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Funding Information: This work was supported by the Academy of Finland Project PortRight (Grant No. 323798 , 323800 , 325430 ). We would like to thank stakeholders who actively participated in the workshops and brought their expertise and experience to the process. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s) Environmental management problems are often portfolio problems where the task is to find a set of actions that meets different objectives (e.g., the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions) and constraints (e.g., costs). We report experiences from deploying multiple operations research (OR) methods in a real decision-making setting and discuss the insights gained from this process. The applied methods were Multi-Attribute Value Theory (MAVT), the project portfolio selection tool Your Own Decision Aid (YODA) and Robust Portfolio Modelling (RPM). The methods were applied in a portfolio case evaluating three peatland rewetting options (“No action”, “Restoration”, “Damming”) for 79 drained peatland stands in an important recreational and nature conservation area in southern Finland. The pros and cons of the methods were evaluated, as well as their key methodological challenges, in a participatory environmental portfolio case. The applied methods yielded similar results in terms of the superiority of rewetting options. The strength of MAVT was its ability to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of all three rewetting options for a single peatland stand. YODA's strength was its simplicity and the possibility to apply it independently via the Internet. RPM made it possible to determine the priority of peatland stands within constraints, even without precise preference information. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic evaluation of three methods representing different ‘method categories’ (MAVT, multi-criteria elimination, portfolio decision analysis) applied to a real environmental problem.

This book proposes a paradigm shift in how human and nonhuman well-being are perceived and approached. In response to years of accelerated decline in the health of ecosystems and their inhabitants, this edited collection presents planetary well-being as a new cross-disciplinary concept to foster global transformation towards a more equal and inclusive framing of well-being. Throughout this edited volume, researchers across the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences apply and reflect on the concept of planetary well-being, showcasing its value as an interdisciplinary, cross-sectoral changemaker. The book explores the significance of planetary well-being as a theoretical and empirical concept in sustainability science and applies it to discipline-specific cases, including business, education, psychology, culture, and development. Interdisciplinary perspectives on topical global questions and processes underpin each chapter, from soil processes and ecosystem health to global inequalities and cultural transformation, in the framework of planetary well-being. The book will appeal to academics, researchers, and students in a broad range of disciplines including sustainability science, sustainable development, natural resources, and environmental humanities. Calling readers to assess, challenge, and rethink the dominant perceptions of well-being and societal activities, this rich resource that explores the interconnection between human and nonhuman well-being serves as a tool to foster transformative action towards a more sustainable society. peerReviewed

This chapter emphasizes the importance of ontological dialogue and methodological choices to the conceptual development and practical enactment of planetary well-being. Starting from the premise that cultural practices, including scientific concepts and methods, shape realities, the chapter suggests approaching nature and culture as entangled with each other. From this perspective, this chapter deals with divergent biocultural realities rather than a single, universal Nature viewed from multiple cultural perspectives. Biocultural realities differ in terms of how well they enable more-than-human communities to regenerate themselves. The chapter proposes anthropologist Anna Tsing’s conceptual pair of multispecies resurgence and Anthropocene proliferation for making sense of how world-making practices can either cultivate or disrupt regenerative processes central to planetary well-being. The chapter also encourages ontological dialogue between biocultural realities to promote and achieve planetary well-being. Tsing’s assemblage approach is suggested as a potential tool for transdisciplinary and multi-ontological co-researching of more-than-human histories of landscapes and communities. The approach allows different ontologies and conceptualizations of well-being to be combined, without forcing them into a unified framework. peerReviewed

The historical approach to planetary well-being provides an understanding of how environmental problems and climate crises run over time, entangled with chronic social (mal)developments and path dependencies. As humans and the nonhuman world are entangled in larger webs of life, human political and economic action is deeply affected and is amplified by natural processes. Consequently, understanding well-being anthropocentrically has guided political decision-making in ways that have magnified the negative human impacts on eco- and climate systems. Environmental history invites us to ask how well-being has been defined in different historical contexts, on what grounds these definitions are made and who gets to define well-being in the first place. It enables an analysis of the social, cultural, and economic path dependencies that have retarded the realization of a less anthropocentric and more systems-oriented understanding of well-being. This chapter analyses the understanding of well-being in the European Union’s and the Finnish and German Green Parties’ conceptualizations of sustainable development. In the 1980s and 1990s, a more anthropocentric understanding of well-being replaced the previous holistic emphasis. This chapter sheds light on the different path dependencies and long-term incentives that have kept planetary well-being at bay in contexts of political action. peerReviewed

This chapter gives an overview of the objectives of the book, presents its structure, and summarizes the content of each section and chapter. It introduces planetary well-being as a novel cross-disciplinary concept coined to foster global transformation to a more inclusive and equal expression of well-being for all. The chapter describes how researchers from different human, social, and natural sciences apply and reflect on the concept of planetary well-being in this book, demonstrating its value as an interdisciplinary and cross-cutting driver of change. The Introduction concludes that sustainability science and policy need a concept of well-being that is built on systemic and non-anthropocentric grounds. nonPeerReviewed

This chapter elaborates the ontological and ethical underpinnings and implications of the concept of planetary well-being. We illustrate how planetary well-being can contribute conceptually to transformative thinking and discussing well-being, and to organizing human societies in more life-considerate ways. The chapter focuses on two themes: First, the ontological grounding and implications of planetary well-being, and second, the central ethical underpinnings and ramifications of planetary well-being. We demonstrate how planetary well-being is positioned in the broader ontological and ethical-theoretical landscape, owing to its process-oriented perspective and morally inclusive (non-anthropocentric) grounds. Those grounds also encourage cross-cultural deliberation and collaboration over the contemporary challenges regarding the ecological crises that threaten nonhuman and human well-being. peerReviewed

This article discusses the results of a reception study of three environmental films with a focus on emotional reactions and the films’ influence on the respondents’ environmental awareness. The short experimental film Valtakunnat/Realms (Finland, 2018) envisions post-human life, and the potential destruction that the planet is being driven towards. To Teach a Bird to Fly (Finland, 2020), a short documentary fiction film about a woman raising critically endangered birds, imagines a future where the effects of climate change have been reversed. The documentary film The Biggest Little Farm (USA, 2018) follows a couple who buy a barren farm with the aim of restoring its biodiversity. Through thematic analysis two interconnected responses – hope and anxiety – were identified. The article discusses the connection between viewers’ emotional responses, the films’ different styles, their utopian and dystopian elements, and the impact of the films on viewers’ environmental awareness. The article concludes that both gloomy and hopeful films can help viewers reflect on their own relationship to nature and consider their role in preventing an environmental catastrophe. peerReviewed

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The understanding of public debates over mineral exploration and mining largely originates from exceptional situations such as mining accidents of conflicts. Less is known about how mining is portrayed and understood under more conventional settings. What storylines dominate the local day-to-day public debate? This article presents results from a comparative case study focusing on newspaper coverage of mineral exploration and mining in three European countries representing different geological and socio-economic contexts. Newspaper articles from the Geyer-Erzgebirge region in Germany, the Andalusia region in Spain, and Northern Finland are studied. The sample looks into the period between September 2018 and February 2020 and shows that regional newspapers report about mining issues relatively intensively even in the absence of major accidents or other media events causing peaks of attention. The tone of the articles is generally neutral to positive towards mining activities, reflecting the specific local settings, historical experiences, and future expectations. Despite the different contexts of the three countries, there were considerable similarities to the topics highlighted, including common themes of mining revival, mining events and social interaction, history of mining, and damages related to mining. Past, present, and future employment opportunities related directly or indirectly to the mining sector are key storylines. Another recurrent underlying theme is the need to balance environment and safety risks and socio-economic prosperity, typically covered through ordinary disputes among the mining sector, public authorities, regional non-governmental organizations, and local initiatives.

Artikkelissa hahmottelemme ympäristökriisit huomioivaa ja ympäristön suhteen vastuullista toimijuutta tuottavaa feminististä pedagogiikkaa tiedontuotannon kysymyksenä. Tarkastelemme ensinnäkin feministisen pedagogiikan eri keskusteluperinteitä ja niiden mahdollisuuksia ympäristökriisien ymmärtämisessä ja käsittelyssä. Toiseksi hahmottelemme queer-pedagogiikan pohjalta ympäristökysymykset huomioivaa erojen pedagogiikkaa, jossa sovellamme tuottavan hämmennyksen käsitettä ympäristökysymyksiin. Esitämme, että tuottava hämmennys auttaa ymmärtämään erilaisten erojen ja epämukavuuksien vaikutuksia tiedontuotantoon sekä kyseenalaistamaan niitä käsitteitä, ilmiöitä ja ymmärryksiä, joista ”ympäristö” ja sen kriisiytyminen muodostuvat. Lopuksi pohdimme, millaista yliopistoinstituutioon kohdistuvaa kritiikkiä feministisen pedagogiikan ja ympäristökriisien risteyksissä syntyy. In this article we examine feminist pedagogy as a question of knowledge production that acknowledges environmental crises and aims at producing ecologically responsible agency. We focus, first, on different feminist pedagogical approaches and the ways in which they enable different kinds of knowledge production on environmental issues. Second, building on queer pedagogy, we outline a pedagogy of differences that takes into account environmental questions and approaches them through acknowledging their unsettling epistemic potential. We propose that this kind of unsettlement in the face of knowledge facilitates the understanding of the ways in which various differences and uneasy affects contribute to knowledge production. It therefore helps to challenge the concepts, phenomena and understandings of which ‘environment’ and the crises related to it consist. Finally, we offer a critical discussion on how the university institution functions as a framework for producing knowledge at the crossroads of feminist pedagogy and environmental crises. peerReviewed

This study conducted an in-depth analysis of the factors affecting consumers’ intention to purchase and willingness to pay more for an electric vehicle (EV) in the developing-country context, extending the theory of planned behavior with two new variables: environmental concern and willingness to pay (WTP) a premium. Survey data were collected from 358 responses and were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling. Multi-group analysis was conducted, and the moderating role of gender was examined. The findings showed the significant effects of the theory-of-planned-behavior variables and environmental concern on EV technology purchase intention. The present study provides theoretical contributions and policy guidelines concerning high (vs. low)-sensitivity consumer attitudes toward EV technology that marketers and automobile manufacturers can make use of when designing and strategizing their pricing strategies. peerReviewed

Reasons for the emergence of environmental issues in public debate have been widely studied, while reasons for the disappearance of environmental issues from the public agenda are researched to a far lesser extent. This article presents how the newspaper coverage of climate change has evolved in Finland. The study is based on long-term (1990&ndash, 2020) data from the leading national-level newspaper. The climate coverage has been characterized by an increasing overall trend and remarkable fluctuations in the intensity of debate. The monthly coverage of climate change had four distinctive peak periods. The drops from peak levels are explained by several factors, such as the end of a specific news event or policy process (e.g., international climate policy meetings), lack of weather anomalies (e.g., normal winter weather and snow coverage), silence of key influencers (policy-makers, business elite), and news competition together with reporting fatigue following abundant climate coverage. The first months of the intense phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 showed a deep, but not unprecedented drop in climate coverage from the preceding peak level. The persistence of anthropogenic climate change, gradual mainstreaming of climate concerns across different societal sectors, and recent policy debates around so-called green or sustainable recovery suggest that climate coverage is not likely to be muted in the near future.

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Arvio teoksesta Laine, Jaana, Susanna Fellman, Matti Hannikainen & Jari Ojala (toim.). Vaurastumisen vuodet – Suomen taloushistoria teollistumisen jälkeen. Helsinki: Gaudeamus. 2019. 348 s. ISBN 978-952-345-001-1. nonPeerReviewed

How can humor illustrate critical trends related to social, economic, and ecological sustainability? This article is based on a case study that focused on the film Rare Exports: A Christmas Tale (2010) and two related short films—Rare Exports Inc. (2003) and Rare Exports: Official Safety Instructions (2005). These fantasy films employ irony and dark humor that reverse the popular impressions related to Santa Claus and his elves and, more generally, exotic northern nature and culture. By representing the gentle Santa Claus as a savage hybrid creature brutally punishing those not adhering to certain social norms, these films break several conventional dichotomies between good and evil, human and animal, and society and nature. The use of dark humor and irony may compromise attempts to create public understanding based on best available scientific knowledge, but it also opens up complementary and potentially fruitful ways to discuss sustainability issues. Irony provides opportunities to identify and criticize unsustainable trends and to challenge and disclose dichotomies that may otherwise remain unnoticed.

Research on long-term media coverage of environmental issues has focused predominantly on English-speaking industrialized countries and on single isolated topics. This article presents a comparative analysis of the Finnish newspaper coverage of climate change and eutrophication from 1990–2014. The coverage of eutrophication showed an annual cycle with summertime peaks strongly influenced by local conditions and domestic news sources. The coverage of climate change had three distinctive peaks, influenced by several factors including international climate policy negotiations, domestic energy debates, and mild and snowless winter weather. The prospects for building public awareness of environmental issues through media representations are discussed.

This dissertation applies and develops the broad framework of environmental and ecological justice. It is a new relational approach to justice, whose elements have been introduced by David Schlosberg in his works on environmental and ecological justice. The present study provides a systematisation of the framework and applies it to contemporary environmental topics using the methods of conceptual analysis and case-implication critique. The main outcome of this study is that the elements comprising the broad framework of environmental and ecological justice provide fresh and useful insights into topics like species extinctions and ecosystem wellbeing. In particular, the holistic and conflict- resolutive characteristics of the framework show promise. The dissertation consists of four original research articles and an introductory chapter. The introductory section outlines the context of the study, articulates its theoretical background and methodological choices, and sums up the research contributions of the essays. In the end, remarks on the limitations of the present study and on questions for future research are presented. The first article provides a comparative analysis of the broad framework of environmental and ecological justice with deep ecology. The article demonstrates that many central ideas of the broad framework are remarkably similar to those of deep ecology. The article situates the broad framework in the continuum of environmental normative theorising and demonstrates how the approaches can learn from each other. The second essay applies the broad framework in the context of global climate negotiations. The essay asserts that a focus on distributive justice cannot capture all the relevant aspects of climate injustice. The essay demonstrates how the notions of recognition and representation help reveal various forms of injustice, which is crucial for understanding the problems inherent in climate negotiations. In the third article, the capabilities-based elements of the framework are developed in the context of ecosystems. With reference to studies on ecosystem wellbeing, it is proposed that resilience comprises a central ecosystem capability. The implications of this argument for policymaking are also discussed. The fourth article examines whether species as groups can have capabilities. The outcome is that species as evolutionary groups can be viewed to possess capabilities, which enables but does not necessitate making the claim that species are recipients of justice.

Esipuhe, 5 1. Luonto ja yhteiskunta – ympäristösosiologian lähtökohdat, Jarno Valkonen & Kimmo Saaristo, 7 2. Ympäristösosiologinen luonto, Jarno Valkonen, 29 3. Sosiologisia lähestymistapoja yhteiskunnan ympäristösuhteeseen, Marja Ylönen & Tapio Litmanen, 51 4.Tieto, tiede ja asiantuntijuus, Marja Ylönen, 83 5. Ympäristökonfliktit, Jarno Valkonen & Kimmo Saaristo, 101 6. Eläimet – luonnon ja yhteiskunnan rajoilla, Salla Tuomivaara, 115 7. Ympäristö, talous ja kulutus, Jarno Valkonen & Tapio Litmanen, 143 8. Riski ympäristösosiologian käsitteenä, Tapio Litmanen, 167 9. Teknologinen modernisaatio ja ympäristösosiologia, Tapio Litmanen, 183 10. Ympäristösosiologian haaste, Jarno Valkonen, 197 Kirjoittajat, 215 Kirjallisuus, 216 Asiahakemisto, 247 Henkilöhakemisto, 255

This study describes and interprets differences in stakeholder interaction as rhetorically constructed in environmental reports and in interviews with environmental managers. It also interprets the role of the natural environment among stakeholders, and discusses how that role is justified or not justified. The study focuses in a business perspective on stakeholder interaction in environmental management. Characteristically, stakeholder studies of environmental management have concentrated on stakeholder influence or the creation of stakeholder management models. In contrast to those, the present study identifies different types of stakeholder relationships: power-based, collaborative, conflicting, and one-sided. Through descriptions of those relationships, business actors participate in the power to define responsibility, share responsibility among actors, question environmental interest, and justify environmental impacts. The results of the study demonstrate that, when regarding environmental issues in business, instead of analysing single stakeholder attributes or a single stakeholder relationship, business professionals should be able to manage differences in stakeholder relationships. No universal stakeholder management tools can be created for this purpose, rather stakeholder interaction in environmental management requires analysis of the actors involved, the attributes of relationships, and the attributes of stakeholder interests and identification of differences in those. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. peerReviewed

This article examines attitudes Finnish leisure air travellers have towards voluntary carbon offsetting (VCO) of CO2 emissions, and their willingness to pay for offsetting. The research was conducted using an online questionnaire. Most participants were aware of VCO programs, and their attitudes towards voluntary CO2 offsetting were more positive than negative. However, only a few reported contributing monetarily to VCO programs. The more environmentally conscious the respondents were, the more likely they were to have a positive perception of voluntary carbon offsetting. Environmentally friendly attitudes in terms of consumerism and knowledge concerning environmental prob-lems do not, however, guarantee environmentally conscious behaviour, as an attitude-behaviour gap can be seen in the actions of green consumers. Consumers defend their environmentally harmful behaviour, such as leisure flights, and refusal to voluntarily offset subsequent CO2 emissions, mainly through methods of transferring the responsibility for offsetting to other actors, such as governments and airlines. Consumers are likewise down-playing the negative impacts of their leisure flights, as well as belittling the usefulness of offsetting methods available to the consumer. More openness in terms of the voluntary carbon offsetting programs is needed to gain more support from leisure air travellers., Finnish leisure air-travellers’ attitudes towards voluntary carbon offsetting This article examines attitudes Finnish leisure air travellers have towards voluntary carbon offsetting (VCO) of CO2 emissions, and their willingness to pay for offsetting. The research was conducted using an online questionnaire. Most participants were aware of VCO programs, and their attitudes towards voluntary CO2 offsetting were more positive than negative. However, only a few reported contributing monetarily to VCO programs. The more environmentally conscious the respondents were, the more likely they were to have a positive perception of voluntary carbon offsetting. Environmentally friendly attitudes in terms of consumerism and knowledge concerning environmental prob-lems do not, however, guarantee environmentally conscious behaviour, as an attitude-behaviour gap can be seen in the actions of green consumers. Consumers defend their environmentally harmful behaviour, such as leisure flights, and refusal to voluntarily offset subsequent CO2 emissions, mainly through methods of transferring the responsibility for offsetting to other actors, such as governments and airlines. Consumers are likewise down-playing the negative impacts of their leisure flights, as well as belittling the usefulness of offsetting methods available to the consumer. More openness in terms of the voluntary carbon offsetting programs is needed to gain more support from leisure air travellers.

This thesis is a case study about the groundwater contamination of Korneuburg, Austria. The company Kwizda was responsible for pesticides leaking into the groundwater. The contamination was kept quiet with the help of local authorities and would have never come to light if not for the diligent efforts of affected residents. Their collaboration with environmental activists and a journalist led to the uncovering of the incident, eventually leading to remediation measures and lawsuits. While public attention to the issue was high, the authorities approved a controversial remediation measure that would lead to further pollution. With a particular reference to environmental and social issues, this thesis sought to uncover the key events and stakeholders that contributed to the development of the issue. It investigated the issue using an issue life-cycle approach. Two research methods were applied. Firstly, online newspaper articles were examined through a quantitative media-analysis, uncovering the issue’s development as a mediatized phenomenon. Secondly, qualitative interviews with six major stakeholders of the issue were conducted, shining light on the stakeholders’ influence strategies. The incorporation of both qualitative and quantitative research led to a greater understanding of the impact of the various strategies used during the issue and their influence on the issue life-cycle. Factors that contribute to the increase of issue salience, after a period of low salience, have not yet been conceptualized in the literature. This case study strongly indicates that framing an environmental issue as a social one is crucial for creating and sustaining high salience. Two theories regarding stakeholder influence strategy selection were examined, and their applicability to this specific environmental issue was challenged. Several factors were found to be crucial for the strategy selection and the issue’s development, including: transparency and its importance for reaching justice; the role of the media and social networks in disseminating information to all stakeholders, and the key role of a whistle-blower.

Suomessa käydään poliittista keskustelua turvetuotannon hyödyistä ja haitoista. Tähän keskusteluun ovat aktiivisesti osallistuneet myös kansalaiset ja eri järjestöt. Keskustelujen ytimessä on kiista mitatun tiedon ja havaintojen välisestä ristiriidasta ja luotettavuudesta. Viitekehyksenä tutkimuksessa käytetään sosiaalista konstruktionismia. Sosiaalisen konstruktionismin mukaisesti huomiota kiinnitetään itsestäänselvyyksinä pidettyihin asioihin sekä käsitystemme historialliseen ja kulttuuriseen sidonnaisuuteen. Tutkimuksessa selvitetään kriittisen diskurssianalyysin menetelmin ovatko Saarijärven reitillä tehdyt havainnot muutoksista luotettavia. Paljon aikaa luonnossa viettävillä, esimerkiksi marjoja poimivilla, kalastavilla ja luontoa havainnoivilla henkilöillä voidaan sanoa olevan tietoa alueen ympäristöoloista ja erityispiirteistä. Tutkimuksen kannalta keskeinen kysymys on: voidaanko tätä paikallista tietoa hyödyntää tietolähteenä muiden tiedon lajien, kuten tieteellisen ja asiantuntijatiedon rinnalla? Tutkimuksessa kuvataan myös miten havaitut muutokset vaikuttavat haastateltujen henkilöiden elämään. Samalla tarkastellaan millainen määrittelyvalta paikalliselle tiedolle turvetuotantoon liittyvissä diskursseissa annetaan. Aineistona tutkimuksessa on vuosien 2012 ja 2013 aikana tehdyt 16 teemahaastattelua. Haastattelujen diskurssien perusteella voidaan todeta Saarijärven reitillä olevan henkilöitä, joilla on paikallista tietoa paikallisista oloista ja muista alueisiin liittyvistä erityispiirteistä. Joissakin tapauksissa voidaan puhua jopa ylisukupolvisesta tiedosta. Diskursseihin liittyvät vahvasti myös tunteet, arvot sekä asioiden erilaiset painotukset. Tutkimuksen tulosten perusteella vaikuttaa siltä, ettei Suomessa ole tällä hetkellä käytössä toimintatapaa tiedon eri lajien yhteen nivomiseksi, mikä mahdollistaisi laajan kokonaiskuvan muodostamisen esimerkiksi päätöksentekoa varten. Aineistoon perustuen voidaan todeta Saarijärven reitillä käytävän kamppailua asiantuntijuuden ja tiedon määrittelyvallasta. Professioilla sekä muilla turvetuotannon toimijoilla vaikuttaa olevan vahva määrittelyvalta, kun taas paikallisella tiedolla ei käytännössä näytä olevan päätöksentekoon liittyvää määrittelyvaltaa juuri lainkaan. Diskurssien perusteella paikallisen tiedon merkitys ja hyödynnettävyys aliarvioidaan ja mitätöidään.

Media representations are an important part of the dynamics of contemporary socio-ecological systems. The media agenda influences and interacts with the public and the policy agenda and all of these are connected to the changes of the state of the environment. Partly as a result of media debate, some issues are considered serious environmental problems, some risks are amplified while others are attenuated, and some proposals for remedies are highlighted and others downplayed. Research on environmental media coverage has focused predominantly on the English-speaking industrialised countries. This thesis presents an analysis of Finnish environmental coverage, focusing on representations of climate change and eutrophication from 1990 2010. The main source of material is Helsingin Sanomat (HS), the most widely-read newspaper in Finland. The analysis adopts the perspective of contextual constructivism and the agenda-setting function of the mass media. Selected models describing the evolution of environmental coverage are applied within an interdisciplinary emphasis. The results show that the amount of newspaper content on eutrophication and climate change has generally increased, although both debates have been characterised by intense fluctuations. The volume of the coverage on climate change has been higher than that of eutrophication, especially since 2006. Eutrophication was highlighted most during the late 1990s while the peaks of climate coverage occurred between 2007 and 2009. Two key factors have shaped the coverage of eutrophication. First, the coverage is shaped by ecological factors, especially by the algal occurrences that are largely dependent on weather conditions. Second, the national algal monitoring and communication system run by environmental authorities has provided the media with easy-to-use data on the algal situation during the summertime. The peaks of climate coverage have been caused by an accumulation of several contributing factors. The two most important factors contributing to the increase in coverage since 2006 include international policy negotiations and mild and snowless winters. Between 2006 and 2008, other factors included the releases of major scientific reviews, expressions of concern by key actors, and the related debate on energy policy. Changes in the anthropogenic driving forces of the environmental changes, namely nutrient discharges and greenhouse gas emissions, had only a marginal impact on the level of coverage. Based on the results, it is suggested that wide-ranging climate reporting has caused what has been called a piercing effect. This means that after the phase of intense and widespread media coverage, climate issues will not disappear but will shift from highly visible environmental headlines to less visible but more pervasive background information presented in various contexts. Such a piercing effect was not identified for eutrophication. This thesis highlights the importance of taking media coverage into account as a key factor in the formulation and implementation of environmental policies aimed at broad-based actions. Tiedotusvälineiden uutisointi on tärkeä osa nykyisten yhteiskunnallis-ekologisten järjestelmien toimintaa. Mediasisällöt vaikuttavat ja ovat vuorovaikutuksessa kansalaisten huolenaiheiden ja politiikan painopisteiden kanssa ja kaikki nämä kytkeytyvät ympäristön tilan muutoksiin. Osittain mediakeskustelun seurauksena joitakin kysymyksiä pidetään ympäristöongelmina, jotkut riskit korostuvat ja toiset vaimentuvat ja joitakin ratkaisuehdotuksia painotetaan ja toisia väheksytään. Ympäristökysymysten käsittelyä medioissa on tutkittu ennen muuta englanninkielisissä teollisuusmaissa. Tämä väitöstutkimus tarkastelee suomalaista ympäristöuutisointia ja keskittyy ilmastonmuutosta ja rehevöitymistä vuosina 1990 2010 käsittelevään aineistoon. Aineiston päälähde on Helsingin Sanomat, joka on laajalevikkisin suomalainen sanomalehti. Analyysin lähtökohtina ovat kontekstuaalinen konstruktivismi ja median agendatutkimus. Analyysissä sovelletaan tieteidenvälisellä otteella valikoituja teoreettisia malleja ympäristöuutisoinnin kehittymisestä. Tulokset osoittavat, että rehevöitymistä ja ilmastonmuutosta koskeva sanomalehtiuutisointi on yleisesti lisääntynyt, mutta uutisoinnin lyhytaikaiset vaihtelut ovat olleet suuria. Erityisesti vuoden 2006 jälkeen ilmastonmuutoksesta on uutisoitu enemmän kuin rehevöitymisestä. Rehevöitymisuutisointi oli vilkasta 1990-luvun lopulla, kun taas ilmastouutisoinnin huippukohdat osuvat vuosille 2007 2009. Kaksi keskeistä tekijää on muokannut rehevöitymisuutisointia. Ensinnäkin uutisointiin ovat vaikuttaneet ekologiset tekijät, erityisesti leväesiintymät, joita sääolot säätelevät voimakkaasti. Kesäaikainen kansallinen viranomaisten leväseuranta- ja viestintäjärjestelmä on toisaalta tuottanut medialle helposti käytettävää tietoa levätilanteesta. Ilmastouutisoinnin huippukohdat ovat seurausta usean eri tekijän yhteisvaikutuksesta. Kaksi tärkeintä syytä uutisoinnin kasvuun vuoden 2006 jälkeen ovat olleet kansainväliset ilmastoneuvottelut sekä leudot ja lumettomat talvisäät. Vuosina 2006 2008 ilmastouutisointia lisäsivät myös tieteellisten raporttien julkistukset, tunnettujen mielipidevaikuttajien huolenilmaukset sekä energiapoliittinen keskustelu. Ympäristömuutoksen taustatekijöiden kehitys, eli ravinnepäästöt ja kasvihuonekaasujen päästöt, ovat vaikuttaneet uutisointiin vain vähän. Tulosten perusteella näyttää siltä, että laaja-alainen ilmastouutisointi synnytti niin sanotun läpäisyefektin. Läpäisyefekti tarkoittaa sitä, että intensiivisen ja laaja-alaisen uutisointivaiheen jälkeen ilmastokysymykset eivät häviä kokonaan julkisuudesta. Sen sijaan ne siirtyvät näyttävistä otsikoista vähemmän näkyväksi, mutta laajemmin esillä olevaksi taustatiedoksi, joka nousee esiin eri yhteyksissä. Tällaista läpäisyefektiä ei havaittu rehevöitymisen osalta. Tutkimus korostaa sitä, että mediasisällöt tulee huomioida keskeisenä tekijänä, kun laaja-alaisiin toimiin tähtäävää ympäristöpolitiikkaa muotoillaan ja toteutetaan.

Liikuntakulttuuri on viime vuosikymmenten aikana muuttunut paljon. Se on esimerkiksi monipuolistunut, kaupallistunut ja liikuntaa on yhä enemmän siirrytty harrastamaan keinotekoisiin olosuhteisiin kuten halleihin, liikuntakeskuksiin, tekolumiladuille tai golfkentille. Samalla liikuntaan liittyvä liikenne on lisääntynyt. Niinpä liikunnalla ja urheilulla on yhä enemmän ympäristövaikutuksia, jotka liikuntakulttuurissa on otettava huomioon. Toisaalta myös ympäristössä tapahtuvat muutokset vaikuttavat liikunnan harrastamiseen. Esimerkiksi ilmastonmuutos on jo vaatinut talvilajien harrastajilta ja palveluiden järjestäjiltä sopeutumista. Tässä tutkimuksessa käsitellään ympäristökysymyksen hallintaa liikuntajärjestöissä. Tutkimuksen keskeisiä käsitteitä ovat ympäristöhallinta, ympäristöpolitiikka ja ekologinen modernisaatio. Aineistona on 16 lajiliiton 27 ympäristöasiakirjaa. Sisällönanalyysin avulla selvitetään millaisia ympäristöongelmien määritelmiä lajiliittojen ympäristödokumentit sisältävät, millaisia hallinnan menetelmät dokumenteissa esitetään ja miten dokumenteissa määrittyy liikuntajärjestöjen suhde ympäristöpolitiikkaan. Ympäristöasiakirjojen analyysi osoittaa, että lajiliitot ovat tietoisia toimintansa ympäristövaikutuksista. Lajiliittojen ympäristöpolitiikka on hyvin lajikeskeistä. Lisäksi se on lajin tulevaisuuden olosuhteiden säilyttämistä ja lajin hyväksyttävyyden turvaamista. Lajiliitot ovat ympäristöajattelussa ja ympäristötyössä vielä alkutekijöissä mutta raameja on luotu. Laajamittaista ympäristöheräämistä lajiliittojen asiakirjoista ei ole luettavissa. Lajiliittojen kirjaamat ympäristöhallinnan menetelmät keskittyvät suurelta osin yksilöiden käyttäytymiseen vaikuttamiseen esimerkiksi koulutuksen, kasvatuksen ja tiedotuksen keinoin. Puhtaamman teknologian käyttöönottoa ympäristöhallinnan menetelmänä pohdittiin asiakirjoissa vähän. Liikuntakulttuurin rakenteiden uudistamista laajassa mittakaavassa ei pohdittu juuri ollenkaan. Vain muutamassa liitossa on alettu arvioida lajikulttuurin rakenteiden ekologisuutta. Esimerkiksi Jääkiekkoliiton ympäristödokumentaatiossa pohditaan pelien muuttamista yhä enemmän turnausmuotoiseksi sekä varusteiden säilytysmahdollisuuksien järjestäminen halleilla, jolloin lajiin liittyvää runsasta autoilua voitaisiin vähentää.

Green public procurement (GPP) is about setting environmental criteria in the public procurement process alongside the traditional purchasing criteria, e.g. price, quality and technical features of products, services and works. GPP is considered to be one of the key policies that could be used to promote the change of unsustainable patterns of consumption and production.The use of environmental procurement criteria has increased during this decennium, as it has been promoted by many international and national policies and programmes. Nevertheless, how does this push for greener public procurement comply with the primary aims of public procurement legislation – guaranteeing the best value for taxpayers’ money and the operability of the internal market? The challenge is to combine economic and environmental issues so that purchasing decisions are compliant with law and jurisprudence. In this thesis, this issue is analyzed by examining the relations of environmental and economic aspects as well as environmental and legal aspects in public procurement.This thesis uses several methods and tools to assess the greenness of public procurement; an analysis of purchasing criteria, life cycle assessment and eco-label criteria. Environmental criteria found in the tender documents are mirrored to the existing European procurement directives and case law. The relation between economy and environment is studied within the concept of the most economically advantageous tender as defined in the EU’s public procurement directives. Its content and applicability in the assessment of economic and environmental performance of a purchase is opened for discussion.The results of this thesis suggest that economical, environmental and legal aspects can be combined in public procurement, though the linking of green criteria is specific to a single contract. Despite the increased amount of green criteria in tender documents (i.e. calls for tenders and contracts), they mainly focus on those aspects that are undoubtedly covered by the procurement directives – possibly excluding some of the important environmental impacts of the product or service from a life cycle perspective. However, systematically presented green criteria in calls for tenders could give a signal to the manufacturers of the demand for environmentally preferable solutions, and encourage them to invest in developing green products, i.e. eco-design.

Nanomaterials and nanotechnologies offer great opportunities for almost all sectors of society. New materials and applications are invented all the time. Benefits are obvious in many cases, such as enhanced energy use, improved electronic devices, lighter products, higher hygiene level, or increased storage time. The motive for manufacturing nanomaterials lies in the chemical and physical characteristics, which are different from material in bulk. Due to these new properties environmental effects assessment is challenging. We are only at the beginning of understanding how nanomaterials will behave in actual environmental conditions.

Suomalaisen luontorunouden maisema on aina ollut linnuista rikas. Siivekkäitä ihaillaan runoudessa usein etäällä lentävinä, tai lintu paljastuu jonkun inhimillisen tunteen tai toiveen vertauskuvaksi. 1970-luvulla suomalaisen runouden lintukuvauksessa tapahtui muutos. Linnut tulivat lukijan lähelle kouriintuntuvasti mutta silti eläimellisen vierautensa säilyttäen. Ne alkoivat myös kärsiä ympäristöongelmista todellisten lintujen tavoin. Poliittinen siivekäs on ekokriittisiä ja posthumanistisia teorioita yhdistävä tutkimus lintujen konkretisoitumisesta, siitä miten linnuista alettiin kirjoittaa lintuina. Suomalaisten runoilijoiden ympäristötietoista linturunoutta suhteutetaan runoutemme traditioon ja 1970-luvun ympäristöpoliittiseen keskusteluun. Keskeiseksi nousee kuitenkin kysymys siitä, millaisin keinoin runoilijat tuovat kulttuurin ulkopuolisiksi mielletyt linnut kulttuurin piiriin, runouteen. Filosofisesti ja poliittisesti kysymys on samalla ihmisten ja ei-inhimillisten olentojen yhteisestä ympäristöstä. Runouden poliittisilla siivekkäillä on äänekkäät, nälkäiset nokat, metsähakkuita pakenevat siivet, ympäristömyrkkyjen vaurioittamat jalat ja loputtoman arvoitukselliset linnunsilmät. Karoliina Lummaa on Turun yliopistossa opiskellut kirjallisuudentutkija.

Yleispuolueteorian mukaan puolueet ovat alkaneet muistuttaa kasvavissa määrin toisiaan. Liitän osaksi tätä kehitystä postmaterialististen arvojen nousun politiikan kentälle, koska nämä arvot tuovat osaltaan epäselvyyttä perinteiselle puolueiden oikeisto-vasemmisto –jaottelulle politiikan ristiriitaulottuvuuden muuttuessa multiakseliseksi. Postmaterialistiset arvot ovat tulkittavuudessaan puolueille väline tavoitella poliittista keskustaa, koska ne luovat pelitilaa. Yksi näistä politiikan uusista arvoista on ympäristöystävällisyys ja sen mukanaan tuoma ympäristöpolitiikka. Tutkin ympäristöpolitiikan jakautumista oikeisto-vasemmisto –akselilla puolueohjelmissa kehysanalyysin keinoin pyrkien retoriikan avulla löytämään eroja tavoissa politisoida ja politikoida ympäristöllä. Esimerkkipuolueina toimivat Kansallinen Kokoomus ja Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue ja analysoitavana aikana vuodet 1969-2009. Tutkimukseni tuloksena on, että puolueet käyttävät alkujaankin yhtenevää luontokäsitystä ja perustavat ympäristöpolitiikkansa samalle lähtökohdalle luonnon itseisarvosta. Puolueiden välillä on kuitenkin löydettävissä eroa siinä, miten ne liittävät ympäristökysymyksen osaksi omaa arvokokonaisuuttaan: SDP esittää ympäristön solidaarisuuskysymyksenä Kokoomuksen linkittäessä sen turvallisuuteen. Myös tässä suhteessa puolueet ovat erityisesti 2000-luvulla alkaneet lähentyä toisiaan.

Several structural funds programmes co-funded by the European Union will be implemented in Finland during the programming period 2007–2013. Sustainable development as a cross-cutting principle guides both European Structural Funds programme preparation and implementation. This report aims to provide a framework for integrating environmental considerations into the implementation of these programmes. The focus will be on the four Regional Competitiveness and Employment programmes funded from the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF programmes), but the results can be applied to all types of structural funds programmes as well as to national regional development.

Suomessa toteutetaan rakennerahastokaudella 2007–2013 useita Euroopan unionin osarahoittamia toimenpideohjelmia. Kestävä kehitys on tärkeä läpäisyperiaatteella toteutettava teema, joka tulee ottaa huomioon sekä rakennerahasto-ohjelmien valmistelussa että niiden toteutuksessa. Tässä julkaisussa esitetään, kuinka ympäristönäkökulma on mahdollista ottaa huomioon osana näiden ohjelmien toimeenpanoa. Tarkastelun kohteena ovat erityisesti Euroopan aluekehitysrahastosta rahoitettavat neljä suuralueittaista Alueellinen kilpailukyky ja työllisyys -tavoiteohjelmaa (EAKR-ohjelmat), mutta tulokset ovat sovellettavissa myös muihin rakennerahasto-ohjelmiin ja kansalliseen alueiden kehittämiseen.

Vesistöjen rehevöityminen on noussut yhdeksi eniten esillä olevista aiheista suomalaisessa ympäristökeskustelussa. Tässä raportissa pyritään luomaan yleiskuva sanomalehtien rehevöitymiskeskustelusta sekä hahmottamaan oleellisia keskustelun teemoja. Tutkimuksen aineistona on suomalaisten sanomalehtien uutisointi vuonna 1998 ja heinäkuussa 2005. Aineistoa tarkastellaan konstruktionistisesta näkökulmasta ympäristönsuojelun kokonaiskehikon avulla. Aineistosta ilmenee, että rehevöitymisuutisoinnin painopisteenä on ympäristöongelman hallinta. Uutisten otsikoissa sinilevät ovat näkyvin yksittäinen aihepiiri. Rehevöitymisen taustalla oleviin reunaehtoihin kiinnitetään vain vähän huomiota, samoin kuin rehevöittäviin päästöihin. Viranomaisten ja tutkijoiden tuottaman tiedon asema rehevöitymisuutisoinnissa on vahva. Uutisoinnin perussävy on maltillinen ja asiallinen. Kiistelyä ei aineistossa juuri esiintynyt.

Tuula Asunnan kasvatustieteellinen väitöstutkimus osoittaa selvästi, että tiedotusvälineet ovat luonnontieteiden opettajien ohella yläasteikäisten koululaisten tärkeimmät ympäristöasioita koskevan tiedon lähteet. Tulos asettaa suuren haasteen kemian ja muidenkin aineiden opettajille ja tutkijoille sekä tiedotusvälineille. Näiden tulisi ympäristöasioihin liittyvien uhkien ohella tuoda esiin myös tieteen saavutuksia, jotta oppilaiden asenteet kemian opiskelua ja kemian teollisuutta kohtaan kehittyisivät myönteisemmiksi. - Jos kemian ja yleisemminkin luonnontieteiden opetuksen yhtenä päämääränä on kasvattaa ympäristövastuullisia ihmisiä, on opetuksen ja oppimisen avainkysymyksenä nähtävä ympäristömyönteisten asenteiden ja ympäristöopetuksen pedagogiikan kehittäminen. Koska ympäristöasenteet kehittyvät myös koulujen opetusohjelmista riippumatta ja koska tutkimus selkeästi osoittaa tiedotusvälineiden suuren roolin oppilaiden tietolähteenä, tulisi opettajien entistä enemmän kiinnittää huomiota myös oppilaiden medialukutaidon kohottamiseen, Asunta päättelee. This study concentrates on the area of environmental education and environmental attitudes and behaviour. The main purpose of the study is to pay attention to the environmental knowledge of students as well as to explore the environmental concerns, attitudes and behaviour of Finnish secondary level students in order to be able to educate environmentally concerned and aware students through developing teacher training. As a comparison the environmental knowledge, attitudes and self-reported behaviour of students of one German school were studied. Promoting environmental awareness as well as an environmentally responsible lifestyle can only be realised through information, and therefore students' main information sources on certain general environmental issues were studied and analysed. The changes during the years 1994 to 2000 were examined. Four schools in Finland representing different areas participated in this study and, against the background of the Bologna agreement on the equalisation of education in European countries and in order to gain some international perspective in this study, one large school from Frankfurt-am-Main was included. In this study teacher interviews, two written questionnaires as well as classroom observation and videotaping were used to acquire information. The pupils involved included secondary level pupils, meaning class grades 7, 8 and 9 in Finland and grades 8, 9 and 1 in Germany. The total amount of 883 students (243 German and 640 Finnish) participated in the main part of the study, which consisted of two types of written questionnaire. These written tests were introduced in 1994-1996 and 2000. The German students only took part in the written tests. The study clearly stated that the main important information sources on environmental issues for secondary pupils are mass media and science teachers. It also proved that environmental concepts are very familiar to students and that most students have slightly more confidence in the information gained from television than from their science teacher. According to the study, the difference between schools in Finland concerning students' general environmental attitude was almost significant. This difference was mainly due to two schools in Central Finland. It was quite astonishing that students' environmental attitudes in the country school proved to be more negative than in the suburban school. The very alarming finding in this study was that students' attitudes towards studying chemistry, as well as towards chemistry and the chemical industry in general, have become more and more negative during the five-year period of this study. In general boys' attitudes towards chemistry and the chemical industry were more positive than girls'. Within those German students representing just a random sample from one school in Frankfurt-am-Main boys' attitudes seemed to be significantly more positive than girls' in both the 1996 and 2000 studies and the difference has increased since the girls' attitudes have become more negative, just like in Finland. The general negative attitude towards studying chemistry has grown in both countries. The study gave no evidence that either a positive environmental attitude or positive general environmental behaviour leads to environmentally responsible behaviour in the chemistry laboratory.