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Anisakijaza je zoonotsko oboljenje ljudi, uzrokovano trećim larvalnim stadijem nematoda iz familije Anisakidae. Najznačajnije vrste koje uzrokuju zoonozu i zdravstvene probleme kod ljudi su Anisakis simplex, A. pegreffii i Pseudoterranova decipiens. Ove parazitske vrste su prisutne i raširene u morima cijeloga svijeta. U životnom ciklusu nematoda iz familije Anisakidae čovjek je slučajni domaćin. U posljednjih deset godina u BiH, ispitivanja na prisustvo L3 infektivnih larvi većinom su obavljena na Odjeljenju za akvakulturu Veterinarskog instituta, Veterinarskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu. U odnosu na tržište BiH, broj analiziranih uzoraka nije velik, ali je trend pozitivnih uzoraka kontinuiran. Od ukupno 707 pregledanih uzoraka, 153 uzorka su bila pozitivna na prisustvo Anisakis spp. U istraživanjima je po prvi put registrirano prisustvo Anisakis simplex u morskoj ribi porijeklom iz uzgoja i iz otvorenog mora u Neumskom zaljevu u BiH. S javnozdravstvenog aspekta takva riba predstavlja zoonotski rizik od anisakijaze i smatra se zdravstveno neispravnom i štetnom po zdravlje ljudi, te se nikako ne bi smjela pronaći na tržištu i biti dostupna konzumentima., Anisakiasis is a zoonotic disease of humans, caused by the third larval stage of nematodes from the Anisakidae family. The most important species causing zoonosis and health problems in humans are Anisakis simplex, A. pegreffii and Pseudoterranova decipiens. These parasitic species are present and widespread in the seas of the whole world. In the life cycle of nematodes from the family Anisakidae, human is an accidental host. In the last ten years in Bosnia and Herzegovina, analysis for the presence of L3 infective larvae were mostly carried out at the Aquaculture Department of the Veterinary Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sarajevo. The analyzed samples are not numerous in relation to the B&H market, but the trend of positive samples is continuous. Out of a total of 707 examined samples, 153 samples were positive for the presence of Anisakis spp. The presence of Anisakis simplex in farmed and open-sea marine fish was registered for the first time in the Bay of Neum in B&H. From the public health aspect, such fish represent a zoonotic risk of anisakiasis and are considered unhealthy and harmful to human health, and should never be found on the market or available to consumers. Key words: zoonosis, anisakiasis, fish, Anisakiasis ist eine Zoonose des Menschen, die durch das dritte Larvenstadium von Nematoden aus der Familie der Anisakidae verursacht wird. Die wichtigsten Arten, die Zoonosen und Gesundheitsprobleme beim Menschen verursachen, sind Anisakis simplex, A. pegreffii und Pseudoterranova decipiens. Diese parasitären Arten sind in den Meeren der ganzen Welt vertreten und weit verbreitet. Im Lebenszyklus der Nematoden aus der Familie der Anisakidae ist der Mensch ein zufälliger Wirt. In den letzten zehn Jahren wurden in Bosnien und Herzegowina Analysen auf das Vorhandensein von infektiösen L3-Larven hauptsächlich in der Aquakulturabteilung des Veterinärinstituts der Veterinärmedizinischen Fakultät der Universität Sarajevo durchgeführt. Die untersuchten Proben sind im Vergleich zum Markt von Bosnien und Herzegowina nicht sehr zahlreich, aber der Trend zu positiven Proben ist kontinuierlich. Von den insgesamt 707 untersuchten Proben waren 153 Proben positiv auf das Vorhandensein von Anisakis spp. Das Vorkommen von Anisakis simplex bei gezüchteten Fischen und Fischen aus dem offenen Meer wurde zum ersten Mal in der Bucht von Neum in Bosnien und Herzegowina registriert. Aus Sicht der öffentlichen Gesundheit stellen solche Fische ein Zoonoserisiko für Anisakiasis dar und gelten als ungesund und schädlich für die menschliche Gesundheit und sollten daher niemals auf den Markt kommen oder den Verbrauchern angeboten werden., La anisakiasis es una enfermedad zoonótica, causada por el tercer estadio larvario de nematodos de la familia Anisakidae. Las especies más importantes que causan zoonosis y problemas de salud en humanos son Anisakis simplex, A. pegreffii y Pseudoterranova decipiens. Estas especies parásitas están presentes y esparcidas en los mares de todo el mundo. En el ciclo de vida de los nematodos de la familia Anisakidae, el ser humano es un huésped accidental. En los últimos diez años en Bosnia y Herzegovina, los análisis de la presencia de larvas infectivas L3 se llevaron a cabo principalmente en el Departamento de Acuicultura del Instituto Veterinario de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad de Sarajevo. Las muestras analizadas no son numerosas en relación al mercado de Bosnia y Herzegovina, pero la tendencia de muestras positivas es continua. De un total de 707 muestras examinadas, 153 muestras resultaron positivas a la presencia de Anisakis spp. La presencia de Anisakis simplex en peces marinos de cultivo y de mar abierto fue registrada por primera vez en la Bahía de Neum en Bosnia y Herzegovina. Desde el punto de vista de la salud pública, dichos pescados representan un riesgo zoonótico de anisakiasis y se consideran insalubres y perjudiciales para la salud humana, y nunca deben encontrarse en el mercado o disponibles para los consumidores., L’anisakiasi è una malattia zoonotica dell’uomo, causata dal terzo stadio larvale dei nematodi della famiglia degli Anisakidae. Le specie più importanti che causano zoonosi e problemi di salute nell’uomo sono l’Anisakis simplex, l’A. pegreffii e la Pseudoterranova decipiens. Queste specie parassitarie sono presenti e diffuse nei mari di tutto il mondo. Nel ciclo vitale dei nematodi della famiglia Anisakidae, l’uomo è un ospite accidentale. Negli ultimi dieci anni in Bosnia ed Erzegovina, i test volti ad accertare la presenza di larve infettive L3 sono stati per lo più effettuati presso il Dipartimento di Acquacoltura dell’Istituto di Veterinaria della Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria presso l’Università degli studi di Sarajevo. Rispetto al mercato della Bosnia ed Erzegovina, il numero di campioni analizzati non è elevato, ma l’andamento dei campioni positivi è continuo. Su un totale di 707 campioni esaminati, 153 campioni sono risultati positivi alla presenza di Anisakis spp. La ricerca ha registrato per la prima volta la presenza di Anisakis simplex nei pesci di allevamento e di mare aperto provenienti dalla baia di Neum, in Bosnia ed Erzegovina. Dal punto di vista della salute pubblica, tale pesce rappresenta un rischio zoonotico (rischio di anisakiasi). Poiché è considerato nocivo e dannoso per la salute umana, non dovrebbe mai trovarsi sul mercato ed essere accessibile ai consumatori.

Oblići roda Eustrongylides se nalaze širom svijeta u brojnih riba slatkovodnih i morskih ekosustava. Sve vrste ovih u riba opisanih parazita imaju neizravni razvojni ciklus te su ribe drugi međudomaćin ili paratenični nositelj i plijen ribojednih ptica koje su konačni domaćini. Eustrongilidi su oblikom okrugli, glatki, relativno dugački crvi zbog prisustva hemoglobina crvene boje. Veći broj ličinki parazita u ribi može izazvati teške oblike bolesti, utjecati kod nekih vrsta na plodnost i povećati smrtnost. Za dijagnozu eustrongilidoze sigurna metoda je razudba male grupe zaraženih riba te mjesta nalaza i karakteristike parazita u ribi. Potrebno je isključiti druge parazite riba - crve plošnjake, segmentirane trakavice, jednorodne i dvorodne metilje te akantocefale. Za prevenciju eustrongilidoze u riba potrebno je u nekom od razvojnih stadija prekinuti životni ciklus parazita za što je potrebno ukloniti bilo kojeg međudomaćina ili konačne domaćine. Za uzgajane ribe, sanitacija ribnjaka omogućava prevenciju zaraze ribe od ovih parazita. Eustrongilidi riba su identificirani kao uzročnici infekcije ljudi kao slučajnih domaćina te iako je opisan mali broj kliničkih slučajeva, eustongilidoza je priznata zoonoza. Da bi se spriječila infekcija ljudi preporuka je izbjegavati konzumiranje sirove ribe i sirovih ribljih proizvoda. Učinkovita metoda ubijanja parazita je temeljita termička obrada., Nematodes of the genus Eustrongylides can infect many fish species inhabiting freshwater and marine ecosystems worldwide. All species of these parasites described in fish have indirect life cycles and fish are the second intermediate hosts or paratenic hosts, and the prey of fish-eating birds, as the definite hosts. Eustronoglydes are typically coiled, smooth, and relatively long worms that are red in colour due to the presence of haemoglobin. A large number of parasite larvae in fish can cause severe forms of the disease, affecting the fertility of some species and increasing mortality. The best method for diagnosis of fish eustrongylidosis is necropsy of several affected individuals, and identification of the parasite by their morphological characteristics and position in the fish. It is necessary to exclude other fish parasites, including flatworms, segmented tapeworms, monogenean and digenean flukes and acanthocephali. To prevent eustrongylidosis in fish, the parasite life cycle must be interrupted in one of the developing stages, which requires removing any of the intermediate or final hosts. For farmed fish, pond sanitation is important in preventing fish infection. Fish eustrongylides have been identified as causative agents of infection in humans as accidental hosts, and although a small number of clinical cases have been described, eustrongylidosis is a recognized zoonosis. To prevent human infection, it is recommended to avoid consuming of raw fish and raw fish products. An effective method of killing parasites is freezing and heat treatments, under well-defined conditions.

S. pseudintermedius je običajno del normalne mikrobiote na koži in zunanjih sluznicah psov, hkrati pa glavni oportunistični patogen. Seve, ki vsebujejo gen mecA, imenujemo proti meticilinu odporni S. pseudintermedius (MRSP). Take seve so našli tudi pri ljudeh, kar pomeni, da je prav tako pomemben zoonotični pomen. Sevi MRSP so pogosto odporni proti več razredom protimikrobnih zdravil. V naši nalogi je najbolj obsežen rezistotip izolatov MRSP izkazoval odpornost proti kar 10 skupinam antibiotikov. Pri za meticilin občutljivih izolatih S. pseudintermedius (MSSP) se je pojavilo večje število različnih rezistitipov, vendar so bili ti rezistotipi manj obsežni. Slaba tretjina izolatov MSSP pa ni bila odporna proti niti enemu testiranemu antibiotiku. Najbolj obsežen rezistotip izolatov MSSP je obsegal 8 skupin antibiotikov. Večina izolatov v naši nalogi je pripadala sekvenčnemu tipu ST71, ki je tudi najbolj pogosto ugotovljen sekvenčni tip MRSP v Evropi. Drugi najbolj zastopan sekvenčni tip v Sloveniji je bil ST551. Oba najbolj zastopana sekvenčna tipa sta bila prisotna v različnih regijah po Sloveniji, kar nakazuje to, da sta razširjena po celotni državi. S. pseudintermedius is usually part of the normal microbiota on the skin and outer mucous membranes of dogs and, at the same time, a major opportunistic pathogen. Strains containing the mecA gene are called methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP). Such strains have already been found in humans, which means that zoonotic significance is also possible. MRSP strains are often resistant to several classes of antimicrobial drugs. In our work, the most extensive resistotype of MRSP isolates showed resistance to as many as 10 groups of antibiotics. A large number of different resistotypes appeared in methicillin sensitive S. pseudintermedius (MSSP). However, these resistotypes were less extensive, and just under a third of MSSP isolates were not resistant to any of the antibiotics tested. The most extensive resistotype of MSSP isolates included 8 groups of antibiotics. Most of the isolates in our work belonged to the sequence type ST71, which is also the most frequently identified sequence type of MRSP in Europe. The second most represented sequence type in Slovenia was ST551. Both of the most represented sequence types were present in different regions of Slovenia, which indicates that they are widespread throughout the country.

Clostridioides difficile infections (CDI) are generally perceived as healtcare associated infections. However, there has been recently reported an increase of CDI incidence in the community. The occurrence of C. difficile has been described also in animals, food and the environment water and soil. The aim of this thesis was to characterize C. difficile isolates derived from different sources using molecular methods. The results were discussed with available data from Czech human C. difficile isolates. A total of 135 C. difficile isolates from the following sources were analyzed: pigs n = 57, calves n = 44, horses n = 18, water n = 15 and hedgehog. Using PCR ribotyping, 22 distinct ribotyping profiles were identified, the most frequently detected ribotypes were: 033, 011, 126, 078. Both toxigenic and non-toxigenic ribotypes were detected, including binary toxin-producing strains. The most frequently detected antimicrobial resistances were to ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, and erythromycin. All ribotypes and sequence types identified in the C. difficile isolates from animals and the environment, has been found also in C. difficile isolates from humans which confirms the role of animals and the environment as a source for C. difficile. However, no epidemic ribotype 001 and 176 that dominate the current...

Gulls, as migratory wild birds are known to spread different pathogens over long distances. The aim of this study was to access the prevalence of different Listeria species in a gull population feeding at a landfill in Zagreb. In total, 390 gulls of three species were sampled: Yellow-legged Gull, Larus michahellis; Black-headed Gull, L. ridibundus and Common Gull, L. canus. The most prevalent species was Listeria innocua (14.4%), while L. monocytogenes was found in 11.3% of tested samples. Other species were present in a smaller percentage; L. welshimeri (1.3%), L. ivanovii (0.5%) and L. seeligeri (0.3%). Serotyping of L. monocytogenes isolates was performed using molecular and conventional methods, and most isolates belonged to the 1/2a and 1/2b serotypes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of L. monocytogenes and other Listeria spp. in wild birds in Croatia., Za galebove je kao divlje ptice selice poznato da mogu na velike udaljenosti širiti različite patogene. Cilj je ovog istraživanja bio odrediti prevalenciju različitih vrsta roda Listeria u populaciji galebova koji se hrane na Zagrebačkom odlagalištu otpada. Sveukupno je pretraženo 390 galebova triju vrsta: galeb klaukavac - Larus michahellis; riječni galeb - L. ridibundus i burni galeb - L. canus. Najzastupljenija vrsta bila je L. innocua (14,4 %), dok je L. monocytogenes dokazana u 11,3 % ispitanih uzoraka. Prisutnost ostalih vrsta zastupljena je u manjem postotku i to L. welshimeri (1,3 %), L. ivanovii (0,5 %) i L. seeligeri (0,3 %). Serotipizacija izolata L. monocytogenes provedena je molekularnim i konvencionalnim metodama, a većina izolata pripadala je serotipovima 1/2a i 1/2b. Prema našem saznanju, ova studija donosi prve rezultate istraživanja prisutnosti L. monocytogenes i drugih vrsta roda Listeria u divljih ptica u Hrvatskoj.

Q-groznica je zarazna bolest brojnih vrsta domaćih i divljih životinja, a ujedno je i zoonoza jer se prenosi sa životinja na ljude. Uzročnik bolesti je bakterija Coxiella burnetti. Bolest je rasprostranjena na svim kontinentima gdje obitavaju krpelji koji su važni za širenje bolesti. Širenju bolesti pogoduju klimatske globalne promjene i godišnji porast temperature okoliša. Krpelji uzročnika prenose s divljih životinja na domaće ubodom preko sline (i fecesa krpelja) prilikom sisanja krvi. U krpelju ova bakterija može preživjeti preko 800 dana. U goveda i malih preživača bolest može proći gotovo bez kliničkih znakova bolesti osim s povišenom temperaturom, a može se još očitovati pobačajem, zaostalom posteljicom, upalom mliječne žlijezde, upalom pluća i zglobova. Izvori zaraze su plodne vode, posteljica i pobačeni plod, mokraća, izmet i slina bolesnih životinja i kliconoša. Ljudi se najčešće zaraze udisanjem zraka koji sadrži uzročnika Q-groznice, rjeđe preko kože ili konzumiranjem svježeg mlijeka zaraženih životinja. Ova bolest je gospodarski manje važna jer su izravne i neizravne štete manje u odnosu na neke druge zarazne bolesti domaćih životinja, ali je iznimno važna za veterinarsko javno zdravstvo jer je zoonoza.

Krpelji su hematofagni ektoparaziti koji pripadaju koljenu Artropoda. Razlikuju se tvrdi i meki krpelji. Za prijenos mikroorganizama na ljude na području Europe najznačajniji su tvrdi krpelji iz roda Ixodes. Životni ciklus krpelja sastoji se od četiri stadija: jaje, ličinka, nimfa i odrasla jedinka. Za sazrijevanje krpelja bitan je krvni obrok koji krpelj obavlja na domaćinu. Za vrijeme krvnog obroka krpelj će aspirirati patogeni mikroorganizam te ga dalje prenijeti u svom životnom ciklusu (transstadijski prijenos) ili na nove generacije (transovarijski prijenos). Krpelji roda Ixodes obično u svom životnom ciklusu traže tri različita domaćina za tri krvna obroka (životni ciklus s tri domaćina). U vrijeme koje ne provedu hraneći se na domaćinu, krpelj miruje u prirodi. Krpelji su značajni prenosioci mikroorganizama na ljude. Najznačajnije bolesti su lajmska borelioza i krpeljni meningoencefalitis, međutim prenose i druge bolesti poput rikecioza, tularemije, humane erlihioze i anaplazmoze, babezioze i ostalih. LB s razvojem erythema migrans te KME s razvojem morbus minor koji definiramo kao kratkotrajnu febrilnu bolest i morbus major koja se javlja nakon kratkotrajnog razdoblja afebrilnosti s razvojem neuroloških simptoma, osim kliničkom slikom, potvrđuju se najčešće neizravnim laboratorijskim dijagnostičkim metodama odnosno serologijom. Sezonska pojavnost navedenih bolesti odgovara sezonskim pikovima aktivnosti krpelja u proljeće i jesen iako je navedeno podložno varijacijama ovisno o klimatskim uvjetima u tekućoj godini. Većina će ugriza krpelja proći asimptomatski što zbog toga što ipak nisu svi krpelji zaraženi patogenima, što zbog dobrog imunosnog sustava domaćina. Ipak neki ugrizi rezultirat će razvojem prave kliničke slike bolesti koju je bitno prepoznati i na vrijeme medikamentozno tretirati kako bi se spriječile kasne manifestacije i eventualne komplikacije., Ticks are hematophagous ectoparasites belonging to the phylum Arthropoda. There are two groups of ticks: the hard ticks (Ixodidae) and the soft ticks (Argasidae). Hard ticks which belong to the genus Ixodes are the most important for the transmission of tick – borne microorganisms to humans in Europe. The life cycle of a tick consists of four stages: egg, larva, nymph, and adult. The blood meal that the tick performs on the mammalian host is essential for the maturation of the tick. During the blood meal, the tick will aspirate pathogenic microorganisms and further transfer it to its life cycle (transstadial transmission) or to new generations (transovarial transmission). Ixodes ticks usually look for three different hosts in their life cycle for three blood meals (three hosts life cycle). In times when they are not feeding, the tick rests in nature. Ticks are important vectors of microorganisms in humans. The most important diseases are Lyme borreliosis and Tick-borne meningoencephalitis, but they also transmit other diseases such as rickettsiosis, tularemia, human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis, babesiosis and others. LB with the development of EM and KME with the development of morbus minor which defines as short-term febrile illness and morbus major which occurs after a short asymptomatic period with no fever with the development of neurological symptoms. In addition to the clinical picture, the diagnosis is most often confirmed by indirect diagnostic methods, mostly serology. The seasonal incidence of these diseases corresponds to the seasonal peaks of tick activity in spring and autumn, although this phenomenon is subject to susceptible variations depending on the climatic conditions in the current year. Most tick bites will be asymptomatic, because not all ticks are infected with pathogens. Also if a host has a good host immune system, it will easily defend itself from the tick-borne microorganism; yet some bites will result in the development of clinical picture of the disease. It is important to recognize it and treat in time with medication in order to prevent late manifestations and possible complications.

Uvod: Svrha ovog rada bila je podsjetiti na osnovne karakteristike bakterije iz roda Brucella te prikazati podatke o pacijentima hospitaliziranima u Klinici za infektivne bolesti „Dr. Fran Mihaljević“ u razdoblju od 2007. do 2020. godine. Dobiveni su rezultati uspoređeni s dostupnim podacima iz Bosne i Hercegovine i podacima iz elektronske baze Europskog centra za kontrolu bolesti za razdoblje od 2007. do 2019. godine. Metode: Anamnestički su podaci prikupljeni iz povijesti bolesti pacijenata Klinike za infektivne bolesti „Dr. Fran Mihaljević“. Uspoređeni su podaci prikupljeni iz godišnjih izvještaja za Republiku Hrvatsku te izvještaja Europskog centra za kontrolu i prevenciju bolesti za europske zemlje. Rezultati: U razdoblju od 2007. do 2020. godine u Klinici za infektivne bolesti „Dr. Fran Mihaljević“, od bruceloze je liječeno 25 pacijenata. Podaci o oboljelima od bruceloze Hrvatskog zavoda za javno zdravstvo i Klinike za infektivne bolesti „Dr. Fran Mihaljević“ ne podudaraju se za 2008., 2014. i 2020. godinu. Bosna i Hercegovina bilježi značajno višu incidenciju bruceloze u usporedbi sa zemljama u regiji. Mediteranske zemlje imaju značajno više slučajeva novooboljelih nego što je to zabilježeno u Hrvatskoj. Zaključak: Brucelozu u Hrvatskoj karakteriziraju sporadični slučajevi, najčešće importirani iz Bosne i Hercegovine. Potrebna je daljnja provedba, kao i razvitak preventivnih mjera s ciljem održavanja povoljne epidemiološke situacije., Introduction: The purpose of this paper was to review the basic characteristics of bacteria from the genus Brucella and present original data on patients hospitalized at the University Hospital for Infectious Diseases „Dr. Fran Mihaljević” in the period from 2007 to 2020. The obtained results were compared with available data from Bosnia and Herzegovina and data from the electronic database of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control for the period from 2007 to 2019. Methods: Anamnestic data were collected from the medical histories of patients at the University Hospital for Infectious Diseases „Dr. Fran Mihaljević”. The compared data were collected from the annual reports for Croatia and the reports of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control for European countries. Results: In the period from 2007 to 2020, 25 patients were treated for brucellosis in the University Hospital for Infectious Diseases „Dr. Fran Mihaljević”. The data on brucellosis patients of the Croatian Institute of Public Health and the University Hospital for Infectious Diseases „Dr. Fran Mihaljević” do not match for 2008, 2014, and 2020. Bosnia and Herzegovina had a significantly higher incidence of brucellosis compared to countries in the region. Mediterranean countries have significantly more cases of newly infected people, compared to Croatia. Conclusion: Brucellosis in Croatia is characterized by sporadic cases, mostly imported from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Further implementation and development of preventive measures with the aim of maintaining a favorable epidemiological situation are necessary.

Kampilobakterioza je zarazna bolest zoonoza (bolesti koje se prenose sa životinja i proizvoda životinjskog podrijetla na čovjeka). Uobičajeni simptomi bolesti su akutni proljev i bolovi u trbuhu, a ponekad su moguće komplikacije i sistemske bolesti poput Gullain – Barreovog sindroma. Uzrokuju je bakterije iz roda Campylobacter. Medicinski značajne vrste su: C. jejuni, C. jejuni p. dolylii, C. coli, C. lari, C. fetus p. fetus, C. helveticus, C. upsaliensis, C. sputorum i C. hyointestinalis. Kao uzrok proljeva, u svijetu je na prvom mjestu, a u Republici Hrvatskoj na drugom, odmah iza salmoneloze. Bolest se može prevenirati pravilnom termičkom obradom mesa i proivoda životinjskog podrijetla, pasterizacijom mlijeka, kloriranjem vode, dobrom higijnskom praksom i pravilnom higijenom ruku. U Republici Hrvatskoj se od 2007. godine službeno prati broj oboljelih od kampilobakterioze od strane Hrvatskog Zavoda za javno zdravstvo. Iako broj oboljelih ne pada, nisu zabilježeni smrtni slučajevi. U prmatranih deset godina, ukupno je u Republici Hrvatskoj zabilježeno 15.660, a na području Vraždinske županije 2.274 oboljelih što je 14, 5% od ukupnog broja oboljelih. Najviše zabilježenih slučajeva u obje skupine bilo je 2018., konkretno u Republici Hrvatskoj 1971 slučaj što je 12, 6%, a u Varaždinskoj županiji 330 što je 14, 5%. Od kampilobakterioze češće oboljevaju muškarci. Najčešće oboljevaju djeca u dobnoj skupini od jedne godine, velika je incidencija i kod dojenčadi, u dobnoj skupini od 20 do 29 godina te u dobnoj skupini od 60 i više godina. Porast broja oboljelih javlja se početkom ljeta, a do značajnijeg pada oboljelih dolazi s početkom kalendarske zime U Požeško-slavonskoj županiji je, u promatranom periodu, ukupno zabilježeno samo osam oboljelih, u Ličko-senjskoj četrdeset (40), a u Sisačko-moslovačkoj 67. Grad Zagreb je zabilježio najveći broj oboljelih, odnosno 2.734 što je 17, 5%.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne virus that causes silent infections of livestock animals and severe illness in humans. Circulation of CCHFV among animals within a geographic region can be detected by the presence of antibodies to the virus. In Kosovo, human cases have occurred most frequently in the Malisheve region, but have not been seen in Vushtrri. The study was carried out in 2018 in Malisheve and Vushtrri to determine the prevalence of antibodies to CCHFV in domestic animals in Malisheve and Vushtrri, and if there is evidence that the virus is becoming more widely distributed within Kosovo. Blood samples were collected from 385 animals (285 cattle, 87 sheep and 13 goats), from 33 locations and 58 farms in total. Sera were tested using enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for anti-CCHFV antibodies (IgM/IgG). The seroprevalence of antibodies in Malisheve was 24.7% (59 out of 239) (CI 19.65-30.52), while in Vushtrri the seroprevalence of antibodies was 4.8% (7 out of 146) (CI 2.34-9.57). This is the first record of seropositive livestock in the Vushtrri region, suggesting that the virus is spreading in Kosovo through the movement of infected animals. Public health and veterinary state institutions should therefore start an integrated surveillance program with a concept of “One Health”, to control and prevent the spread of the virus., Virus krimsko-kongoanske hemoragijske groznice (CCHFV) se prenosi krpeljima i uzrokuje latentne infekcije u stoke te teže oblike bolesti u ljudi. Cirkulaciju CCHFV-a među životinjama unutar jednoga geografskog područja može biti otkrivena prisutnošću protutijela na virus. Na Kosovu se slučajevi bolesti u ljudi događaju mnogo češće u području grada Mališeva, dok ih u području Vučitrna nije bilo. Budući da ima dokaza o znatnijem širenju virusa na Kosovu, ovo je istraživanje provedeno 2018. s ciljem utvrđivanja prevalencije protutijela na CCHFV u domaćih životinja u području gradova Mališevo i Vučitrna. Uzorci krvi prikupljeni su od 385 životinja (285 goveda, 87 ovaca i 13 koza), s 33 lokacije i 58 farmi. Serumi su pretraženi testom (ELISA) za protutijela anti-CCHFV (IgM/IgG). Seroprevalencija protutijela u Mališevu bila je 24,7 % (59 od 239 životinja) (CI 19,65 – 30,52), dok je u Vučitrnu seroprevalencija protutijela bila 4,8 % (7 od 146) (CI 2,34 – 9,57). Ovo je prvi zabilježeni slučaj seropozitivnosti u stoke na području Vučitrna, što upućuje na to da se virus na Kosovu širi kretanjima zaraženih životinja. Stoga bi javnozdravstvene i veterinarske državne institucije trebale uspostaviti jedinstven sustav nadzora u okviru koncepta Jedno zdravlje, kako bi se širenje virusa kontroliralo i spriječilo.

Simple Summary Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that can cause serious disease in humans, especially in pregnant women. This parasite is found in many animals and people can be infected by eating raw or undercooked meat. Wild boar are known to harbor this parasite; populations and habitats have increased in the past decade, as it also increased the consumption of venison. The European population of wild boar has a mean prevalence of 26%. In our study, we found that the prevalence in the Slovenian wild boar population is 62%, the highest in the world to date. The prevalence was influenced by age and weight, but not by gender. In conclusion, the hunting community should be made aware of the high risk of parasite exposure when dealing with wild boar meat. Abstract Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite of great public health concern. Wild boars could be considered an emerging source of toxoplasmosis in humans due to the popularity of venison and their increasing population. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii in the Slovenian wild boar population and evaluate risk factors for human infection. Of 353 samples, 62% were positive for T. gondii using ELISA tests. This is the highest T. gondii seroprevalence reported to date in wild boar worldwide. The increase in prevalence with increasing age (p = 0.003) and weight (p = 0.002) were statistically significant, whereas gender was not (p = 0.781). Odds for being T. gondii-positive increased with age with the largest difference being between 2–3-year-old and 1–2-year-old animals (OR = 2.66, 95%CI: 1.03–6.85). Animals weighing 20–40 kg had a higher risk than animals weighing 0–20 kg (OR = 2.74, 95%CI: 1.21–6.20), whereas a further increase in the weight was not associated with increasing the odds. Due to the high Toxoplasma prevalence, the study concluded that the risk of exposure to T. gondii from handling raw or undercooked wild boar meat is high. Surveillance protocols should be established at the national level together with increased awareness within the hunting community.

Decembra 2019 se je v mestu Wuhan na Kitajskem pojavil novi betakoronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, povzročitelj koronavirusne bolezni 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 je tretji zoonotski človeški koronavirus v tem stoletju, ki je povzročil epidemijo. SARS-CoV-2 za vstop v gostiteljske celice z receptor vezavno domeno na S proteinu prepoznajo receptor ACE2 (angiotenzin konvertaza 2) na celicah gostitelja. SARS-CoV-2 se lahko prenaša tudi s človeka na žival. Primarna struktura ACE2 kaže na veliko podobnost aminokislinskega zaporedja pri človeku in različnih živalskih vrstah. Zaradi podobnosti tarčnih proteinov za vezavo virusa SARS-CoV-2 s tarčnimi proteini človeka, nekatere vrste domačih živali predstavljajo potencialni rezervoar za razmnoževanje virusa in lahko povzročijo (ponovno) razširjanje okužb v človeški populaciji. Določila sem nukleotidno zaporedje, ki zapisuje ACE2 receptor nekaterih krškopoljskih prašičev, in poskušala napovedati, ali lahko predstavljajo potencialni rezervoar za SARS-CoV-2. Ugotovila sem, da se ACE2 receptorji krškopoljskih prašičev od človeškega ACE2 razlikujejo v nekaterih ključnih aminokislinah, na katere se veže SARS-CoV-2, in zato najverjetneje niso v veliki nevarnosti za okužbo s tem virusom. In December 2019, a new betacoronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), appeared in Wuhan, China. SARS-CoV-2 is the third zoonotic human coronavirus in this century to cause an epidemic. For entry into host cells SARS-CoV-2 recognizes the ACE2 receptor (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) on host cells via the receptor binding domain of the S protein. SARS-CoV-2 can also be transmitted from human to animal. The primary structure of ACE2 displays very high amino acid sequence similarity in humans and different animal species. Due to the similar target proteins for SARS-CoV-2 virus binding to human target proteins, some domestic animal species represent a potential reservoir for virus replication and may cause (re) spread of infection in the human population. I determined the DNA sequence of the ACE2 receptor of several krškopoljski pigs, and tried to predict whether they might represent a potential reservoir for SARS-CoV-2. I have found that ACE2 receptors in krškopoljski pigs differ from human ACE2 in some of the key amino acids to which SARS-CoV-2 binds, and therefore are most likely not at high risk for infection with this virus.

Alveolarna ehinokokoza opasna je parazitarna zoonoza prouzročena larvalnim stadijem trakavice Echinococcus multilocularis. Prenosi se tipično u silvatičnom ciklusu, koji uključuje, prije svega, lisicu kao nositelja i kao posrednike različite vrste glodavaca. Ljudi kao posrednici u stvarnosti predstavljaju slijepu ulicu, no parazit u ljudi može prouzročiti tešku kliničku sliku. Do 1980. godine samo su četiri zemlje (Francuska, Njemačka, Švicarska i Austrija) bile prepoznate kao endemična područja za ovu bolest, a najnoviji podatci govore da je u međuvremenu prisutnost E. multilocularis zabilježena u lisica u barem 24 europske zemlje. Uzimajući u obzir da je alveolarna ehinokokoza, ukoliko se pravodobno ne dijagnosticira i ne liječi, smrtonosna zoonoza, njezino širenje od velikog je javno-zdravstvenog značenja. S ciljem održavanja ove bolesti pod kontrolom, potreban je stalni nadzor provođenjem epidemioloških istraživanja te praćenjem statusa populacije lisica kao životinja presudnih u održavanju životnog ciklusa ovoga parazita. Na temelju podataka prikupljenih iz brojnih istraživanja provedenih u posljednja dva desetljeća, u ovom preglednom članku stavljen je naglasak na opasnost koju alveolarna ehinokokoza predstavlja kao emergentna i re-emergentna bolest u sve većem broju europskih zemalja te ulogu divljih životinja u njezinu širenju., Alveolar echinococcosis is a dangerous zoonosis caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. It is usually transmitted in a sylvatic cycle where red fox is the definite host and various rodents are intermediate hosts. Humans are an aberrant, dead-end host as they play no role in the life cycle of the parasite, though severe clinical symptoms of the disease may arise. Until the 1980s, only four countries were recognized as endemic areas for the disease (France, Germany, Switzerland and Austria). The latest research, however, suggests the presence of E. multilocularis in foxes in at least 24 European countries. Since alveolar echinococcosis is a deadly zoonosis if left undiagnosed and untreated, its spread is a matter of great public health concern. With the goal of keeping this disease under control, continuous epidemiological studies and monitoring of fox populations is required. Based on the data collected from numerous studies over the past two decades, this review article emphasizes the danger that alveolar echinococcosis poses as an emerging and reemerging disease in an increasing number of European countries, and the role of wild animals in its spread.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is considered to be an emerging zoonotic disease, which causes numerous cases of hepatitis and deaths worldwide each year. Pigs are a host reservoir of HEV, but numerous other wild and domestic species can be infected. The aim of this study was to carry out serological screening of anti-HEV antibodies in cattle in the Sicily region (Southern Italy). Between April and December 2018, 231 serum samples were collected from cows and analysed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), for detection of HEV antibodies (IgG). The overall prevalence of anti-HEV antibodies was 36.36% (84/231; 95% CI 30-43). There were statistically significant differences in the HEV seroprevalence in animals of different ages (12 months: 39.30%; >24 months: 54.10%) (P0.05). This study shows that further investigation of HEV in cattle is required to understand better the epidemiology in farm animals and the potential zoonotic risks for humans. This is the first report of HEV seroprevalence for cows in Italy, which provides baseline data for further studies and for control of HEV infection in cattle., Virus hepatitisa E (HEV) smatra se emergentnom zoonozom koja uzrokuje brojne slučajeve hepatitisa i uginuća širom svijeta svake godine. Svinja je rezervoar HEV-a, no mogu se zaraziti i brojne druge divlje i domaće vrste. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je provesti serološki probir anti-HEV protutijela u goveda na Siciliji (južna Italija). Od travnja do prosinca 2018. prikupljen je ukupno 231 uzorak seruma krava i analiziran testom ELISA za detekciju protutijela na HEV (IgG). Prevalencija anti-HEV protutijela bila je 36,36 % (84/231; 95 % CI 30 – 43). Pronađena je statistički znakovita razlika (P < 0,05) u seroprevalenciji HEV-a u životinja različite dobi (< 11 mjeseci: 11,41 %; > 12 mjeseci: 39,30 %; > 24 mjeseci: 54,10 %). Nije zabilježena statistički znakovita razlika (P> 0,05) s obzirom na spol (31,37 % u mužjaka i 37,38 % u ženki). Rezultati ukazuju na potrebu daljnjih istraživanja HEV-a u goveda kako bi se bolje razumjela epidemiologija u farmskih životinja i potencijalan zoonotski rizik za ljude. Ovo je prvo izvješće o seroprevalenciji HEV-a u krava u Italiji, kojim se pružaju referentni podaci za daljnja istraživanja i kontrolu infekcije HEV-om u goveda.

Rotavirusi, a poglavito rotavirus A (RVA) su široko rasprostranjeni enterični patogeni koji su ujedno i najznačajniji uzročnici gastroenteritisa kod djece. Smatra se da uzrokuju oko 130.000 smrtnih slučajeva u zemljama u razvoju, ali i značajan broj hospitalizacija u razvijenim zemljama s visokim higijenskim standardima. Vrlo su važan uzročnik proljeva u mlađih dobnih kategorija domaćih svinja, te se smatra da su enzootski prisutni u uzgojima. Uzročnik je dsRNA virus segmentiranog genoma, pripadnik roda Rotavirus, porodice Reoviridae te je do danas prepoznato devet vrsta, od kojih je RVA daleko najučestalija, a time i najznačajnija vrsta. Rotavirusna dsRNA je obavijena troslojnom kapsidom čiji površinski sloj čine virusni proteini VP7 i VP4 koji su osnova binarne klasifikacije, određivanjem genotipa G i P. Do danas je kod RVA prepoznato minimalno 36 različitih genotipa G i 51 genotip P. Segmentirani genom je osnovni razlog pojave genetskog preslagivanja koje uvjetuje iznimno veliku genetsku heterogenost rotavirusa te učestalu pojavu potencijalno emergentnih humano- animalnih presloženica što predstavlja osnovu zoonotskog potencijala rotavirusa. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio utvrditi prevalenciju i genetsku raznolikost rotavirusa A u velikim farmskim i malim dvorišnim uzgojima domaćih svinja u Republici Hrvatskoj te pri tome utvrditi značaj međuvrsnog prijenosa. U razdoblju od 2018-2020. godine uzorkovano je ukupno 363 uzoraka rektalnih briseva pretežno mlađih dobnih kategorija domaćih svinja podrijetlom iz sedam farmskih i 21 dvorišnog uzgoja s područja osam županija (Osječko-baranjska, Vukovarsko-srijemska, Požeško- slavonska, Sisačko-moslavačka, Zagrebačka, Međimurska, Varaždinska i Splitsko-dalmatinska županija). Rotavirus A je dokazivan primjenom metode RT-PCR u stvarnom vremenu za umnožavanje dijela VP2 genomskog segmenta. Svi pozitivni uzorci su genotipizirani primjenom različitih metoda konvencionalnog RT-PCR-a za umnožavanje VP7 i VP4 genomskog segmenta. Sekvenciranjem odabranih pozitivnih uzoraka utvrđen je genotip G i P te najčešće genotipske kombinacije. Dobivene sekvence su potom korištene u postupku filogentske analize upotrebom programskog paketa MEGA X. Rezultati ukazuju na iznimno visoku prevalenciju RVA od 44% u uzgojima domaćih svinja u Republici Hrvatskoj, a barem jedan pozitivan uzorak je potvrđen u svakom uzgoju. Također je RVA utvrđen i na području svih županija. Rotavirusi koji cirkuliraju u području Republike Hrvatske su iznimno genetski raznoliki sa sedam različitih genotipova G (G2, G3, G4, G5, G6, G9, G11) i četiri različita genotipa P (P[6], P[13], P[23] i P[32]) uz čak 11 različitih genotipskih kombinacija. Važno je istaknuti pojavnost iznimno rijetkog genotipa P[32]. Kada govorimo o međuvrsnom prijenosu RVA, on je utvrđen primarno između rotavirusa domaćih i divljih svinja. Temeljem naših dosadašnjih istraživanja, možemo reći da osim s divljim svinjama, rotavirusi koji cirkuliraju u domaćih svinja izmjenjuju svoj genetski materijal i s rotavirusima kod ljudi, goveda, pasa i lisica. Zaključno je važno istaknuti visoku zastupljenost RVA u uzgojima domaćih svinja u Republici Hrvatskoj što ide u prilog činjenici da se radi o enzootskom virusu. Obilježja genoma RVA uvjetuju visoku genetsku raznolikost kod domaćih svinja, a posljedično i međuvrsni prijenos koji ponajprije karakterizira razmjena segmenata genoma. Iako se javlja sporadično, evidentno je preslagivanje genomskih segmenata između humanih i rotavirusa domaćih svinja te pojava novih potencijalno emergentnih humano-svinjskih presloženica. Stoga je važno sustavno pratiti molekularnu epidemiologiju sojeva RVA u ekosustavu uz primjenu koncepta Jednog zdravlja.

Steklina je virusna bolezen osrednjega živčnega sistema in je zoonoza. Najučinkovitejši način za preprečevanje urbane stekline je preventivno cepljenje psov, ki morajo biti v Sloveniji cepljeni s prvim odmerkom med 12. in 16. tednom starosti, z drugim in tretjim odmerkom v razmiku 12 mesecev od predhodnega, naslednja cepljenja pa se izvedejo v skladu z navodili proizvajalca cepiva. Cilj naloge je bil izračun korelacije med starostjo psov in nivojem protiteles, saj bi pozitivna korelacija lahko pomenila doprinos k spremembi shem cepljenja. Za določanje titra specifičnih nevtralizacijskih protiteles proti virusu stekline smo uporabili test FAVN. Za zaščito pred okužbo z virusom stekline je potreben titer protiteles ⡥ 0,5 IE/ml. V vseh državah, iz katerih smo imeli vzorce in smo jih pregledali, je bil delež pozitivnih vzorcev višji od deleža negativnih. Največji delež negativnih vzorcev je pripadal psom, mlajšim od enega leta, ki so bili cepljeni le enkrat. Le pri vzorcih iz Srbije in Črne gore smo opazili dovolj veliko pozitivno korelacijo med starostjo psov in višino titra protiteles, da lahko rečemo, da starost psa vpliva na višino titra protiteles. Pri ostalih državah korelacije nismo opazili, zato obstoječe sheme prvih treh cepljenj ne bi spreminjali. Za nadaljnja cepljenja predlagamo, da se opravijo v razmiku od enega do treh let od predhodnega cepljenja. Rabies is a zoonotic viral disease that attacks the central nervous system. The best way to prevent urban rabies is preventive vaccination of dogs. Dogs in Slovenia must be vaccinated with the first dose in the age between 12 and 16 weeks and with the second and third dose 12 months after the prior one. All the following vaccinations are given in accordance with vaccine manufacturer´s instructions. The aim of this study was to calculate the correlation between the age of dogs and the titer of antibodies, since positive correlation might contribute to the change of the vaccination scheme. We evaluated rabies neutralising antibodies titers via FAVN. Antibody titres ⡥ 0,5 IE/ml are considered protective against rabies infection. Among all tested samples belonging to different countries the majority was positive and among negative samples the majority was entitled to dogs younger than a year, that were vaccinated only once. Only in the case of Serbia and Montenegro there was a big enough positive correlation between the age of dogs and the titre of antibodies, to say that the age of dogs influences the titre of antibodies. In the case of other countries there was no correlation, therefore we would not change the existing scheme of the first three vaccinations. We suggest that all the following vaccinations are carried out one to three years after the prior dose.

Introduction: In the last ten years there has been a rapid increase of hepatitis E cases (hereinafter as HEV) in the Czech Republic and European Union. In accordance with findings from recent years the prevalence of this infection in boars, deer, roe deer, fallow deer and other cloven-hoofed game has risen too. Under Czech law these animals can be hunted by hunters who are the first ones to come into contact with the hunted animals in the greatest extent which entails the highest risk of infection. This Diploma Thesis deals with viral hepatitis E as an acute zoonotic virus transmissible from wild cloven-hoofed animals to hunters. The author sought to determine the level of awareness of the hunting society of the risks of infection, their awareness of this infection and protection against it to improve possible protection. The theoretic part of the Diploma Thesis deals with, including, but not limited to, basic information about viral hepatitis. Materials used to prepare the theoretic findings of this Diploma Thesis were obtained from a research made by the National Medical Library, from sources found in expert databases (ResearchGate, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Schollar and others), from the opinions of professional organisations and associations about HEV and their...

The bachelor thesis deals with the occurrence and frequency of dangerous animal infections and zoonotic diseases in the Czech Republic and the South Bohemian Region in the years 2014 to 2018. The hypothesis of this paper is to find whether the number of outbreaks of dangerous animal infections and zoonotic diseases in the last 5 years has increased. In the first section I deal with the actual characteristics of infections, their course and latency. In the next section, I look at the history of infections, their discovery and, as the case may be, pandemics that caused certain infections. The third section describes the current infection situation which serves to meet the objectives and answers of the hypothesis. A description is presented here of the occurrence and frequency of infections in the Czech Republic and the South Bohemian Region. The data are also used as a tool to answer the hypothesis and assess the infection situation in the Czech Republic and in the South Bohemian Region. Data from the State Veterinary Administration, National Institute of Public Health and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control were analysed to meet this objective. In my paper I describe the most common animal infections and zoonotic diseases that affect the Czech Republic or are a global problem, and provide information about the infection situation concerning avian influenza, African swine fever virus, rabies, leptospirosis, salmonella, campylobacteriosis, Lyme borreliosis, tick-borne encephalitis, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, tularemie, bovine tuberculosis or the current Covid-19. This paper also presents a comparison of the data about the number of infected people in European Union countries, including the Czech Republic, and compares the occurrence of zoonotic diseases throughout the country and in the South Bohemian Region. In my paper I also describe the system of animal screening carried out by the State Veterinary Administration and the number of tested animals.