and colonisers began to supplant it in the nineteenth century. In spite of that, Jawi still appears in the linguistic landscape of Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia and Pattani (Thailand). For this article snapshots have been taken of different shop signs using Jawi in Kuala Lumpur, Malacca and Kota Bharu (Malaysia). After an introduction to the structure and use of Jawi and the multilingual and 'multiscriptal' linguistic landscape in Malaysia, the significance of Jawi in the Malay Archipelago and its mainly symbolic use in the linguistic landscape are discussed. To complement the analysis, a quantitative survey carried out among a sample of Malaysian undergraduate students and a qualitative one among a small sample of teachers and lecturers in one Malaysian university on their attitudes towards the use of Jawi are also discussed. The article closes with some considerations and suggestions for the possible revival of Jawi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Situated within the Simple View of Reading, this study examined the code-related (word reading) and oral language (receptive vocabulary, narrative comprehension, narrative production) skills that contribute to English and Arabic reading comprehension in two groups of Arabic-English bilingual children (7–9 and 10–12 years) living in an English majority environment. Further, the study examined the contribution of oral narrative production to reading comprehension over and above that of word reading, receptive vocabulary and listening comprehension. Overall, our results support the applicability of the Simple View of Reading to English and Arabic reading comprehension in this minority language sample. In English, narrative production emerged as a unique predictor of English reading comprehension in both younger and older groups, suggesting that a comprehensive model of second language reading comprehension need account for the contribution of discourse-level productive skill. In Arabic, vowelized word reading explained unique variance in Arabic reading comprehension across age groups, whereas receptive vocabulary emerged as a significant contributor of reading comprehension in the older group only. We interpret our findings as a result of Arabic diglossia in conjunction with limited exposure to standard Arabic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to analyze phonological errors by children in the Arabic vocabulary reading. This study involved five children at the age of ten years old as the subjects. The content-analysis method was used to analyze the vocabularies fromprepared recording. Futhermore, the data were analyzed by using the triangulation theory from Miles and Huberman. The results informed that the phonological errors generally occur on several hijaiyah pronunciation such as ث، ح، خ، ذ، ز، ص، ض، ط، ظ، ع، غ، ق.

It is still an open argument that many AR applications in education which require some text on their interfaces impact learning positively. Even though the majority of AR educational tools in public domain contain English-based text, very few Arabic AR tools were adopted for use in teaching and learning, (rephrase the last part, it is not clear). It’s not clear whether user’s and end-user’s adoption of Arabic AR tools for use in teaching and learning is influenced by the system or the environment. That is why this study developed an Arabic alphabet-based AR and examined the subjective involvement on its adoption based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) approach. An interactive experimental evaluation was carried out with the developed app. A sample of 51 participants have participated in the experiment and responded to the structured questionnaire. The analysis of the gathered data indicates that the measures of acceptance and adoption of Arabic Alphabet lies within the Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU), Perceived Usefulness (PU), Attitude toward usage (AT) and Behavioral Intention (BI). These are indicators which were used in the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Hence the findings of this study indicate that PEOU had the strongest impact on PU and both of them influence AT which impact BI of using Arabic Alphabet AR app.

The organic treatment of the abstract of the Arabic character (contemporary vision)Yara Mustafa Abu-wally EL-FakharanyAssistant Teaching, Advertising DepartmentHigher Institute of Applied ArtsAbstractThe Arabic character is an artistic creativity, with its philosophy, organic movements, inspirations and special elements. It has the ability to respond and assist the visual artist to create a unique architectural style, according to visual systems aesthetic, emanating from the subjective form of the character, where the characters can be part of the composition of the painting (readable), or It is not related to the linguistic content (non-readable), that is, the characters are moving bodies and shapes with organic self-emotional, complementary just the art work .At the beginning of the twentieth century, when abstract art spread , the Arabic character appeared. It began to grow in a movement characterized by diversity and fertility, in which some of the visual artists inspire from the forms of Arabic characters to create their work, and reach a new organic form,such us Hamad Abd Allah, Saeed Akl, and others, since the beginning of the sixties of the twentieth century in the Arab world, they often resemble the human body with the types of Arabic characters, such us, the eyebrows like letter(ن ), and the flexibility of woman's body like letter (أ). In this regard, the Arabic letter was used as a form factor to construct the composition in the work of art in a purely organic manner, where the human bodies were treated with Arabic characters in an unreadable manner, undeclared for the shape of the letter, and the distance from its engineering structure and structural laws known by Ibn Mokala in his book, But has been used character specifications to suit the specifications of the human body and show it individually on the art scene.• Research problem: Is it possible to get out of the literary value of the Arabic letter to the value of visual organic form?• Research aim: Disclosing the creative and organic aspects of the Arabic character.• Research methodology: Analytical Descriptive Approach - Experimental Method.• Key Words: A vision of an organic form of the Arabic alphabet - Arabic CalligraphyDr. Mahmoud Farid Mahmoud Prof. Mohamed Hazem Fathallah Doctor Of Graphic- Dep. Of Graphic Professor Of Graphic- Dep.Of GraphicFaculty Of Fine Art- Helwan University Faculty Of Fine Art- Helwan University Former Vice President of Helwan University

Akhmet Baitursynov, who had an important place in Kazakh intellectual and educational life at the beginning of the 20th century, focused his studies in the field of education and was influential in the restructuring of the Kazakh education system. In addition, Baitursynov, who made efforts to make Kazakh a writing language, studied the alphabet for illiterate people in this direction, prepared textbooks and wrote articles about education. Baytursınulı, who also wrote books on the grammar of Kazakh, was also interested in the topic of Kazakh term derivation. Baitursynov, who also participated in the Turcology Congress held in Baku in 1926 and gave his opinion on the alphabet, has an important place in Kazakh Turcology. The fact that he created a new alphabet by changing the Arabic alphabet according to the sound characteristics of Kazakh is considered to be his greatest service to Kazakh Turkology. The Baitursynov alphabet spread from 1912 onwards, began to be used in madrasas and Kazakh-Russian schools after 1913, and in 1929 it fell out of use due to the fact that Kazakh was written in the Latin alphabet. Today, this alphabet, which was forgotten in Kazakhstan, is still used by Kazakhs in East Turkestan. The studies on the place of Akhmet Baitursynov in Turkology can be taken back to 1919. Although the first studies were conducted by Russian scientists, important studies on Baitursynov were also revealed in Kazakhstan and a discipline was established. Important studies have been carried out on Akhmet Baitursynov in Turkey as well. It is among the purposes of writing this article to introduce studies on Baitursynov in Turkey.

Abstract An Arabic alphabet based on the Braille alphabet to build a network that allows us to combine both the Arabic alphabet designed by the researcher and Braille ,The aim of this vision is to enable the reader to read the Braille language easily and thus social integration between the visionary and the blind to reach a comprehensive society where Braille becomes common among Arab society by producing an Arabic print line that combines visual and visual experience and is based on a standard Braille line and can also be visually read At this time we rarely see Braille in the Arab public space. We do not find any interest from the Arab designers in this point. This experience is one of the first Arabic experiences that make Braille a way of communication between people who are sighted and blind. For the graphic design is directed to the visual and the blind at the same time, which makes the blind important role in the Arab community and through this alphabet communication between blind people and sighted in the same place and the application of the Arabic alphabet on many social aspects such as (Metro tickets - packages in general- indoor signs ) .• This is the first research experiment to guide the Gremaki, where the Arabic alphabet is combined with Braille.• Remove the gap between the sight and the blind.• Increasing attention to the blind person and integrating him into social life.• Remove learning difficulties by the blind person for Braille.• Facilitate the use of Braille in public space.

Deep learning convolution neural network has been widely used to recognize or classify voice. Various techniques have been used together with convolution neural network to prepare voice data before the training process in developing the classification model. However, not all model can produce good classification accuracy as there are many types of voice or speech. Classification of Arabic alphabet pronunciation is a one of the types of voice and accurate pronunciation is required in the learning of the Qur’an reading. Thus, the technique to process the pronunciation and training of the processed data requires specific approach. To overcome this issue, a method based on padding and deep learning convolution neural network is proposed to evaluate the pronunciation of the Arabic alphabet. Voice data from six school children are recorded and used to test the performance of the proposed method. The padding technique has been used to augment the voice data before feeding the data to the CNN structure to developed the classification model. In addition, three other feature extraction techniques have been introduced to enable the comparison of the proposed method which employs padding technique. The performance of the proposed method with padding technique is at par with the spectrogram but better than mel-spectrogram and mel-frequency cepstral coefficients. Results also show that the proposed method was able to distinguish the Arabic alphabets that are difficult to pronounce. The proposed method with padding technique may be extended to address other voice pronunciation ability other than the Arabic alphabets.

Written languages began to form with the evolution of phonetic alphabets. Phonetic systems were adapted to varied languages but the sounds uttered in a language were insufficiently demonstrated in scripts. The problems pertaining to written-phonology have consequently been discussed since ancient times. Similar difficulties were also observed in the Turkish alphabet and historical texts. The Turkish phonetic system is symbolized to a certain extent in the Köktürk alphabet. The Uighurs constitue an ethnic group included in the Manichaean- Buddhist civilization circle. This indigenous culture adopted the Sogdian based writing system in the 8th century. However, the Aramaic-inspired alphabet could not adequately encompass Turkish sounds. Karakhanid dialect texts began to be inscribed using the Arabic alphabet in the second half of the 9th century. This script has been adapted to the Uighur spelling system. The spelling problems that appeared became an important issue between the 13th and 15th centuries, when Oghuz Turkish started to develop in Anatolia. This written language was first nourished by Turkish writing traditions beyond the Caspian. Binary spellings are encountered in the writing of consonants /ç/, /p/, /t/ and /ñ/ in the texts of this period. The spelling differences stem primarily from the alphabet. A problem obviously concering the inscription rather than phonetics may be discerned if the phonemes established in a language are displayed in the same text using discrete letters. Such difficulties occur when letters do not match sounds. Alphabets and spellings are unrelated to the phonetics of a language. Therefore, the features of the Oghuz language and dialects should ground the pronunciation of texts written in Old Oghuz dialect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Akdeniz Sanat is the property of Akdeniz University, Faculty of Fine Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

"Kyçyk Elif-Ba" - "The little Elif-ba" written by Sami Frashëri is a booklet to help teach the reading process and mastering the Ottoman alphabet, for the madrasas of that time. It was published in Istanbul on April 10, 1937, and was applied the same year, divided into 49 lessons. The book in question has no simplification, transcription or translation into Turkish, which means: it is neither written in Latin nor elaborated, so far, in any of the languages written by the author himself. Those significant elements that we notice in this booklet are Sami's method of teaching the alphabet and Ottoman literature; the reason for using that particular method; as well as the changes he has followed in his method compared to other Ottoman language lessons. The key method used by Sami Frashëri in this booklet is the simplest possible: a method that makes students memorize the alphabet very easily. He used the method of teaching through words, dividing the letters into several groups and including almost all the methods, from that time, of learning an alphabet. Then, he goes on teaching the letters, splitting the letters into short syllables and then long syllables; where Arabic lessons are also used, as an influential language in the Ottoman language; and also part of the Persian alphabet, used in the Ottoman alphabet. After learning the alphabet, reading the words, he adds some rules that are necessary for reading an alphabet, after which he adds reading texts to learn and reinforce the lessons even more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates an apparent quotation from Vātsyāyana’s (fl. late third century ce) Kāmasūtra in al-Ǧāḥiẓ’s (d. 255/869) Kitāb al-Ḥayawān or ‘Book of Animals’, from its original Sanskrit form through to the guise it assumes in the Arabic text. Evidence is furnished for an oral transmission at the hands of non-literary circles, showing how a given statement’s content may considerably be altered without its origins being effaced. The possibilities and limitations of identifying and tracing a vague representation of a Sanskrit saying in Arabic garb are illustrated here through a detailed case study of one extant specimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the structure of four different versions of the long love poem by Ḥumayd b. Thawr al-Hilālī. The shortest of the four runs to 119 verses, and the longest is 185, each line ending with m as a rhyming letter. This structural analysis addresses two main questions: First, what is the story told in each version? Second, in light of this, which version is the most convincing? Answering these questions enabled a restructuring of the poem, which appears in Arabic below, followed by a full English translation, with footnotes to clarify lexicon and content. The study’s main conclusion is that the most convincing version of the poem comprises the verses of al-Bayṭār (editor of its longest and most recent variant), structured to fit the narrative of al-Maymanī’s edition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the prevalence of Arabizi amongst young Kuwaitis who are the product of two different educational and linguistic settings, public and English private schools. It also sheds light on the views associated with the practice along the two sociolinguistic facets of status/solidarity held by young Kuwaitis who have done their basic school years in public vs. English private schools. The study employs a digital questionnaire followed by WhatsApp group discussions. The findings suggest the existence of two nonstandard language varieties that work side by side with standard Arabic, both being transliterated on social media platforms. The study also implies that Kuwait is developing a new sociolinguistic setting whereby Arabizi should be placed across the nation's linguistic profile. • Our study's findings assert that language attitudes are organized along two fundamental evaluative dimensions of status and solidarity. • Young Kuwaitis graduated from English private schools, view Arabizi as a practical and innovative way of communicating in social media platforms. • Westernization for Kuwaiti English school graduates reflects an openness to the world, but never a sign for a lack of national identity. • Public schoolers find Arabizi users as losing their national identity, representing a diminished manhood (when practiced by male Kuwaitis). • Arabizi develops a growing case of diagraphia, represented in a script that shifts from strictly using standard Arabic alphabet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is still an open argument that many AR applications in education which require some text on their interfaces impact learning positively. Even though the majority of AR educational tools in public domain contain English-based text, very few Arabic AR tools were adopted for use in teaching and learning, (rephrase the last part, it is not clear). It’s not clear whether user’s and end-user’s adoption of Arabic AR tools for use in teaching and learning is influenced by the system or the environment. That is why this study developed an Arabic alphabet-based AR and examined the subjective involvement on its adoption based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) approach. An interactive experimental evaluation was carried out with the developed app. A sample of 51 participants have participated in the experiment and responded to the structured questionnaire. The analysis of the gathered data indicates that the measures of acceptance and adoption of Arabic Alphabet lies within the Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU), Perceived Usefulness (PU), Attitude toward usage (AT) and Behavioral Intention (BI). These are indicators which were used in the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Hence the findings of this study indicate that PEOU had the strongest impact on PU and both of them influence AT which impact BI of using Arabic Alphabet AR app. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes which occur in the phonetic structure of a language are called phonetic events. One of the reasons for phonetic change is contamination in which a word or form influences another word or form and a different form with common features arises. In earlier periods when Turkish was written in Arabic letters, the fact that the Arabic letters "vav" and "ya" corresponded to both vowel and consonant phonemes caused there to be some different pronunciations in Arabic and Persian words. In other words, the letter "ya" which is expected to be pronounced as a vowel is pronounced as a consonant, and the letters "vav" and "ya" are pronounced as vowels although they are expected to be pronounced as consonants. As a result of these variant pronunciations, some words evolved into forms that are different from the corresponding words in their original language. Phonemes such as "g" and "nasal n" which are not found in the Arabic alphabet are counterbalanced in the Ottoman alphabet with "kâf-i Farisî" borrowed from the Persian alphabet and "kâf-i nûnî" which Turks developed. But these phonemes were written with Arabic kef in manuscripts due to greater ease of writing. In some Turkish words which include these phonemes and which are used in some Arabic dialects, different pronunciations exist due to the fact that the mentioned phonemes in the Arabic alphabets are written with the letter kef. The reason for these phonetic events which are based on contamination is the system of vowel points in the Arabic alphabet. As some words written with the same letters were developed with different vowel points, synonymous words came into existence. It is in fact contamination which determines the direction of all phonetic events that emerge in these words undergoing phonetic events through different reasons. The reason for contamination in those events is the Arabic alphabet, that is, writing in more general terms. The fact that phonetic events arise firstly in spoken language indicates that it is not the typical characteristic of writing to cause phonetic events although this is possible. Examples that belong to the period of Old Anatolian Turkish and that undergo this kind of phonetic event are given in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how the religious education of Turkish children in the "old letters" became an area of everyday contestation between the state and families and communities in the late 1920s and 1930s. Since children were seen as the nation's future, state authorities were adamant about teaching the new generation the new alphabet and were equally interested in preventing them from learning the old alphabet. While schools began using the new Turkish alphabet in the 1928–1929 academic year, the informal neighbourhood Qur'an courses held in mosques and private homes became a fiercely contested site between a state determined to socialise children into secular nationhood (partly) by preventing them from learning the Arabic letters, and families and imams who were committed to giving children religious education (necessitating the study of the Arabic alphabet so the Qur'an could be read in its original Arabic). Combining primary sources from previously untapped Ministry of the Interior documents concerning the monitoring in Anatolian towns of these informal courses with insights from the subaltern school on everyday forms of resistance, this article sheds light on a dimension of the 1928 alphabet reform that ties together questions of alphabet change, national and religious identities, education, and childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ataturk Arastirma Merkezi Dergisi is the property of Ataturk Arastirma Merkezi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The growing relevance of printed and digitalized hand-written characters has necessitated the need for convalescent automatic recognition of characters in Optical Character Recognition (OCR). Among the handwritten characters, Arabic is one of those with special attention due to its distinctive nature, and the inherent challenges in its recognition systems. This distinctiveness of Arabic characters, with the difference in personal writing styles and proficiency, are complicating the effectiveness of its online handwritten recognition systems. This research, based on limitations and scope of previous related studies, studied the recognition of Arabic isolated characters through the identification of its features and dots in view of producing an efficient online Arabic handwriting isolated character recognition system. It proposes a hybrid of decision tree and Artificial Neural Network (ANN), as against being combined with other algorithms as found in previous studies. The proposed recognition process has four main steps with associated sub-steps. The results showed that the proposed method achieved the highest performance at 96.7%, whereas the benchmark methods which are EDMS and Naeimizaghiani had 68.88% and 78.5 % respectively. Based on this, ANN has the best performance recognition rate at 98.8%, while the best rate for decision tree was obtained at 97.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkish people, who had a deep-rooted written culture put forward many works especially with the Arabic alphabet. Among these, the number of works written in a heavy language as well as those created in simple language is quite high. The problem of simple language, which had been brought up all periods of the Ottoman Empire, was discussed more seriously, especially during the Tanzimat period, when many intellectual movements were on the agenda. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his co-workers put an end point to the discussions of alphabet that could not be concluded for years. As a result of the researches, it was decided that the most appropriate alphabet was Latin alphabet, the new Turkish alphabet of Latin origin was adopted on 1 November 1928 with the decision of the majority in parliament. A matter alphabet changing in Turkey was no exception to the attention of other countries as well. Many countries expressed their especially positive opinions about the topic through newspapers. There is an idea of the alphabet reform in Turkey in journal of Yanı Yapon Muhbiri which was published in 1934 by Tatar Turkish people in Japan, too. In this study, it wiil be analyzed article including Tatars opinions about the case of alphabet reform in Turkey in this journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches / İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on the number four as a typological number, vis-a-vis the number of elements and the number of chapters, surfaces in two other spheres of the narrative and they are in the four languages the characters speak: Arabic, Italian, German, and English, and in their nationalities: Libyan, Italian, German, and British. It states that the hermeneutic process of Benghazi—Bergen-Belsen proposed in this article includes two perspectives of languages and Nationality.

In this article, I will address the topic of the Turkish minority in Bulgaria in the interwar period through the interpretive lens of the "linguistic" or better "alphabetic" rights,1 placed in the context of the "Latinization" processes taking place in the wide Eurasian space, as well of the post-imperial sociopolitical dynamics.2 To this aim, I describe the interesting and little known case of the writing practices of the Turkish community in Bulgaria in the period between the two world wars. In particular, I take into account the repercussions of Atatürk's alphabetical reform in Bulgaria, demonstrating how the adoption of the Latin alphabet in Turkey represented a significant challenge for the country, triggering the fears of both the Bulgarian authorities and of the more conservative factions of the local Turkish community. In this context, I analyze the attitudes towards the Arabic and the Latin alphabet employed to write the Turkish language in the Balkan country, illustrating the reasons for the prohibition of the Turkish Latin alphabet, in an unprecedented combination of interests between Bulgarian authorities and Islamic religious leaders. I will try to show how in that specific historical moment, writing systems, far from being "neutral" communication elements, lent themselves to various manipulations of an ideological and political nature. My paper does not intend to represent a comprehensive contribution to the analysis of the complex subject of this community's religious or political identity, but it rather aims to shed light on the limitations faced by the Turks of Bulgaria in terms of their linguistic rights in a period when other communities in Southeast Europe were encountering similar difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper continues the effort that began in (Scheer, Tobias & Peter Szigetvari. 2005. Unified representations for stress and the syllable. Phonology 22(1). 37–75.) to present a compelling alternative to moraic accounts of stress systems, framed in the theory of Strict CV (Lowenstamm, Jean. 1996. CV as the only syllable type. In Jacques Durand & Bernard Laks (eds.), Current trends in phonology models and methods, 419–442. European Studies Research Institute, University of Salford.). We have chosen stress in Palestinian Arabic, a stronghold of moraic theory, to be the empirical basis of the paper. It is a complex system, involving syllable structure and stress assignment, quantity sensitivity and syllabically-determined stress shift. Moreover, its analysis requires the deployment of a great deal of the theoretical machinery that has been (independently) developed in moraic stress theory. These phenomena, although recurrent cross-linguistically, remained outside the scope of Scheer and Szigetvari's work. The present paper provides an account of these patterns using the innovative grid-based notion of weight incorporation (Ulfsbjorninn, Shanti. 2014. A Field Theory of Stress: the role of empty nuclei in stress systems. SOAS – University of London, PhD Dissertation.). The analysis is also brought to bear on Cairene Arabic, which is shown to differ from Palestinian in a single parameter setting. Significant independent support is provided by the extension of the analysis to the phenomenon of vowel shortening (both metrical and final), whose distribution and motivation are shown to follow in a straightforward manner from the general account. The paper also improves on previous analyses of meter in Strict CV, as for the first time in Strict CV metrics, a computational component is explicitly formalized. We conclude with a comparison to a moraic analysis of the phenomena discussed, and argue on principled grounds that the Strict CV account is a worthy competitor to such an analysis. Like its predecessor from 2005, the present account recognizes only one unit relevant for meter: the nucleus. No appeal is made to moras, syllables, feet or extrametricality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the beginnings of Arabic typographic composition with typesetting machinery. It discusses different claims in literature of the first instance of mechanical composition and juxtaposes them with findings from original research in archives of typesetting machinery manufacturers active at the beginning of the twentieth century. Based on this evidence, it suggests a new account of the development and use of the first Arabic casting machine. The article raises geographical and socio-cultural aspects that provided the circumstances for this development and re-situates it from the Middle East to the United States. It identifies the manufacturer of the first Arabic composition machine and type founts, as well as the customer who initiated and contributed to its development. It then considers how the Arabic Linotype was likely conceived in a collaboration between the customer and the manufacturer, pooling cultural and technical expertise for this pioneering effort. Finally, the article discusses the resulting type fount and considers its characteristics from a technical and a typographic-aesthetic perspective, illustrating some of the effects mechanisation had on Arabic typography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Alphabet Reform one of the most profound and successful attempts of the Turkish Revolution was the subject of debate-including the Ottoman period-for a long time. While most of the intellectuals defended the preservation of Arabic letters only a few of them supported the adoption of the Latin alphabet. Tahsin Ömer was one of the earliest defenders of the adoption of the Latin alphabet. He tried to persuade his readers by showing the secular origins of both alphabets and by suggesting that the Latin script was a more developed version of the Arabic script. Avram Galanti, a Jewish-Turkish intellectual, was one of the most prominent figures in defence of the preservation of the Arabic letters. As there was also a debate on the adoption of the Latin alphabet among the Jewish community at the time, his antithesis to this idea influenced his strong opposition to the adoption of the Latin alphabet in Turkey. Galanti argued that adoption of the Latin alphabet would cause a cultural decadence. Finally there were also intellectuals like İsmail Şükrü, who suggested inventing a new, modern and 'perfect' alphabet by removing the deficiencies of old alphabets and by choosing the most suitable letters in light of modernist principles. This article will discuss the discourse on the alphabet reform through these three different views. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Most of the available transliteration/Romanization systems from Arabic to English contain inconsistencies and lack both standardization and reversibility. They do not account for a reciprocal transliteration process from Arabic to English and vice versa. It can also be noticed that some lexical items are spelled in different ways as a result of an inconsistent transcription of the Arabic version. This is illustrated by instances such as (: s, c, w), (: z), (: j), (: x, c) and (: z). The reason is that most transliteration users are often trained neither practically nor theoretically in the science of linguistics and phonetics. The symbols are often chosen in an ad hoc manner and vary from one scholar to another. The objective of this research is thus twofold. On the one hand, it seeks to develop a scholarly standard/mechanism to represent the Arabic letters in order to provide a homogenous transliteration system and, on the other hand, to develop a mobile-based application to serve the purpose of a logical and reversible inter-language tool which will be applied for transliteration at large and for Quranic terminological sciences in particular. That system shall be referred to as NOOR-TR. In doing so, initially, a comparison between various platforms is made followed by a proposal of a homogenizing symbolization which will be, then, engineered into a reliable and reversible application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There were different methods used for the notation of numbers in the premodern Islamic World. Besides writing down numbers in plain words, the most common way to write numbers in running text, Indian numerals were in common use, and many studies have been devoted to them. Less studied is the system of writing numbers by letters of the Arabic alphabet, the so-called abjad numerals--sometimes called jummal (or jumal) numbers in the sources. There existed two abjad systems, generally referred to in scholarly literature as the "eastern" and the "western" systems. The focus of the present study is the origins of these systems. It will be shown that originally they were not regional variants but the result of historical processes over time. The system previously called "western," is, in fact, the older of the two. It will be called the "archaic" system. It is attested in manuscripts of the Qurʾān produced between 703 and 705 ce in Wāsiṭ, in eastern Iraq. The system previously called "eastern" was the result of the project to translate Syriac and Greek astronomical texts into Arabic during the first half of the 9th century ce, in combination with a sound shift of sibilants in the Arabic language. It will be called the "scientific" system. This article provides editions of the earliest technical descriptions of the scientific abjad system, and of a late document, which attests the survival of the archaic system in Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No country in the world has changed its language policy – including the choice of alphabet – as frequently as the Soviet Union did. There were three main periods of alphabet change: the 1920s; the second part of the 1930s; and the last years of the USSR. The revolution set new goals – it expressed the need to transfer official communication from Russian into the languages of ethnic minorities, to create middle and higher education in them and so on. However, many languages were unwritten; the existing scripts of some other languages (traditional Arabic or Mongolian) were considered unacceptable. It was necessary to create new alphabets. After some hesitation, the Latin script was chosen as predominant in the world. More than 80 alphabets were constructed in the 1920s and '30s. However from 1935 to 1938 it was decided that all Soviet languages using the Latin alphabet would adopt Cyrillic. This Cyrillisation was completed in 1941, before the beginning of the war. The official slogans remained the same, but the spread of Russian and the Cyrillic script became a main task of Soviet language policy. This situation did not change until the 1980s when national movements in the USSR spoke out against Russian and the use of the Cyrillic script. After the disintegration of the USSR in 1991 and the formation of new states, the problem of alphabet choice became urgent. Latinisation was accomplished in Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Moldavia; it is planned in Kazakhstan and Kyrghyzstan. Some proposals to Latinise Russian have no practical significance.

The main objective of this study is to explore the factors that affect the absence of the glottal stop [ʔ] and as a result, the resurfacing of the standard Arabic Qaf variable [q], in certain lexical items of young Ammani females who associate themselves with the Jordanian Arabic madani ('urban') dialect of which [ʔ] is a predominant feature. In particular, the study explores why this absence occurs from the perspectives of the speakers themselves in relation to their own language choices. Empirical data are collected through the use of a closed questionnaire and a focus group discussion. The findings reveal that one of the major factors for the resurfacing of [q] is related to the influence of family dialect and social networks and not because the target words are of a religious or formal origin, as once they might have been attested in the speech of older generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]