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Parasitic plants have been known to be attacked by insect pests since ancient times. However, little is known about the mealybug (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha, Pseudococcidae) fauna associated with them. A series of surveys of mealybugs found on Loranthaceae, a semi-parasitic plant family, was conducted in several places in Bengkulu Province, southern Sumatra, Indonesia. In the study, 55 mealybug specimens were collected, consisting of eight species belonging to five genera, namely Chorizococcus McKenzie (1 species), Dysmicoccus Ferris (2 species), Ferrisia Fullaway (1 species), Planococcus Ferris (3 species) and Pseudococcus Westwood (1 species). Chorizococcus ozeri Zarkani & Kaydan, sp. nov. is new to science, whilst Planococcus bagmaticus Williams represents the first record in Indonesia. In addition, the mealybugs Dysmicoccus lepelleyi (Betrem), Dysmicoccus zeynepae Zarkani & Kaydan, Ferrisia dasylirii (Cockerell), Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell) and Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel & Miller are newly recorded from plants of the family Loranthaceae. Figures and illustrations of mealybug species with a taxonomic key to Asian Chorizococcus and a new country record based on morphological characters are also updated.

Planococcus dischidiae (Takahashi) Material examined. INDONESIA, Sumatra I., Bengkulu Province, Kepahiang district, Kabawetan, on Coffea robusta (Rubiaceae), 600 m a.s.l., 03°34′54.4″ S, 102°35′33″ E, 12.vi.2018, coll. A. Zarkani (AZ235‒239), 1 ♀. Comments. Planococcus dischidiae was recorded from Indonesia (Sulawesi) by Cox (1989), Ben-Dov (1994) and Williams (2004); also from Malaysia by Takahashi (1951) and Ben-Dov (1994). This is the first time it has been collected on C. robusta; previously, it was recorded on Dischidia sp. (Apocynaceae) and Epipremnum sp. (Araceae)., Published as part of Zarkani, Agustin, Ercan, Cansu, Apriyanto, Dwinardi & Kaydan, Mehmet Bora, 2023, Studies on mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Indonesia, with description of a new species and three new country records, pp. 157-172 in Zootaxa 5228 (2) on page 168, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5228.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7532281, {"references":["Cox, J. M. (1989) The mealybug genus Planococcus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Bulletin British Museum (Natural History), Entomology, 58, 1 - 78.","Ben-Dov, Y. (1994) A systematic catalogue of the mealybugs of the world (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae) with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Intercept Limited, Andover, 686 pp.","Williams, D. J. (2004) Mealybugs of southern Asia. The Natural History Museum, London. Southdene SDN BHD, Kuala Lumpur, 896 pp.","Takahashi, R. (1951) Some mealybugs (Pseudococcidae, Homoptera) from the Malay Peninsula. Indian Journal of Entomology, 12, 1 - 22."]}

Rastrococcus tropicasiaticus Williams Material examined. INDONESIA, Sumatra I., Bengkulu Province, Seluma district, Air Periukan, on Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) M. Jacobs (Meliaceae), 10 m a.s.l., 3°59′07.1″ S, 102°25′37.4″ E, 1.v.2019, coll.A. Zarkani, (AZ336), 1 ♀. Comments. Zarkani et al. (2021) reported R. tropicasiaticus for the first time in Indonesia (Bengkulu) on A. excelsa (Meliaceae), Cerbera manghas L. (Apocynaceae), Dimocarpus longan Lour. (Sapindaceae), Ficus sp. (Moraceae), and Tectona grandis L. (Lamiaceae). It is also known to live on woody plants and wild grass in parts of southern Asia such as Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam (Williams 2004)., Published as part of Zarkani, Agustin, Ercan, Cansu, Apriyanto, Dwinardi & Kaydan, Mehmet Bora, 2023, Studies on mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Indonesia, with description of a new species and three new country records, pp. 157-172 in Zootaxa 5228 (2) on page 170, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5228.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7532281, {"references":["Williams, D. J. (2004) Mealybugs of southern Asia. The Natural History Museum, London. Southdene SDN BHD, Kuala Lumpur, 896 pp."]}

Dysmicoccus lepelleyi (Betrem) Material examined. INDONESIA, Sumatra I., Bengkulu Province, Bengkulu city, Slebar, on Manilkara zapota L. (Sapotaceae), 20 m a.s.l., 03°49′25.2″ S, 102°19′08.7″ E, 10.vii.2018, coll. A. Zarkani (AZ230), 3 ♀♀. Comments. This is polyphagous species on ornamentals and fruits within 17 plant families: Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Arecaceae, Asparagaceae, Clusiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fagaceae, Malvaceae, Meliaceae, Moraceae, Musaceae, Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, Sapotaceae, and Zingiberaceae (García Morales et al. 2016). In Indonesia, it has been recorded previously from Java (Betrem 1937; Ben-Dov 1994; Williams 2004), Lombok (Williams 2004) and Sumatra (Williams 2004). It is also found in neighboring countries such as Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam (Williams 2004)., Published as part of Zarkani, Agustin, Ercan, Cansu, Apriyanto, Dwinardi & Kaydan, Mehmet Bora, 2023, Studies on mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Indonesia, with description of a new species and three new country records, pp. 157-172 in Zootaxa 5228 (2) on page 161, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5228.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7532281, {"references":["Garcia Morales, M., Denno, B., Miller, DR., Miller, G. L., Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 18 October 2022)","Betrem, J. G. (1937) De morporphologie en systematiek van enkele vande vooraamste witte-luizensoorten van Java. Archief voor de Koffiecultuur in Nederlandsch-Indie, 11, 1 - 118.","Ben-Dov, Y. (1994) A systematic catalogue of the mealybugs of the world (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae) with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Intercept Limited, Andover, 686 pp.","Williams, D. J. (2004) Mealybugs of southern Asia. The Natural History Museum, London. Southdene SDN BHD, Kuala Lumpur, 896 pp."]}

Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti) Material examined. INDONESIA, Sumatra I., Bengkulu Province, Bengkulu city, Muara Bangkahulu, on Theobroma cacao L. (Sterculiaceae), 20 m a.s.l., 03°45′33.0″ S, 102°16′10.1″ E, 5.iii.2019, coll. A. Zarkani (AZ247), 3 ♀♀. Comments. The species is polyphagous on ornamentals and fruits, and has been recorded from 84 plant families and 167 genera (García Morales et al. 2016). It is cosmopolitan, having been reported from 115 countries (García Morales et al. 2016). In Indonesia, it has been recorded previously from Irian Jaya (Williams & Watson 1988; Ben-Dov 1994), Java (Betrem 1937; Ben-Dov 1994), Lombok (Williams 2004), Sulawesi (Watson et al. 2014) and Sumatra (Green 1930)., Published as part of Zarkani, Agustin, Ercan, Cansu, Apriyanto, Dwinardi & Kaydan, Mehmet Bora, 2023, Studies on mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Indonesia, with description of a new species and three new country records, pp. 157-172 in Zootaxa 5228 (2) on page 169, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5228.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7532281, {"references":["Garcia Morales, M., Denno, B., Miller, DR., Miller, G. L., Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 18 October 2022)","Williams, D. J. & Watson, G. W. (1988) The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 2. The Mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). CAB International, Wallingford, 260 pp.","Ben-Dov, Y. (1994) A systematic catalogue of the mealybugs of the world (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae) with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Intercept Limited, Andover, 686 pp.","Betrem, J. G. (1937) De morporphologie en systematiek van enkele vande vooraamste witte-luizensoorten van Java. Archief voor de Koffiecultuur in Nederlandsch-Indie, 11, 1 - 118.","Williams, D. J. (2004) Mealybugs of southern Asia. The Natural History Museum, London. Southdene SDN BHD, Kuala Lumpur, 896 pp.","Watson, G. W., Muniappan, R., Shepard, B. M., Sembel, D. T., Xiong, J. J. & Rauf, A. (2014) Sap-sucking insect records (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha and Thysanoptera: Thripidae) from Indonesia. Florida Entomologist, 97, 1594 - 1597. https: // doi. org / 10.1653 / 024.097.0432","Green, E. E. (1930) Fauna Sumatrensis (Bijdrag Nr. 65). Coccidae. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 73, 279 - 297."]}

Rastrococcus chinensis Ferris Material examined. INDONESIA, Sumatra I., Bengkulu Province, Bengkulu city, Singaran Pati, on Nephelium lappaceum L. (Sapindaceae), 20 m a.s.l., 03°48′57.9″ S, 102°18′38.9″ E, 12.vi.2018, coll. A. Zarkani (AZ168‒170), 12 ♀♀. Comments. The species was recorded previously on Alocasia sp. (Araceae), Ardisia lindleyana D. Dietr. (Primulaceae), Melastoma malabathricum L. (Melastomataceae), Morinda umbellata L., Psychotria asiatica L. (Rubiaceae), Eugenia sp., Syzygium sp., S. anomalum Lauterb. and S. hancei Merr. & Perry (Myrtaceae). It has been reported previously from Brunei, China and Malaysia (García Morales et al. 2016). In Indonesia, it has been recorded previously from Java (Williams 1989, 2004; Ben-Dov 1994)., Published as part of Zarkani, Agustin, Ercan, Cansu, Apriyanto, Dwinardi & Kaydan, Mehmet Bora, 2023, Studies on mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Indonesia, with description of a new species and three new country records, pp. 157-172 in Zootaxa 5228 (2) on page 169, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5228.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7532281, {"references":["Garcia Morales, M., Denno, B., Miller, DR., Miller, G. L., Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 18 October 2022)","Williams, D. J. (1989) The mealybug genus Rastrococcus Ferris (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Systematic Entomology, 14, 433 - 486. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1989. tb 00298. x","Williams, D. J. (2004) Mealybugs of southern Asia. The Natural History Museum, London. Southdene SDN BHD, Kuala Lumpur, 896 pp.","Ben-Dov, Y. (1994) A systematic catalogue of the mealybugs of the world (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae) with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Intercept Limited, Andover, 686 pp."]}

Dysmicoccus zeynepae Zarkani & Kaydan sp. n. Material examined, all deposited at MMUB. Holotype adult female, left label: AZ205 / 4.ii.2008 / Indonesia / Sumatra, Bengkulu / Durio zibethinus / 10238′33″ E / 0334′54.4″ S / 520 m; right label: Dysmicoccus / zeynepae Zarkani & Kaydan, 3 ♀♀ / coll. A. Zarkani / det. MB Kaydan. The holotype specimen is ringed with red ink on the coverslip. In MMUB. Paratypes, 5 ♀♀, INDONESIA: (AZ205) same data as holotype; 3 ♀♀, AZ206, Sumatra, Bengkulu on Lansium parasiticum Corr. (Meliaceae), 0359′28.0″ S, 10225′50.4″ E, 11.ii.2018, coll. A. Zarkani; 3 ♀♀, AZ207, Sumatra, Bengkulu on Manilkara zapota L. (Sapotaceae), 0400′05.7″ S, 10226′52.1″ E, 12.ii.2018, coll. A. Zarkani; 3 ♀♀, AZ208, Sumatra, Bengkulu, Coffea robusta Lindl. ex De Will. (Rubiaceae), 0336′15.4″ S, 10236′30.8″ E, 19.ii.2018, coll. A. Zarkani. In MMUB. Description of adult female Appearance in life (Fig. 1). Adult females secrete a thin powdery white wax covering the dorsal surface of their bodies. Living on leaves, flowers and fruits of host plants, commonly attended by ants. Slide-mounted adult female (based on holotype and 5 paratypes) (Fig. 2): Body oval, 1.95–2.54 mm long, 1.64–2.25 mm wide. Eyes situated on margins, each 42–45 μm wide. Antenna 8 segmented, 340–380 μm long, with 4 fleshy setae each 22.5–25.0 μm long; apical segment 75–80 μm long, 27.5–30.0 μm wide, with apical seta 30–35 μm long. Clypeolabral shield 200–220 μm long, 175–185 μm wide. Labium 3 segmented, 110–120 μm long, 80–85 μm wide. Anterior spiracles each 85–90 μm long, 45–50 μm wide across atrium; posterior spiracles each 95.–115. μm long, 55–60 μm wide across atrium. Circulus rounded-quadrate 80–110 μm wide. Legs well developed; segment lengths for each posterior leg: coxa 160–175 μm, trochanter + femur 145–155 μm, tibia + tarsus 175–180 μm, claw 35.0–37.5 μm. Ratio of length of tibia + tarsus to trochanter + femur 1.16–1.21: 1; ratio of length of tibia to tarsus, 1.2–1.4: 1; ratio of length of trochanter + femur to greatest width of femur, 2.41–2.60: 1; coxa with 30–50 translucent pores; tibia with numerous translucent pores. Tarsal digitules capitate, each 35–40 μm long. Claw digitules capitate, each about 27.5–30.0 μm long. Both pairs of ostioles present, anterior ostioles each with a total for both lips of 28–40 trilocular pores and 4–6 setae; posterior ostioles each with a total for both lips of 58–60 trilocular pores and 6–8 setae. Anal ring about 70 μm wide, bearing 6 setae, each seta 80–90 μm long. Dorsum. Derm membranous, with 16 pairs of cerarii around body margin, each cerarius with 4–7 enlarged conical setae and 3–5 auxiliary setae. Each anal lobe cerarius set on membranous cuticle and containing 5–7 enlarged conical setae 25–35 μm long, plus 40–45 trilocular pores and 3–5 hair-like auxiliary setae. Dorsal setae flagellate, each 15–75 μm long, scattered throughout dorsum. Trilocular pores, each 3–4 μm in diameter, scattered. Multilocular disc pores and tubular ducts absent. Venter. Setae flagellate, each 30–110 μm long, longest setae located medially on head.Apical setae on anal lobes unusually short, each 80–90 μm long. Multilocular disc pores, each 7–8 μm in diameter, present only immediately around vulva, numbering 8–10. Trilocular pores, each 2.5–3.0 μm across, scattered throughout venter. Oral collar tubular ducts absent. Comments. Dysmicoccus zeynepae is most similar to D. finitimus in having anal lobe and other abdominal cerarii each containing a group of about 2‒7 conical setae. However, D. zeynepae can be readily distinguished from D. finitimus in having: (i) no multilocular disc pores and oral collar tubular ducts on dorsum; and (ii) a few multilocular disc pores without oral collar tubular ducts on venter. It is also close to D. lepelleyi in having small legs and translucent pores on hind coxa and femur, but D. zeynepae lacks oral collar tubular ducts on both dorsum and venter. Dysmicoccus zeynepae is also close to D. castanopseus Williams in lacking oral collar tubular ducts on dorsum and venter; however, it can be readily distinguished by having (character state for D. castanopseus given in parentheses): (i) small, stout legs with tibia + tarsus obviously shorter than trochanter + femur (large legs with tibia + tarsus very slightly longer than trochanter + femur); and (ii) translucent pores on the hind coxa and femur (translucent pores on hind femur and tibia). Etymology. This species is named after Zeynep Kaydan (“mother” of Kaydan’s Laboratory), Zeynep Ģleç and Zeynep Kaya who are good friends of the Kaydan’s lab. Host plants. Durio zibethinus (Malvaceae), Lansium parasiticum (Meliaceae), Manilkara zapota (Sapotaceae) and Coffea robusta (Rubiaceae) (Fig. 2). Distribution. Indonesia (Sumatra I., Bengkulu Province).

Genus Dysmicoccus Ferris Type species: Dactylopius brevipes Cockerell by original designation. Genus diagnosis (adapted from Williams, 2004). Body normally broadly oval, 1.65–4.20 mm long, 0.90–2.89 mm wide.Antennae each normally with 6‒8 segments. Cerarii present, numbering 6–17 pairs (never 18), anal lobe cerarii each bearing either 2 cerarian setae or as many as 8, these usually conical, sometimes conical setae replaced by flagellate setae but cerarii always recognizable by concentrations of trilocular pores.Anterior cerarii each sometimes containing more than 2 setae. Circulus present or absent. Legs well developed, hind legs with translucent pores present or absent; tarsal digitules usually knobbed, occasionally setose. Claw usually stout, claw denticle absent. Anal lobes usually developed, either membranous or sclerotized, each lobe bearing a normal apical seta. Ventral margin of abdominal segments anterior to anal lobes always membranous. Anal ring normally situated at apex of abdomen (rarely a short distance from apex), usually bearing 6 setae, occasionally with more setae present. Anterior and posterior ostioles present. Dorsal setae variously shaped, often flagellate. Ventral setae flagellate. Trilocular pores present on dorsum and venter. Multilocular disc pores usually present, at least on venter. Quinquelocular pores and oral rim tubular ducts always absent. Oral collar tubular ducts usually apparent, at least on venter, sometimes present on dorsum, rarely absent entirely. Discoidal pores present, sometimes large and occasionally present next to each eye., Published as part of Zarkani, Agustin, Ercan, Cansu, Apriyanto, Dwinardi & Kaydan, Mehmet Bora, 2023, Studies on mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Indonesia, with description of a new species and three new country records, pp. 157-172 in Zootaxa 5228 (2) on page 160, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5228.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7532281, {"references":["Williams, D. J. (2004) Mealybugs of southern Asia. The Natural History Museum, London. Southdene SDN BHD, Kuala Lumpur, 896 pp."]}

Paracoccus evae Williams Material examined. INDONESIA, Sumatra I., Bengkulu Province, Seluma district, Sukaraja, on Melastoma malabathricum L. (Melastomataceae), 50 m a.s.l., 03°52′00.4″ S, 102°22′51.2″ E, 23.vii.2019, coll. A. Zarkani (AZ249), 3 ♀♀. Comments. This is the second report of P. evae from Indonesia, and the first record of it feeding on M. malabathricum; Williams (2004) recorded it from Java on Eupatorium sp. (Asteraceae)., Published as part of Zarkani, Agustin, Ercan, Cansu, Apriyanto, Dwinardi & Kaydan, Mehmet Bora, 2023, Studies on mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Indonesia, with description of a new species and three new country records, pp. 157-172 in Zootaxa 5228 (2) on page 168, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5228.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7532281, {"references":["Williams, D. J. (2004) Mealybugs of southern Asia. The Natural History Museum, London. Southdene SDN BHD, Kuala Lumpur, 896 pp."]}

Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) Material examined. INDONESIA, Sumatra I., Bengkulu Province, Bengkulu city, Muara Bangkahulu, on Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae), 20 m a.s.l., 03°45′33.0″ S, 102°16′10.1″ E, 5.iii.2019, coll. A. Zarkani (AZ247), 3 ♀♀. Comments. The species is polyphagous on ornamentals and fruits, and is known from 78 plant families and 207 genera (García Morales et al. 2016). It is cosmopolitan, having been recorded from 101 countries (García Morales et al. 2016). In Indonesia, it has been recorded previously from Irian Jaya (Williams & Watson 1988; Gavrilov-Zimin 2013), Java (Keuchenius 1915; Betrem 1937; Ali 1968; Ben-Dov 1994; Williams 2004) and Sulawesi (Williams 2004)., Published as part of Zarkani, Agustin, Ercan, Cansu, Apriyanto, Dwinardi & Kaydan, Mehmet Bora, 2023, Studies on mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Indonesia, with description of a new species and three new country records, pp. 157-172 in Zootaxa 5228 (2) on page 165, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5228.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7532281, {"references":["Garcia Morales, M., Denno, B., Miller, DR., Miller, G. L., Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 18 October 2022)","Williams, D. J. & Watson, G. W. (1988) The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 2. The Mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). CAB International, Wallingford, 260 pp.","Gavrilov-Zimin, I. A. (2013) New scale insects (Homoptera: Coccinea) from Sulawesi and New Guinea, with some other additions to the Indonesian fauna. Tropical Zoology, 26, 64 - 86. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03946975.2013.807570","Keuchenius, P. E. (1915) Onderzoekingen en beschouwingen over eenige schadlijke schildluizen van de Koffiekultuur op Java. Mededeelingen van het Besoekisch Proefstation, Djember, 16, 1 - 65.","Betrem, J. G. (1937) De morporphologie en systematiek van enkele vande vooraamste witte-luizensoorten van Java. Archief voor de Koffiecultuur in Nederlandsch-Indie, 11, 1 - 118.","Ali, S. M. (1968) Coccids (Coccoidea: Hemiptera: Insecta) affecting fruit plants in Bihar (India). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 65, 120 - 137.","Ben-Dov, Y. (1994) A systematic catalogue of the mealybugs of the world (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae) with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Intercept Limited, Andover, 686 pp.","Williams, D. J. (2004) Mealybugs of southern Asia. The Natural History Museum, London. Southdene SDN BHD, Kuala Lumpur, 896 pp."]}

Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) Material examined. INDONESIA, Sumatra I., Bengkulu Province, Bengkulu city, Slebar, on Syzygium aqueum Alston (Myrtaceae), 20 m a.s.l., 03°49′25.2″ S, 102°19′08.7″ E, 10.vii.2018, coll. A. Zarkani (AZ210), 3 ♀♀. Comments. The species is polyphagous on ornamental plants and fruits belonging to 62 plant families and 147 genera. It is cosmopolitan, being found in 126 countries; in Indonesia it has been recorded from Irian Jaya (Williams & Watson 1988), Java (Betrem 1937; Ben-Dov 1994; Williams 2004) and Sumatra (Williams 2004)., Published as part of Zarkani, Agustin, Ercan, Cansu, Apriyanto, Dwinardi & Kaydan, Mehmet Bora, 2023, Studies on mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Indonesia, with description of a new species and three new country records, pp. 157-172 in Zootaxa 5228 (2) on page 161, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5228.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7532281, {"references":["Williams, D. J. & Watson, G. W. (1988) The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 2. The Mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). CAB International, Wallingford, 260 pp.","Betrem, J. G. (1937) De morporphologie en systematiek van enkele vande vooraamste witte-luizensoorten van Java. Archief voor de Koffiecultuur in Nederlandsch-Indie, 11, 1 - 118.","Ben-Dov, Y. (1994) A systematic catalogue of the mealybugs of the world (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae) with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Intercept Limited, Andover, 686 pp.","Williams, D. J. (2004) Mealybugs of southern Asia. The Natural History Museum, London. Southdene SDN BHD, Kuala Lumpur, 896 pp."]}

Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead) Material examined. INDONESIA, Sumatra I., Bengkulu Province, Bengkulu city, Kampung Melayu, on Citrus sp. (Rutaceae), 10 m a.s.l., 03°54′16.5″ S, 102°19′11.7″ E, 18.ii.2018, coll. A. Zarkani (AZ211), 3 ♀♀. Comments. The species is polyphagous on ornamentals and fruits, and has been recorded from 45 plant families and 114 genera (García Morales et al. 2016). It is cosmopolitan, having been reported from 63 countries (García Morales et al. 2016). In Indonesia, it has been recorded previously in Irian Jaya (CABI, 1983; Ben-Dov 1994), Java (CABI, 1983; Ben-Dov 1994; Williams 2004) and Sulawesi (Williams 2004)., Published as part of Zarkani, Agustin, Ercan, Cansu, Apriyanto, Dwinardi & Kaydan, Mehmet Bora, 2023, Studies on mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Indonesia, with description of a new species and three new country records, pp. 157-172 in Zootaxa 5228 (2) on page 165, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5228.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7532281, {"references":["Garcia Morales, M., Denno, B., Miller, DR., Miller, G. L., Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 18 October 2022)","CABI (1983) Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead). Distribution Maps of Pests, Series A, Agricultural, Map no. 446, 2 pp.","Ben-Dov, Y. (1994) A systematic catalogue of the mealybugs of the world (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae) with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Intercept Limited, Andover, 686 pp.","Williams, D. J. (2004) Mealybugs of southern Asia. The Natural History Museum, London. Southdene SDN BHD, Kuala Lumpur, 896 pp."]}

Rastrococcus invadens Williams Material examined. INDONESIA, Sumatra I., Bengkulu Province, Kepahiang district, Kabawetan, on Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), 600 m a.s.l., 03°34′54.4″ S, 102°35′33″ E, 12.vi.2018, coll. A. Zarkani (AZ235‒239), 12 ♀♀. Comments. The species is polyphagous on ornamentals and fruits; it has been recorded from 29 plant families and 54 genera (García Morales et al. 2016). It is cosmopolitan, having been reported from 32 countries (García Morales et al. 2016). In Indonesia, it has been recorded previously from Bali and Java (Williams 1989, 2004; BenDov 1994)., Published as part of Zarkani, Agustin, Ercan, Cansu, Apriyanto, Dwinardi & Kaydan, Mehmet Bora, 2023, Studies on mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Indonesia, with description of a new species and three new country records, pp. 157-172 in Zootaxa 5228 (2) on page 170, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5228.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7532281, {"references":["Garcia Morales, M., Denno, B., Miller, DR., Miller, G. L., Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 18 October 2022)","Williams, D. J. (1989) The mealybug genus Rastrococcus Ferris (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Systematic Entomology, 14, 433 - 486. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1989. tb 00298. x","Williams, D. J. (2004) Mealybugs of southern Asia. The Natural History Museum, London. Southdene SDN BHD, Kuala Lumpur, 896 pp."]}

Ferrisia dasylirii (Cockerell) Material examined. INDONESIA, Sumatra I., Bengkulu Province, Bengkulu city, Muara Bangkahulu, on Solanum torvum Swartz (Solanaceae) and Theobroma cacao L. (Sterculiaceae), 20 m a.s.l., 3°45′33.0″ S, 102°16′10.1″ E, 3.vii.2019, coll. A. Zarkani (AZ245‒246), 6 ♀♀. Comments. The species is polyphagous, particularly on ornamentals and fruits, and has been recorded on host plants in 23 families and 52 genera (García Morales et al. 2016). In Indonesia, it has been recorded previously from Sumatra (Zarkani et al. 2020)., Published as part of Zarkani, Agustin, Ercan, Cansu, Apriyanto, Dwinardi & Kaydan, Mehmet Bora, 2023, Studies on mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Indonesia, with description of a new species and three new country records, pp. 157-172 in Zootaxa 5228 (2) on page 165, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5228.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7532281, {"references":["Garcia Morales, M., Denno, B., Miller, DR., Miller, G. L., Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 18 October 2022)","Zarkani, A., Apriyanto, D., Turanli, F. & Kaydan, M. B. (2020) New record of Ferrisia dasylirii (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) in Indonesia. Serangga, 25, 93 - 100."]}

Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel & Miller Material examined. INDONESIA, Sumatra I., Bengkulu Province, Kepahiang district, Kabawetan, on Selenicereus undatus (Haw.) DR Hunt (Cactaceae), 600 m a.s.l., 03°34′54.4″ S, 102°35′33″ E, 10.vii.2018, coll. A. Zarkani (AZ227), 1 ♀. Comments. This neotropical species is polyphagous on ornamentals, fruits, vegetables and herbs; it has been reported from 52 plant families and 112 genera (García Morales et al. 2016). It is cosmopolitan, having been reported from 52 countries (García Morales et al. 2016). In Indonesia, it has been recorded previously from Flores (Gavrilov-Zimin 2017), Irian Jaya (Gavrilov-Zimin 2013) and Java (Williams 2004)., Published as part of Zarkani, Agustin, Ercan, Cansu, Apriyanto, Dwinardi & Kaydan, Mehmet Bora, 2023, Studies on mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Indonesia, with description of a new species and three new country records, pp. 157-172 in Zootaxa 5228 (2) on page 169, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5228.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7532281, {"references":["Garcia Morales, M., Denno, B., Miller, DR., Miller, G. L., Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 18 October 2022)","Gavrilov-Zimin, I. A. (2017) Taxonomic and faunistic notes on scale insects (Homoptera: Coccinea) of Bali, Flores and New Guinea (Indonesia). In: Telnov, D. (Ed.), Biodiversity, Biogeography and Nature Conservation in Wallacea and New Guinea. Vol. 3. Entomological Society of Latvia, Salaspils, pp. 141 - 149.","Gavrilov-Zimin, I. A. (2013) New scale insects (Homoptera: Coccinea) from Sulawesi and New Guinea, with some other additions to the Indonesian fauna. Tropical Zoology, 26, 64 - 86. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03946975.2013.807570","Williams, D. J. (2004) Mealybugs of southern Asia. The Natural History Museum, London. Southdene SDN BHD, Kuala Lumpur, 896 pp."]}

Commonsage, Salvia officinalis L., (Lamiaceae) has been economically cultivated in many countries due toits widely used as food and medicines. The sage’s production, however, is still facing significant yield losses becauseof insect pest attacks including other arthropods. This research is aimed to determine insect pestsof S. officinalis and their natural enemies. Insect species werecollected in a year2016 in the sage fields at Bornova and Menemen,Izmir-Turkey. In total 47 species consisted of 18 insect pests and 29 natural enemies belonging to 30 families in 11 insect orders were collected. The species namely Aphispasseriniana (Del Guercio) and Eucarazzia elegans (Ferrari) (Hem.: Aphididae); Dysmicoccus angustifrons (Hall) (Hem.: Pseudococcidae); Eupteryx gyaurdagicus Dlabola and Micantulina (Mulsantina) stigmatipennis (Mulsant & Rey) (Hem: Cicadellidae); Chrysolina (Taeniochrysea) americana (L.) (Col.: Chrysomelidae) and Thripstabaci Lindeman (Thy.: Thripidae) were determinedas key insect pests. M. stigmatipennis (Mulsant & Rey) was a new pest hosting for common sage whilst E. elegans (Ferrari)and D. angustifrons (Hall) were known as the new species recorded for Izmirprovince. In addition, the natural enemies of key insect pest were determinedand discussed., Adaçayı, Salviaofficinalis L. (Lamiaceae) gıda ve ilaç sanayiinde yaygın olarakkullanıldığı için birçok ülkede ekonomik olarak yetiştirilmektedir. Bununlabirlikte adaçayı üretimi böcekler ve diğer eklembacaklılar da dahil olmak üzere birçokzararlı türünden etkilenmektedir. Buçalışma, S. officinalis üzerindeki zararlı ve yararlı böcektürlerini ortaya koymak üzere 2016 yılı üretim sezonu boyunca Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarla BitkileriBölümü (Bornova) deneme alanlarında ve Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü(Menemen) deneme alanlarında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma boyunca S.officinalis üzerinde 11 ayrı takıma ait 30 familyayabağlı 47 böcek türü saptanmıştır. Bu türlerden 18’i zararlı ve 29 tür doğaldüşman olarak gruplandırılmıştır. Zararlıböceklerden Hemiptera takımına bağlı Micantulina(Mulsantina) stigmatipennis (Mulsant & Rey), Eupteryx gyaurdagicus Dlabola (Cicadellidae), Aphis passeriniana (Del Guercio) ve Eucarazzia elegans (Ferrari) (Aphididae), Dysmicoccus angustifrons (Hall) (Pseudococcidae); Coleoptera takımından, Chrysolina(Taeniochrysea) americana (L.) (Chrysomelidae) ve Thysanoptera takımından Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thripidae) adaçayıüzerinde en yoğun olarak görülen zararlı türler olarak saptanmıştır. Bu çalışma ile M. stigmatipennis (Mulsant & Rey) türünün ilk kez S. officinalis üzerindebeslendiği ve konukçusu olduğu saptanmıştır. Ayrıca, D. angustifrons (Hall) ve E.elegans (Ferrari)’ın ise İzmir'de bulunduğu ilk kez ortayakonulmuştur. Ekolarak, zararlı böceklerin doğal düşmanları belirlenmiş ve tartışılmıştır.

Birçok ülkede ekonomik olarak yetiştirilen adaçayı (Salvia officinalis L.)'nın üretimi aşamasında zararlı böceklerin neden olduğu önemli kayıplar gibi bir takım zorluklarla karşılaşılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada ilk olarak S. officinalis üzerindeki zararlı böcekler ve doğal düşmanları saptanmıştır. Çalışmanın ikinci aşamasında ise adaçayının önemli zararlılarından nane yaprakbiti Eucarazzia elegans (Ferrari) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)'ın zararı, ekonomik etkisi ve yaprakbiti popülasyonunu etkileyen çevresel faktörler üzerinde durulmuştur. Çalışmada zararlıların teşvik ettiği bir sentetik bitki uçucu yağlarının olan (HIPVs) metil salisilat (MeSA)'ın adaçayı alanlarındaki doğal düşmanlar üzerindeki çekici etkisi ve nane yaprakbiti, E. elegans popülasyon gelişimi üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada son olarak nane yaprakbiti E. elegans biyolojik savaşında kullanılması muhtemel Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus ve Adalia bipunctata (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) predatörlerinin tür içi ve türler arası etkileşimleri ortaya konulmuştur. Çalışma boyunca S. officinalis üzerinde 11 ayrı takıma ait 31 familyadan 51 böcek türü toplanmıştır. Bu türlerden 19'u zararlı, 3'u polinatör ve 29 tür doğal düşman olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Zararlı böceklerden Micantulina stigmatipennis (Mulsant & Rey), Eupteryx gyaurdagicus Dlabola (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Aphis passeriniana (Del Guercio) ve Eucarazzia elegans (Ferrari) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Dysmiscoccus angustifrons (Hall) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Chrysolina americana (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) ve Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) adaçayı üzerinde en yoğun olarak görülen anahtar zararlı türler olarak saptanmıştır. Bu çalışma ile A. passeriniana'nın Türkiye'de bulunduğu ve E. elegans'ın ise İzmir'de bulunduğu ilk kez ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca M. stigmatipennis türünün ilk kez S. officinalis üzerinde beslendiği ve konukçusu olduğu saptanmıştır. Eucarazzia elegans'ın S. officinalis üzerindeki zarar oranını ve ekonomik etkisini belirlemek üzere sürvey ve laboratuvar çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre E. elegans'ın, erken ilkbahar döneminde %9.5 zarar oranı ile bir önceki yıldan kalan yaşlı yapraklar üzerinde beslendiği belirlenmiş ve daha sonra yaz başında %1.1 zarar oranı ile genç yapraklara, çiçek tomurcuklarına ve çiçeklere göç ettiği saptanmıştır. Yaprakbitinin mevsimsel dağılımının nem ve yağışa göre sıcaklıktan daha fazla etkilendiği görülmüştür. Yaprakbiti zararı dolayısıyla uçucu yağ miktarı üzerinde bir farklılık oluşturmamasına rağmen, uçucu yağ bileşenlerinden bazıları kontrol grubuna göre büyük ölçüde değişime uğramıştır. Toplam yaş ve kuru yaprak ağırlık artışı iki kat popülasyon seviyesinde sırasıyla kontrol ve normal yaprakbiti popülasyon seviyesinde 1/3 ve 1/2 oranında azalmıştır. Çalışmalarda E. elegans'ın adaçayında 8-10 haftadan fazla beslenmesi sonrasında %50'den fazla ürün kaybına neden olduğu saptanmıştır. En yüksek maliyet yarar oranı altı kez insektisit uygulanmış parsellerde gerçekleşmiştir. Zararlıların teşvik ettiği bitki uçucu yağlarından (HIPVs) olan ve yapay olarak elde edilmiş olan MeSA ile yapılan denemelerde, Syrphidae familyasına bağlı türler (Diptera), Rhagonycha fulva (Scopoli) (Coleoptera: Cantharidae) ve C. septempuctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) türler yoğun olarak öne çıkmıştır. Yarı açık tarla denemelerinde, MeSA uygulanan ve dolayısıyla doğal düşmanların cezbedildiği adaçayı bitkilerinde E. elegans popülasyonları önemli biçimde azalmıştır. Laboratuvar koşullarında gerçekleştirilen denemelerde nane yaprakbiti E. elegans sayısı ve popülasyon artış oranının MeSA uygulanmış ve uygulanmamış bitkilerde farklı olmadığı ortaya konulmuştur. Bu durum, MeSA uygulamasının zararlı nane yaprakbiti türünün mücadelesinde doğal düşmanların rolünü vurgulamıştır. Yaprakbiti E. elegans'ın mücadelesinde etkili iki genel predatör, C. septempunctata (Cs) ve A. bipunctata (Ab) ile yapılan çalışmalarda; kültür kavanozu denemelerinde aynı tür (Cs + Cs) ve farklı tür (Cs + Ab) kombinasyonlarında antagonistik etki görülürken, aynı tür Ab + Ab kombinasyonunda belirgin sinerjistik etki görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte petri denemelerinde, Ab + Ab aynı tür kombinasyonu belirgin olarak, ilave etki şeklinde, fakat diğer predatör türün benzer kombinasyonunda (Cs + Cs) ve farklı tür kombinasyonunda (Cs + Ab) sinerjistik bir etki görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte petri alanında, aynı tür kombinasyonu Ab + Ab toplamsal etki göstermiş, fakat aynı tür kombinasyonu Cs + Cs ve farklı tür kombinasyonu Ab + Cs uygulamalarında sinerjistik etki ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu sonuca göre söz konusu predatörlerin av tüketim alışkanlıkları, farklı tür / aynı tür (F = 410.86; df = 4; P < 0.000;) kombinasyonlarında ve iki bağımsız faktörden (tür × deneme alanı) etkilenirken (F = 58.87; df = 4; P < 0.000) tek başına deneme alanının özelliklerinden etkilenmemiştir (F = 0.817; df = 1; P = 0.369). Buna göre söz konusu Coccinellidae türlerinin avı tercihinin öncelikle yaşam alanı yapısı karmaşıklığı yerine predatör çeşitliliği ile ilgili olduğu belirlenmiştir., Common sage (Salvia officinalis L.) have been economically cultivated in many countries, but the production is still facing a number of challenges including significant production losses due to insect pests. This research studied: 1) insect pests of S. officinalis and their natural enemies, 2) incidence and economic impact of a key insect pest, Eucarazzia elegans (Ferrari) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on S. officinalis and evaluations of the environmental factors influenced the aphid population, 3) the attractiveness of methyl salicylate (MeSA) lures, a synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), to the natural enemies in the sage fields and its impact on the mint aphid, E. elegans growth population, and 4) the interaction of two generalist predators, Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus and Adalia bipunctata (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to control the mint aphid, E. elegans. Throughout the study, 11 insect orders spread into 31 families and 51 species consist of 19 natural enemies, 3 pollinators and 29 insect pests. Micantulina stigmatipennis (Mulsant & Rey), Eupteryx gyaurdagicus Dlabola (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Aphis passeriniana (Del Guercio), Eucarazzia elegans (Ferrari) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Dysmiscoccus angustifrons (Hall) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Chrysolina americana (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) were determined as the key insect pests. A. passeriniana was a new species recorded in Turkey whilst E. elegans were known as the new species recorded in Izmir. M. stigmatipennis has been found to feed on S. officinalis and report as a host plant for the first time. A survey and laboratory experiments on incidence rates and economic impact of E. elegans on S. officinalis revealed that E. elegans infested old leaves with an incidence rate of 9.5% in the early spring and then migrated to young leaves and blossom at the beginning of the summer with the incidence rate of 1.1%. The seasonal distribution of the aphid was affected more by temperature than humidity and rainfall. Although the aphid infestation had no differences on the quantity of the essential oil, some of the essential oil components were markedly different from the control. The total plant weights (fresh and dry) with the normal and double infestation rate were decreased about a third and more than a half compared to the control, respectively. Aphids feeding on common sage beyond 8-10 weeks caused more than 50% yield loss. The highest cost-benefit ratio was achieved in plots where six insecticide applications were made. The experiment with MeSA lures as an artificial herbivore-induced plant volitiles (HIPVs) recorded several numbers of natural enemies of which Syrphidae (Diptera), Rhagonycha fulva (Scopoli) (Coleoptera: Cantharidae), and C. septempuctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were abundantly caught on traps adjacent to the MeSA odors. In semi-field experiments, E. elegans populations were significantly reduced on treated common sage plants when it exposed to the natural enemies. When experiments were set in laboratory condition, the number and population growth rates of aphid did not differ between treated and untreated implicating no effects of MeSA on aphid population rate and emphasizing the role of natural enemies for controlling the mint aphid, E. elegans population. The study with two generalist adult predators, C. septempunctata (Cs) and A. bipunctata (Ab) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to control aphid E. elegans resulted that in the culture jar the conspecific species Cs + Cs and heterospecific species Cs + Ab combinations showed antagonistic effects, but the synergistic effect for conspecific Ab+Ab. In the petri dish, however, the conspecific Ab + Ab combination exerted an additive effect, but a synergistic effect for conspecific Cs + Cs and heterospecific Cs + Ab. These prey consumption patterns were influenced by the combination hetero-/conspesific (F = 410.86; P < 0.000; df = 4) and the interaction among the two independent factors (species × arena)(F = 58.87; P < 0.000; df = 4) but not by type of arena alone (F = 0.817; P = 0.369; df = 1). Here, the prey preference in these ladybirds has primarily associated with a diversity of ladybird rather than habitat structure complexity.

Eucarazzia elegans (Ferrari) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)'ın Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) üzerindeki zarar oranını ve ekonomik etkisini belirlemek üzere sürvey ve laboratuvar çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmalar Bornova ve Menemen'de bilimsel amaçlı kurulmuş parsellerde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Denemeler yaprakbitinin sıfır, normal ve iki katı olmak üzere üç farklı popülasyon yoğunluğunda kurulmuştur. Çalışmada zararlının ekonomik etkisini belirlemek için karşılaştırma yapmak üzere 0 (salım öncesi), 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 ve 12 haftalar boyunca yapılan sayımlardan elde edilen veriler kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre, E. elegans'ın, erken ilkbahar döneminde %9.5 zarar oranı ile bir önceki yıldan kalan kışlamış yapraklar üzerinde beslendiği belirlenmiş ve daha sonra yaz başında %1.1 zarar oranı ile genç yapraklara ve çiçeklere göç ettiği saptanmıştır. Yaprakbiti mevsimsel dağılımının nem ve yağışa göre sıcaklıktan daha fazla etkilendiği görülmüştür. Yaprakbiti zararı uçucu yağ miktarı üzerinde bir farklılık oluşturmamasına rağmen, uçucu yağ bileşenlerinden bazıları kontrol grubuna göre büyük ölçüde değişime uğramıştır. Toplam yaş ve kuru yaprak ağırlık artışı iki kat popülasyon seviyesinde sırasıyla kontrol ve normal yaprakbiti popülasyon seviyesinde 1/3 ve 1/2 oranında azalmıştır. Yaprakbitlerinin, adaçayında 8-10 haftadan fazla beslenmesi sonrasında %50'den fazla ürün kaybına neden olduğu saptanmıştır. En yüksek maliyet yarar oranı altı kez insektisit uygulanmış parsellerde gerçekleşmiştir, A survey and laboratory experiments were conducted on incidence rates and economic impact of Eucarazzia elegans (Ferrari) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae). the investigations were purposively performed on conventionally grown common sage in Bornova and Menemen, Izmir-Turkey. Experiments were set up with zero, normal and double population densities of the aphid. the corresponding treatments 0 (no exposure), 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks (complete exposure) were used for evaluating economic impact. Eucarazzia elegans infested old leaves with an incidence rate of 9.5% in the early spring and then migrated to young leaves and blossom at the beginning of the summer with the incidence rate of 1.1%. the seasonal distribution of the aphid was affected more by temperature than humidity and rainfall. Although the aphid infestation had no differences on the quantity of the essential oil, some of the essential oil components were markedly different from the control. the total plant weights (fresh and dry) with the normal and double infestation rate were decreased about a third and more than a half compared to the control, respectively. Aphids feeding on common sage beyond 8-10 weeks caused more than 50% yield loss. the highest cost-benefit ratio was achieved in plots where six insecticide applications were made