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The study critically examines current condition of global rule in resolving the developing hazard of cyber terrorism. The research dives right into the complexities and problems posed by cyber terrorism as well as reviews the effectiveness of existing lawful platforms in responding to this progressing threat. Employing a diverse series of academic jobs, the study investigates the requirements for brand-new global lawful frameworks, developments in cybercrime inspection as well as digital forensics, as well as the function of surfacing modern technologies in rule administration. Also, the report stresses the significance of enhancing global cyber resilience and response abilities by means of worldwide teamwork and collaboration. The study's searching highlights varied attributes of cyber violence and demand for a complete, collaborated, and international reaction to fight this threat. The analysis uses valuable knowledge right into advancement of brand-new lawful platforms, technologies in cybercrime examination & enlargement of global cyber resilience to deal with problems positioned through cyber terrorism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ba(NdxTi(1-2x)Nbx)O3 (x=0.025, 0.05, 0.1 & 0.2) and (Na0.5Bi0.5)(NdyTi(1-2y) Nby)O3 (y=0.0125, 0.025 & 0.05) ceramics were prepared through solid state sintering route. In the present paper X-ray diffraction (XRD) data was obtained using (Philips X-pert Pro Pan Analytical: Model PW3040/60). The XRD data was simulated using modified Arrhenius and Lorentz equation using ORIGIN 6.1 software which was proposed by us earlier. In the case of Ba(NdxTi(1-2x)Nbx)O3 ceramics the values of lattice parameter obtained using modified Arrhenius and Lorentz equations are 3.9597Ao, 4.2534Ao, 5.2364Ao & 5.2690Ao for x=0.025, 0.05, 0.1 & 0.2 respectively. The average values of activation energy for x-ray scattering are 74.47 meV, 85.21 meV, 90.20 meV & 95.79 meV for x=0.025, 0.05, 0.1 & 0.2 respectively. Similar simulation studies were also carried on (Na0.5Bi0.5)(NdyTi(1-2y)Nby)O3 ceramics and the results are presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study Al/a-Si:H/SiO2/n-Si/Al based bottom gate thin film transistor (BGTFT) was fabricated using remote plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposited (RPCVD) SiO2 and PECVD a-Si:H. The Al/a-Si:H/SiO2/n-Si/Al based bottom gate thin film transistor was studied with an intension to apply it for bio-sensing application. The transfer characteristics of BGTFT were studied. The values of Gdd are 3.14 × 10−7 S, 1.38 × 10−7 S, 3.34 × 10−8 S, 4.84 × 10−9 S & 1.57 × 10−10 S for gate voltage Vg = −2, −1, 0, 1 & 2 V respectively. The Gdd values are found to decrease with the increase of gate voltage (Vg). The values of Gdg are 5.36 × 10−8 S, 5.98 × 10−9 S, 7.28 × 10−7 S, 2.40 × 10−7 & 5.00 × 10−9 respectively for Vd = −2, −1, 0, 1 & 2 V. The present current level and the conductance of BGTFT is so large that it is not possible to detect the proteins and antibody as these bio-molecules have charge of the order of nano amps. Therefore it requires a needed focus to study the ferroelectric or high k material as the active material instead of a-Si:H for BGTFT for bio-sensing application as the ferroelectric materials have low conductance and channel current. This will be our future work to use ferroelectric or high k materials as the active materials of BGTFT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[BaNd0.1Ti0.8Nb0.1O3](1-x)[Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3]x ceramics with x = 0.25, 0.40, 0.60, 0.65 & 0.70 were prepared through solid-state sintering route. In the present study, temperature and frequency dependant dielectric, Impedance, AC resistivity, modulus spectroscopy and electromechanical coupling properties carried out. These materials showed modulus resonance and anti-resonance i.e. electromechanical coupling (M″ vs. frequency). From these modulus resonance and anti-resonance studies piezoelectric charge constant (d33) was obtained. The values of the piezoelectric charge constant (d33) are 3.34 nm V−1, 6.26 nm V−1, 11.58 nm V−1, 14.10 nm V−1 & 10.70 nm V−1 for x = 0.25, 0.40, 0.60, 0.65 & 0.70, respectively. In the present study, the modulus electromechanical was studied in jig with spring which applies constant stress on the ceramic sample. The higher value of electromechanical coupling conversion in the present study may be attributed to this constant applied stress, higher temperature and polarized oxygen vacancies at the crystal lattice at these elevated temperatures (773 K & 873 K). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ba(NdxTi(1-2x)Nbx)O3 and (Na0.5Bi0.5)(NdyTi1-2yNby)O3 relaxor ferroelectric materials were prepared through solid state sintering route. The polarization as a function of electric field (PE loops) were measured with Radiant technologies PE loop tracer. In the present studies we have extended the surface charge density studies of metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) structure to the polarization studies of metal ferroelectric and metal (MFM) structure in bulk form by combining it with the modified Glazounov and Arrhenius equations. The simulation is in good agreement the experimental data. In the case of Ba(NdxTi(1-2x)Nbx)O3 ceramics the value of dipole moment (p) are 2.24x10−26 C.m, 1.80x10−26 C.m, 2.23x10−26 C.m & 2.21x 10−26 C.m for x = 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 & 0.2, respectively. The values of surface potential (Ψp) are 466 meV, 503 meV, 552 meV & 505 meV for x = 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 & 0.2, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present, paper the simulation of XRD data by modified Arrhenius and Lorentz equations has been proposed for the first time which is new. The trial of simulations have been performed on ferroelectric ceramics [Ba(Nd0.1Ti0.8Nb0.1)TiO3]1-x[Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3]x (x = 0.25), Na(0.5-x)KxBi(0.5-x)DyxTiO3 (x = 0.0125) and (Ba0.997Nd0.003TiO3)+5% SiO2. The simulations performed on the above ceramics are in good agreement with the experimental data. Using the modified Arrhenius and Lorentz equations, we obtained the lattice parameters for the ceramic samples having cubic, rhombohedral and tetragonal symmetry. In addition to the lattice parameters, the activation energy for diffraction has also been evaluated. The simulations of XRD data using Arrhenius and Lorentz equations can also be extended to other compounds with different crystal symmetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our earlier studies we have shown procedure for the estimation of activation energy and relaxation times directly from the dielectric and AC conductivity data simultaneously dependant on T and ω using modified Lorentz equation instead of well-known Arrhenius, modified Arrhenius and Vogel-Fulcher laws. In the present paper we have carried out similar experimental and simulation studies on the dielectric and AC conductivity data using modified Lorentz equations on the ceramic compound (Ba0.997Pr0.003TiO3). The obtained results on the activation energy and relaxation times are presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Any kind of non-custodial punishment carried out with the participation of the community and under the supervision of a government representative is known as community punishment. Such punishments are based on the perpetrator's condition and offender's personality, family background, age, social and economic status. Victim's consent is also required for these punishments. The author has examined the status of the social punishments in the Islamic justice system as well as in the current laws of Pakistan. He concludes that both Islam and Pakistan's criminal justice system have community-based punishments and these punishments have legal status in Pakistan's criminal justice system. But, current Pakistani laws are not sufficient to enforce these punishments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we have prepared the [Ba(Nd0.075Ti0.85Nb0.075)O3]0.30–[(Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3]0.70 ceramic through solid-state double sintering route. New equations which were proposed by us earlier were used to describe and model the electromechanical, AC and DC resistivity data. The activation energy for resonance and anti-resonance at 300 K is 30.28 and 30.11 meV; whereas the value is 38.32 and 38.91 meV at 448 K. The higher activation energy for AC conduction when compared to DC conduction is attributed to the fast vibration of charged polar and conducting species in response to the applied frequency, which requires more temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, simulation of polarization data using modified Glazounov equation (T & E simultaneously) of Barium Titanate based normal and relaxor ferroelectrics (i.e. BaTiO3 and Ba(NdxTi(1-2x)Nbx)O3) as proposed by us was carried out. These materials were prepared through sol-gel and solid state double sintering route. Modified Glazounov equation describes and model the experimental PE data in terms of dipole moment and activation energy for thermally activated dipoles present the ceramic materials. This equation best fit to the experimental PE data. The increase and decrease of activation energy with temperature and composition was attributed to the degree of disorderness of dipoles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ba(NdxTi1-2xNbx)O3 (with x = 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2) and Na0.5Bi0.5(NdyTi(1-2y)Nby)O3 (y = 0.0125, 0.025, and 0.05) ceramics were prepared through solid state sintering route. In the present study modulus resonance studies at high temperatures were carried out on the above ceramics. Higher piezoelectric performance in terms of parameters like thickness mode of electromechanical coupling factor and piezoelectric charge constant were observed for the ceramic compositions operating at higher temperature regime (798–873 K). In the case of ceramic composition with y = 0.0125, 0.025, and 0.05, the piezoelectric charge constant operating at 798K are 26.16 nm.V−1, 17.74 nm.V−1, and 24.33 nm.V−1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, ceramic samples Ca0.1Sr0.9LaxBi2-xTa2O9 were prepared by solid state double sintering route using AR grade and 99.9% pure reagents. These samples were examined by X-ray diffraction and SEM for phase identification and microstructural investigation. XRD data confirms single phase formation with orthorhombic structure at room temperature. SEM studies revealed randomly oriented needle and plate like morphology, typical to that of polycrystalline nature for higher composition. Dielectric and impedance studies were carried out as a function of temperature at different frequencies. Modified Lorentz equation was used to simulate the temperature dependence of dielectric and impedance data. This equation gives information about the activation energy for thermally orientation of dipoles. The activation energy for thermally orientation of dipoles for the present ceramic samples was found to be in the range 70–100 µeV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AC conductivity studies were performed on the Na(0.5-x)KxBi(0.5-x)DyxTiO3 ceramics (x = 0.0125, 0.025 & 0.05) prepared through solid state reaction method. The frequency and temperature response of the conductivity is interpreted in terms of the jump relaxation model. Stress and temperature induced modulus resonance and anti-resonance behaviour was observed indicating electromechanical effect in the present ceramic materials. The electromechanical coupling factor have been found to be above 99.95% and is found to increase with increase of x. Value of d33 for x = 0.0125 sample is found to be 23.24 nm.V−1 and it decreases with increase of x. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sr1-2xNaxNdxBi4Ti4O15 compounds were prepared through solid state sintering route. Capacitance & modulus resonance and anti-resonance behavior was observed for the ceramic samples studied under free and clamped-state respectively. Highest values of electromechanical coupling factor were observed for sample composition with x = 0.40 in the free-state. The values of Kt and Keff under free-state for this composition are 0.61 and 0.57 respectively. The value of d33, under free-state, for x = 0.0 and x = 0.4 compositions are higher when compared to other compositions and the values are 7.28 pm.V−1 and 7.03 pm.V−1 respectively. Ceramic samples studied under clamped-state showed electromechanical coupling above 99.6%. Among samples studied under clamped-state, ceramic composition with x = 0.5 showed the highest value of d33 when compared to other compositions with a value of 22.42 nm.V−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ba1-xRexTiO3 ceramics (Re = Nd&Pr with x = 0.002 & 0.004) were prepared through microwave sintering route using 5% SiO2 as sintering aid. The dielectric, impedance and DC resistivity studies were carried out over a wide range of temperature. From dielectric studies, it is observed that the transition temperature increased with the substitution of rare earth ions. The room temperature dielectric constant for the Nd (x = 0.002) doped barium titanate is higher when compared to other compositions and the value is 13,600.28. Impedance studies revealed relaxation behaviour. In the present study grain, grain boundary and sample-electrode effects were separated out by using Cole-Cole data. From the DC resistivity studies, it is observed that Pr (x = 0.004) doped barium titanate ceramic showed one order of magnitude PTCR effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Ba(Nd0.1Ti0.8Nb0.1)O3]0.40[Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3]0.50[CaTiO3]0.10 ceramic samples were prepared through solid state sintering route. Impedance and dielectric studies were carried out on the prepared ceramic samples. Impedance and dielectric relaxor behaviour was observed. Grain and grain boundary effects are resolved by equivalent circuit modelling of experimental Cole-Cole data. Electromechanical studies are also carried out on the ceramic samples. Broad resonance and antiresonance peaks have been observed in the modulus data. The values thickness and effective mode of electromechanical coupling factors at 623 K are found to be 0.99983 and 0.99980 respectively. The value of d33 at 673 K and 773 K are found to be 40.32 nm.V-1and 6.44 nm.V-1 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[BaNd0.1Ti0.8Nb0.1O3]0.65[Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3]0.25[BaZrO3]0.10(BNNT-NBT-BZ) ceramic is prepared through solid state sintering method. The dielectric, impedance and DC resistivity studies are carried out as a function of temperature. Dielectric and impedance studies revealed relaxor behaviour. DC resistivity studies revealed PTCR effect in the present ceramic. Capacitance resonance and anti-resonance studies in free and clamped state are carried out over a wide range of frequency at room temperature. The values of Kt, Keffand d33at room temperature are 0.112, 0.105 and 1.003 pm.V−1respectively for ceramic sample studied under free state, whereas for the samples studied under clamped state the values are 0.667, 0.629 and 26.410 pm.V−1respectively. Stress and temperature induced modulus resonance and anti-resonance studies are carried out over a wide frequency range and temperature. The values of Kt, Keffand d33at 723K are 0.99926, 0.99911 and 14.188 nm.V−1respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceramic samples Ca0.1Sr0.9R0.1Bi1.9Ta2O9(R=Nd, Pr & La) were prepared by solid state double sintering route. XRD data confirms single phase formation with orthorhombic structure at room temperature. SEM studies revealed polycrystalline nature with randomly oriented needle and plate like morphology for Nd and La doped CSBT ceramics. Dielectric studies were carried out as a function of temperature at different frequencies. Modified Lorentz equation which gives information about the thermally activated orientation of dipoles was used to describe the temperature dependence of dielectric data. The activation energy for thermally activated orientation of dipoles for the present ceramic samples was found to be in the range 60–130 μeV depending up on the type of rare earth ion substitution in CSBT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modified Lorentz equation which was proposed by us is used to model the resonance and anti-resonance behaviour in free and clamped state of [Ba(Nd0.1Ti0.8Nb0.1)O3]1-x[(Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3]xpiezoelectric ceramics. The modified Lorentz equation gives information about the static dielectric constant, infinite dielectric constant, polarizability, piezoelectric charge constant and piezoelectric voltage constant. The modified Lorentz equation is found to best fit to the experimental data. The validity of modified equation can be known from the regression value obtained. The order of polarizability, piezoelectric charge constant and piezoelectric voltage constant are of the order of 10−37(F.m2), 10−9m/V and 10−11m2/C respectively for the present ceramics. The piezoelectric charge constant decreased with the increase of x value. Higher piezoelectric charge constant was observed for the ceramic with x = 0.40 in clamped state when compared to other composition in free and clamped state and the value is 2.288×10−9m/V. The piezoelectric voltage constant decreased with the increase of x value. Lowest piezoelectric voltage constant was observed for the ceramic with x = 0.40 in clamped state and the value is 1.030 ×10−11m2/C. Ceramic composition with higher x value and which were studied in clamped state shows better piezoelectricity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

[BaNd0.1Ti0.8Nb0.1O3]0.40[Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3]0.50[CaTiO3]0.10ceramic was prepared through solid state double sintering method. The XRD results indicate that the ceramic sample have a cubic structure at room temperature. The average grain size was found to be around 4–6 μm. Dielectric studies revealed that the present materials exhibit relaxor behaviour. From piezoelectric studies, it is observed that the resonance and anti-resonance peaks was broad for ceramic sample studied under clamped state when compared to ceramic sample studied under free State. The values of Kt& Keffat room temperature for ceramic samples studied under clamped state were 0.751, 0.718 respectively. Modified Lorentz equation was used to characterize the dielectric and resonance & anti-resonance behaviour and was found to best fit to the experimental data. The activation energy for thermally activated orientation of dipoles was in the range 80–90 μeV. The piezoelectric charge constant (d33) and piezoelectric voltage constant (g33) for the ceramic sample studied under free state are 1.359 × 10−9(m/V) and 2.526 × 10−11(m2/C) respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

[Ba(Nd0.1Ti0.8Nb0.1)O3](1-y)[Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3]yceramics were prepared through solid state sintering (CS) and microwave sintering (MWS) route. The XRD results indicate that the ceramic samples have a cubic structure at room temperature. The dielectric, electromechanical and piezoelectric properties were also investigated. Relaxor behaviour was observed for the present ceramic samples prepared through both the sintering routes. The degree of diffusiveness of phase transition and relaxor behaviour are more for CS ceramic when compared to MWS ceramic with y = 0.40. From modulus measurements, the values of Kt, Keffand d33at 623 K were 0.99983, 0.99980 and 5.273 nm.V−1respectively for MWS ceramic with y = 0.25. The piezoelectric constant (d33) decreased with the increase of temperature. The d33values are higher for the microwave sintered ceramic samples when compared to conventional sintered ceramic samples. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]