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Perceptions of yellowing, aging and dirtiness in textile products affect consumer satisfaction and sustainable use. Customers often decide whether to use a product based on its color, even if it is functionally usable. It is difficult to avoid the yellowing of objects; consequently, many scales have been developed to evaluate this phenomenon. This study examined consumers' perceptions of various colors associated with yellowing, aging and dirtiness using the terms "whitish," "yellowish," "yellowing," "yellowed," "aged" and "dirty," and the differences between them. The applicability of the commonly used yellowness index (YI) was also examined. The results showed perceptual similarities among "yellowish," "yellowing" and "yellowed," but there were also notable differences. The boundary between "whitish" and "yellowish" was clear, but near-white colors were included for "yellowing" and "yellowed" colors. The yellow component was a major factor in "aged" and "dirty," but not the only characteristic. Similarities and differences between "aged" and "dirty" perceptions were demonstrated. The "aged" colors were distributed in a wider range than the "dirty" colors, and most of the "dirty" colors were within the "aged" color range. This suggests that even colors perceived as "aged" are not necessarily "dirty." The YI did not adequately assess the perceptions. Consumers' perceptions of colors ranged more widely than those of the YI. As the need for sustainability and creating products that meet consumers' needs for long-term use continues to grow, it would be valuable to understand not only yellow-associated colors but also "aged" and "dirty" and their differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the distribution chain, distance between the abattoir and meat retailer, storage duration of meat at the meat retailer and meat retailer class on the physico-chemical quality of red meat. Beef (n = 150), pork (n = 150) and mutton (n = 150) samples were collected during the loading process of carcasses into refrigerated trucks, at the offloading point and during marketing to measure the effect of the distance between the abattoir and meat retailer, storage duration of meat at the meat retailer and meat retailer class (butcher, middle and high class) on the meat quality attributes. Meat quality attributes measured were; lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*), pHu, cooking loss (CL%), Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF) and meat temperature (TM). The distribution stage had an effect (p < 0.05) on some of the meat quality attributes, specifically the a* values for all meat types during loading (18.5 ± 0.93), off-loading (15.8 ± 0.93) and display (20.2 ± 0.94) points. Abattoir to meat retailer distance had a significant effect on L*, a*, hue angle and chroma values (p < 0.05). Storage duration at the retailer point significantly affected L* and a* values of meat (p < 0.05). Meat retailer class affected WBSF and meat yellowness (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the distribution chain, distance between the abattoir and meat retailer, storage duration of meat at the meat retailer and meat retailer class all affect the physico-chemical quality of red meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meta-analysis study of the effect of transportation distance on physiological conditions, pre-slaughter and broiler meat quality was carried out to examine the magnitude of the effect and calculate the publication bias of the effect of transportation distance on physiological conditions, pre-slaughter and broiler meat quality. The materials obtained from 1123 studies and 622 relevant studies were selected from 62 journals for further analysis. Parameters observed related to physiological conditions consisted of blood glucose levels, corticosterone levels, and body temperature. Parameters of pre-slaughter conditions on arrival were observed from weight loss and mortality. Meat quality parameters were observed from the percentage of drip loss, pH, and meat color. Transportation distances are categorized into various moderator individual and combined distances, namely 180 km and combined distances (a collection of distances 180 km). The data obtained were tabulated and analyzed using CMA 3.7 software. The results showed a negative effect of transportation distances on physiological conditions, pre-slaughter and broiler meat quality with a moderate level of determination (est. 0.3-0.5) to strong on the parameters of physiological conditions, pre-slaughter and broiler meat quality. (est. 0.5-1.0). Publication bias was found in several parameters such as corticosterone levels and color (redness) did not show a significant egger's test result (p>0.05), which are potentially having an interfere with the interpretation of the study results. However the significant results of the Rosenthal analysis (p

Paper aging and protection processes play an essential function in the preservation of library collections and archives. In this study, some physical-mechanical properties of paper samples from XXth century books (private collections), such as pH acidity, tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity, as well as optical properties, such as absolute change in yellowness, were examined before and after treating them with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAp). Accelerated light aging was also evaluated and discussed. The treatment with HAp nanoparticles increased the paper’s pH to slightly alkaline values (approximately pH 8). Washing and treating the paper improved its mechanical properties compared to untreated paper; the tear length increased by 35% and the modulus of elasticity increased by 56%. That the treated and aged samples are more elastic than the original samples demonstrates that HAp nanoparticles consolidated the cellulose fibers. Additionally, particle morphology, size, composition and size distribution were assessed via image analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the ImageJ processing program.

The effect of gamma radiation dose on certain properties of wool treated in either greasy or scoured form in mini-bales was investigated. Specific properties studied include color (yellowness and brightness), solubility (alkali solubility and urea-bisulfite solubility), fiber diameter and tensile properties (staple strength and bundle tenacity). The irradiation of the wool was performed in a commercial Cobalt-60 gamma irradiation facility to emulate practical irradiation conditions. It was found that gamma radiation dosages of up to ≈ 90 kGy did not significantly affect the fiber physical dimensions, namely fiber diameter and staple length. Alkali and urea-bisulfite solubility as well as yellowness and brightness, on the other hand, showed a systematic, almost linear, change with an increase in radiation dose. For a dose of ≈ 100 kGy, yellowness increased by ≈ 4.5 (Y-Z) units, brightness decreased by ≈ 7.5 Y units and alkali and urea-bisulfite solubility increased by ≈ 14% (absolute) above their zero dose values.

With the continuous improvement of residents' income and the promotion of consumption concepts such as cultural consumption and green consumption the market demand for silk fabrics has further expanded. Often dubbed the queen of fibers silk is popular among consumers for its soft luster light weight good mechanical properties fine and smooth texture satisfying drapability and other qualities. Specifically silk fabrics have excellent moisture absorption and moisture release properties as their fibers contain many amino and other hydrophilic groups and they can quickly absorb and disperse moisture for their porosity. Thus silk fabrics are suitable for summer wear. However the light stability of silk is poor. Under UV irradiation the tyrosine and tryptophan in the silk protein are photo-oxidized to produce intermediate products such as 3 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and indole derivatives which then open the ring to form the yellow substance formyl kynurenine making the surface of silk fabrics yellow. At the same time the light-colored silk fabrics in summer are not sunlight resistant and the amino acids contained in the fibers react with light which makes this kind of silk fabrics more prone to discoloration and results in certain limitations on their application and use. Therefore in order to solve the problem of poor color fastness of silk to sunlight it is of great significance to improve the performance of silk. In order to solve the problem of poor sunlight fastness of light-colored silk fabrics in summer we studied the effects of different dyeing parameters on the sunlight effect of silk fabrics based on reduced bright green FFB vat acid and objectively evaluated the sunlight effect the yellowness of fabrics after sunlight and the dyeing depth of fabrics respectively by using the color difference before and after sunlight YI and K / S values. Firstly we analyzed the effects of the reducing agent TDO dosage and the pH value of the dyeing bath on the dyeing effect and sunlight color difference and yellowness of silk fabrics and illustrated the effects of the TDO dosage on the dyeing effect with the aid of reducing potential. Secondly we studied the effects of the dyeing promoter FD-D and NaCl on the sunlight fastness of silk fabrics. It was found that the effect of dyeing promoter FD-D was the most significant which reduced the color difference before and after sunlighting from 7 to 2 and greatly enhanced the sun fastness of the fabrics. Then we investigated the effects of the dyeing temperature and it was found that the maximum wavelength of the silk fabrics was shifted from 635 nm to 620 nm by the addition of FD-D when the dyeing temperature was increased. The dyeing temperature was chosen to be 30℃ under the condition that the color light of the fabrics remained unchanged and the evaluation indexes were still good under this condition and the room temperature dyeing could be realized. Finally we used XRD TG and other methods to characterize the properties of the fabrics before and after dyeing. We adopted the dyeing method of reduced brilliant green FFB vat acid supplemented with dyeing promoter FD-D which has the advantage of dyeing at room temperature and can provide a new way to solve the problem of light-colored silk fabrics' s being not resistant to sunlight in summer. It was found that for silk fabrics dyed with the best solution i. e. a mass concentration of reductant TDO dosage of 2. 5 g / L a pH value of 3 dyeing agent FD-D dosage of 40 g / L NaCl dosage of 20 g / L and a dyeing temperature of 30℃ the sun fastness reached grade 5 the dry and wet rubbing color fastness reached grades 4-5 and 4 respectively and washing staining fastness reached grade 4-5 with no significant decrease in physical and mechanical properties and thermal properties. The combination of reduced brilliant green FFB vat acid method and FD-D to achieve low energy consumption room temperature dyeing at 30℃ can provide insight for silk fabrics to improve sun fastness and can also contribute to the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutralization. The research results can provide reference significance for the research of improving sunfastness of protein-based fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper aging and protection processes play an essential function in the preservation of library collections and archives. In this study, some physical-mechanical properties of paper samples from XXth century books (private collections), such as pH acidity, tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity, as well as optical properties, such as absolute change in yellowness, were examined before and after treating them with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAp). Accelerated light aging was also evaluated and discussed. The treatment with HAp nanoparticles increased the paper's pH to slightly alkaline values (approximately pH 8). Washing and treating the paper improved its mechanical properties compared to untreated paper; the tear length increased by 35% and the modulus of elasticity increased by 56%. That the treated and aged samples are more elastic than the original samples demonstrates that HAp nanoparticles consolidated the cellulose fibers. Additionally, particle morphology, size, composition and size distribution were assessed via image analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the ImageJ processing program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automotive headlamps, constructed using different components are likely affected by haziness, dirtiness, fogginess, cloudiness, or white patches caused by oxidation, chemical attack, water vapors, flying debris, and dirt. In the present work, we have identified the root causes of outer lens yellowness issue in a headlamp and provided possible remedies. For this attempt, two headlamps were analyzed for the yellowness root cause analysis and their failure prevention. Several parts of the headlamp assembly, such as outer lens, dust caps and housing assembly, were characterized for the thermal, structural, and morphological analysis. Yellowness is mostly caused by the liberation of lower temperature volatile organic compounds due to thermal decomposition and oxidation of lower molecular weight additives present in the polymers. Thermal properties of clear transparent headlamp parts (OK) and yellow colored headlamp parts (NOT-OK) were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis. The chemical structure similarity of the NOT-OK and OK headlamps parts was characterized by the fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The liberation of lower temperature volatile organic components and their deposition onto the inside layer of the outer lens resulted in the yellowness issue in the headlamp. The headlamp component that contributed to the liberation of lower temperature volatile organic components was identified and remedies have been implemented for the failure prevention in future headlamp parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of gamma radiation dose on certain properties of wool treated in either greasy or scoured form in mini-bales was investigated. Specific properties studied include color (yellowness and brightness), solubility (alkali solubility and urea-bisulfite solubility), fiber diameter and tensile properties (staple strength and bundle tenacity). The irradiation of the wool was performed in a commercial Cobalt-60 gamma irradiation facility to emulate practical irradiation conditions. It was found that gamma radiation dosages of up to ≈ 90 kGy did not significantly affect the fiber physical dimensions, namely fiber diameter and staple length. Alkali and urea-bisulfite solubility as well as yellowness and brightness, on the other hand, showed a systematic, almost linear, change with an increase in radiation dose. For a dose of ≈ 100 kGy, yellowness increased by ≈ 4.5 (Y-Z) units, brightness decreased by ≈ 7.5 Y units and alkali and urea-bisulfite solubility increased by ≈ 14% (absolute) above their zero dose values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the whitening and washing steps of a treatment using violet illumination (VI) alone or combined with hydrogen peroxide gel. In addition, we evaluated the color change after cleaning the tooth with and without mineral oil. Methods: First, 16 bovine teeth were extracted and stored in 5% thymol solution. Next, the teeth were collected and cleaned. Then, the teeth were stained with instant coffee solution for 24 h. The teeth were divided in four groups: control, VI without 35% hydrogen peroxide gel (VI), VI with 35% hydrogen peroxide gel (VI + gel), and VI without 35% hydrogen peroxide gel and cleaned with mineral oil before washing (VI + oil). Results: The whitening treatment VI + gel was able to completely restore the teeth whiteness and make the teeth 31.2% less yellow than prior coffee staining. The VI + oil treatment led to about 3.7 times the whiteness and yellowness changes observed in the VI treatment and restored 51% of the whiteness lost by staining. Conclusions: The VI + gel treatment can be recommended against coffee stains and should be further investigated for other types of tooth stains. In addition, cleaning the tooth surface with mineral oil could be an alternative to increase the performance of whitening treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has put in the foreground the dramatic actuality of global and local inequalities, undermining neo-liberal, communitarian, democratic or cosmopolitan projects of collective identity. In the light of intersecting inequalities such as class, race/ethnicity and gender, an explosion of Sinophobia, social stigma and physical attacks targeting people of East Asian and Southeast Asian appearance or heritage has been widely reported in Euro-American media. This article will focus on the case of Italy during the initial stage of the pandemic in early 2020. Italy has not only been the first European country to be exposed to the pandemic and to undergo national lockdown but also a country where the wave of racist assaults started in late January 2020, even before the first clusters have been detected. The critical investigation of Italian media discourses will highlight how deep-rooted, colonialist and ambivalent assumptions about the 'Oriental', 'Asian', 'Chinese' and 'yellow' other may have been crucial to the reproduction of racism against specific people, cultures and civilizations, regardless of nationality, class and gender. It will refer in particular to the concept of 'yellowness', resulting from a process of bio-cultural racialization within the hegemonic frame of 'Western', 'White' or 'Italian' identity. Furthermore, it will indicate how this process of racialized othering has emerged, but has also been contested, within the specific context of citizenship, Asian immigrants and governmental actions in contemporary Italy. The overall aim is not so much to denounce higher levels of racism in Italy compared to other Euro-American countries; rather, this article refers to the Italian case to stress how both global and local trajectories do mutually overlap to shape, and eventually to transform, a national context, offering further insights on the glo-calization of the civilizational 'West'/'East' divide in the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to check the potential of crude xylano-pectinolytic enzymes in bleaching of rice straw pulp, in order to reduce the toxic waste load for managing the environmental pollution. The xylano-pectinolytic enzymatic bleaching step for delignification was found to be most effective at pulp consistency 1:10 g/ml, xylanase:pectinase dose of 9:4 IU/ml, pH 8.5 and treatment time 180 min at temperature of 55 °C, and resulted in lowering of kappa number of the rice straw pulp by 15.29%. In subsequent bleaching stages, this enzymatic pre-bleaching treatment also resulted in 30% reduction of active chlorine dioxide dose without any loss of optical properties. Significant improvement in various physical properties of the enzymes treated pulp, tear index (15.43%), breaking length (11.11%), double fold number (25.92%), burst index (9.88%) and viscosity (13.63%), and Gurley porosity (39.86%) was also noticed. This approach resulted in reduction of BOD and COD values by 21.07% and 26.57%, respectively. This is the first study on the use of crude xylano-pectinolytic enzymes for bio-bleaching of rice straw pulp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to find out the potential of bioscouring using xylano-pectinolytic enzymes, for degumming of aloe fibers. Bioscouring was optimized with 1 : 20 fiber to buffer ratio, using 10 IU xylanase and 3.2 IU pectinase in 50 mM buffer (pH 8.5), EDTA (3 mM), and Tween 80 (1%), at 50°C temperature with agitation rate of 50 rpm and treatment period of 60 min. Enzymatic treatment of aloe fibers increased brightness and whiteness by 55.67% and 24.88%, respectively and decreased yellowness by 44.11% as compared to alkaline fiber scouring, thereby replacing chemical scouring completely. Additionally, the pretreatment of aloe fibers with enzymes resulted in a 50% less consumption of bleaching chemicals with similar optical properties as obtained by 100% bleaching. This is the first report showing the eco-friendly bioscouring approach of aloe fibers, using enzymes produced concurrently from a bacterial isolate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was undertaken to investigate the potential of bioscouring in the processing of undegummed sisal fibers, using xylano-pectinolytic enzymes. Optimum bioscouring was obtained at pH 8.5 and 50 mM buffer molarity, using xylanase (10 IU) and pectinase (8 IU), with a material to liquor proportion of 1:25 (g:ml), EDTA (2 mM) and Tween 80 (0.5%), at 50 °C temperature with agitation rate of 55 rpm and treatment period of 60 min. Enzymatic treatment of sisal fibers enhanced the brightness and whiteness by 11.52 and 6.83%, respectively, and reduced the yellowness by 7.14% in comparison to control. The use of xylanase and pectinase enzymes completely replaced the chemical scouring method for removing non-cellulosic impurities. Thus, enzymatic scouring is energy saving and ecofriendly, since it completely eliminated the use of toxic chemicals used in alkaline scouring. An increase of 23.75% and 11.58% in brightness and whiteness of enzymatically scoured cum bleached fibers, as compared to chemically scoured cum bleached fibers was finally obtained, along with reduction in yellowness by 27.99%. This is the first report demonstrating environmentally sustainable enzymatic approach for scouring of undegummed sisal fibers, using enzymes, simultaneously produced from a bacterial isolate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the efficacy of xylano-pectinolytic enzymes in scouring of banana fibers has been reported. Maximum efficiency of bioscouring was recorded using xylanase and pectinase doses of 15 and 4.8 IU, respectively (produced by a bacterial isolate) at a material-to-liquor proportion of 1:25 having 8.5 pH, treatment time of 1 h, speed of 50 rpm, temperature 50 °C, 3 mM EDTA and 1% Tween-80, with maximum sugar release, enhanced fiber water absorbing power and the finest optical characteristics. Enzymatic treatment resulted in 13.27% increase in whiteness, 16.14% increase in brightness and 8.63% decrease in yellowness as compared to raw banana fibers. The bioscouring also resulted in 50% reduction in scouring chemicals, in order to achieve the similar optical characteristics as obtained by the chemically treated fibers with 100% scouring and bleaching. It decreased the consumption of environment polluting chemicals and energy. Therefore, this has proven to be an environment safe method for removing the non-cellulosic impurities. This is the first report mentioning the scouring of banana fibers using xylano-pectinolytic enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to demonstrate the biotechnological potential of xylano-pectinolytic enzymes on scouring of ramie fibers. Optimization of bioscouring process showed a maximum effect of enzymes with 50-mM strength of buffer, pH 8.5, fibers to liquid ratio of 1 : 20 (g:ml). Xylanase and pectinase dosage of 7.5 and 3.0 IU, respectively, was found to be best for removal of xylan and pectin impurities, after treatment time of 1.5 h, at 50 °C temperature and 55 rpm agitation rate. EDTA and Tween 80 at concentration of 1.5 mM and 1.25 %, respectively, were found to be the best for effective removal of impurities, in order to improve hydrophilicity of the fibers. After bioscouring, brightness and whiteness values of bioscoured fibers were increased by 9.72 and 7.10% in comparison with control fibers. After enzymatic scouring, a reduction of 14.45 % in yellowness was also seen in ramie fibers. Enzymatic treatment resulted in 6.97% increased brightness, 10.64% increased whiteness, and 4.11% decreased yellowness as compared with scoured ramie fibers. The results indicated that scouring using xylanase and pectinase enzymes could be a substitute for chemical scouring technique. Enzymatic scouring is, therefore, environmentally sustainable and saves energy, also decreases the consumption of harmful chemicals used in alkaline scouring. This is the first report showing the effect of xylanase and pectinase enzymes, produced by a bacterial isolate, on physico-chemical and various optical properties of ramie fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Colour is one of the most important properties of cotton raw materials. It helps in determining and classifying the quality of fibres according to the Universal Cotton Standards. Organoleptic and instrumental techniques are applied to assess the color of cotton. Worldwide, the colour parameters of cotton are measured by the High Volume Instrument (HVI), which provides information on reflectance (Rd) and yellowness (+b) that is specific for cotton, but are not the typical and globally recognized colour characteristics. Usually, worldwide, the colour of textile products and other goods is assessed utilizing the spectrophotometer, which provides the colour data that is widely recognized and accepted by the CIE L*a*b* colour space. This paper discusses utilizing the DigiEye system to measure the colour parameters of cotton samples and compares the results with the colour parameters from the HVI.

Abstract: The effects of end group and molecular weight on the yellowness of telechelic polyetherimide (PEI) are investigated. Electron‐withdrawing dianhydride end groups reduce the yellowness and increase the transparency of PEI regardless of the molecular weight. Electron‐donating phenyl, amine, and phthalic end groups increase the yellowness of PEI but the effect depends on the molecular weight. As the molecular weight is increased, the yellowness of PEIs with electron‐donating end groups initially decreases due to a decreasing end‐group density and then increases due to an increasing probability of charge‐transfer complex formation. The systematic study reveals the correlations among yellowness, end group, and molecular weight of PEIs. The correlations can be used for designing highly transparent PEIs and other high‐performance polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to develop an innovative formulation of fresh pasta, which combined semolina and liquid sourdough. Quality and shelf-life of pasta were monitored on unpacked fresh pasta and on pasta packed in modified atmosphere after pasteurization. The addition of sourdough and the pasteurization were responsible for a yellowness increase of pasta. After in vitro digestion of cooked pasta, a lower proportion of slowly digestible starch (SDS; 43.0 g/100 g) and a higher proportion of inaccessible digestible starch (IDS; 40.2 g/100 g) was found in sourdough pasta than the control (49.8 and 34.5 g/100 g of SDS and IDS), and in pasteurized pasta (44.0 and 39.3 g/100 g of SDS and IDS) than the fresh pasta (48.8 and 35.4 g/100 g of SDS and IDS). FT-Raman spectra of pasteurized sourdough pasta showed a higher level of retrograded starch, as indicated by the lower value (479.14 cm −1 ) of the frequency of the band peaked at ∼480 cm −1 , than the pasteurized control (479.47 cm −1 ). Unpacked sourdough pasta could be stored for one week without mould growth, which on the contrary appeared in the control. The pasteurization was more effective in sourdough pasta, with the complete disappearance of the microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A 42‐day experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of four different lipid containing diets (lipid 74.0, 105.3, 135.0, 168.1 g/kg diet) on growth, digestive enzymes activities, immunology and expression of canthaxanthin‐based coloration in parrot cichlid (Amphilophus citrinellus × Paraneetroplus synspilus). Each diet contained canthaxanthin 0.05 g/kg diet. Two hundred and eighty‐eight fish were randomly stocked into 12 glass aquaria to form four triplicate groups. Fish were fed one of four diets daily at 20 g/kg of their total body weight. Growth, digestive enzymes activities, immunology and body colour parameters were measured at the end of experiment. Based on the polynomial regression of dietary lipid level and specific growth rate, the dietary lipid level inclusion was calculated as 117.2 g/kg for the highest specific growth rate of these animals. The polynomial regression of skin colour parameters and dietary lipid levels indicated the critical threshold lipid inclusions in diet: 113.7 g/kg for the best expression of lightness, 112.1 g/kg for redness, 127.5 g/kg for yellowness and 125.3 g/kg for chroma of fish's skin. Considering redness, lightness and specific growth rate are most important variables, a diet containing lipid 115.0 g/kg can be recommended for blood parrot cichlid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

100% grey cotton knitted fabric contains impurities and yellowness and needs to be prepared for processing to make it suitable for coloration and finishing. Therefore, conventionally 100% grey cotton knitted fabric undergoes a process of scouring and bleaching, which involves the use of large amounts of water and chemicals, in order to remove impurities and yellowness. Due to increased environmental awareness, pursuing a reduction of water and chemicals is a current trend in textile processing. In this study, we explore the possibility of using atmospheric pressure plasma as a dry process to treat 100% grey cotton knitted fabric (single jersey and interlock) before processing. Experimental results reveal that atmospheric pressure plasma treatment can effectively remove impurities from 100% grey cotton knitted fabrics and significantly improve its water absorption property. On the other hand, if 100% grey cotton knitted fabrics are pretreated with plasma and then undergo a normal scouring process, the treatment time is reduced. In addition, the surface morphological and chemical changes in plasma-treated fabrics were studied and compared with the conventionally treated fabrics using scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The decrease in carbon content, as shown in XPS, reveal the removal of surface impurities. The oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratios of the plasma treated knitted fabrics reveal enhanced hydrophilicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The colour of bloomed m. longissimus was measured 24 h post slaughter for 8165 lamb carcasses produced over 5 years across 8 sites in Australia. Intramuscular fat across a 2 to 8% range and shortloin fat weight were positively associated with meat lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*), hue and chroma ( P < 0.01). Shortloin muscle weight was negatively associated with these meat colour parameters ( P < 0.01), although this was largely accounted for by correlated changes in intramuscular fat ( P < 0.01). The effect of sire breeding values for lamb weight, shortloin muscle depth and fat depth on loin L*, a*, b*, hue and chroma were small and varied between lambs of different sire type, dam breed and sex. Thus selection for lean meat yield will have neutral or positive effects on meat colour, while selection for increased intramuscular fat will make the bloomed colour of lamb meat lighter and redder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Innotec is the property of Laboratorio Tecnologico del Uruguay and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, the effect of elimination and relative decrease of sodium silicate along with substituting the organic complex of sulvy-x was investigated on optical properties of CMP pulp bleached by hydrogen peroxide. The brightness of paper were increased to 66.8%, yellowness decreased to 22% and opacity decreased to 80% with increase in sodium silicate charge from 0.7% to 3%. Also, with complete elimination of sodium silicate and using of sulvy-x at different levels of 0.4, 0.5, 0.7 and 1% , highest brightness and lowest yellowness were shown at 0.5% sulvy-x. These values were 66.1% and 21.8%, respectively. The brightness of paper enhanced from 61.2% to 67.3% with increasing of sulvy-x charge from 0.4% up to 0.5% blended with constant value of 0.7% sodium silicate. But the brightness decreased at higher levels. Generally, pretreatment by DTPA prepared the paper with lower brightness and higher yellowness at two different states namely silicate-free and silicate-containing with sulvy-x. Pretreatment by DTPA at silicate-free state led to decrease of opacity but at silicate-containing state terminated to improve of opacity values. Increasing of bleaching time up to 120 minutes resulted in the paper with higher brightness, higher opacity and lower yellowness at silicate containing state with sulvy-x. At silicate-free state, increasing of bleaching time up to 120 minutes led to improve of opacity while brightness improved and yellowness reduced with increase in bleaching time to 90 minutes. Also, the brightness of paper decreased at higher times (120 minutes) and yellowness increased. In conclusion, achieved results from comparison of optical properties of paper produced from peroxide bleaching of hardwood CMP pulp indicated that we could produce the paper with desirable or even better optical properties by replacing of sulvy-x rather than sodium silicate compared to conventional peroxide bleaching.

Using high consistency pulp especially in bleaching plant is highly attractive due to considerable reduction in energy and water consumptions and low effluent volume. This research investigates the effect of consistency CMP pulp on bleaching by hydrogen peroxide. For this purpose, unbleached mixed hardwood CMP pulp of Mazandaran wood and paper CO. mill was used. Bleaching was carried out with QP sequences. Pretreatment or Q stage was carried out by DTPA as a chelating agent for removing transition metals. Chelating stage had a similar condition for all pulps. bleaching with hydrogen peroxide was carried out in three levels of hydrogen peroxide 2, 3, 4% and proportion NaOH to H2O2: 0.8, 0.7, 0.6 by adding 3% sodium silicate in 70˚C and 150min at four consistency level (10, 15, 25 and 30%). After bleaching, handsheets were made with grammage 60gr/m2 from bleached pulp. The experimental results showed that high brightness and opacity and lower yellowness was obtained at 30% consistency by 2 and 3% peroxide charge. However, by using 4% hydrogen peroxide, higher brightness and lower yellowness attained at 25% consistency. Brightness is increased continuously by increasing consistency from 10 to 30% at 2, 3% peroxide. But at 4% peroxide charge, brightness is increased from 10, 15 and 25%, and then at 30% consistency is decreased significantly. Also under conditioning of 2% peroxide and 30% consistency and 2% peroxide at 25% consistency can obtain similar brightness to 3% peroxide and 25% consistency and 4% peroxide at 10% consistency. That it means of 25, 30% decrease in consumption peroxide and sodium hydroxide.

This research was accomplished in order to investigate the replacement of organic complex of Glanapone Stab with sodium silicate on optical properties of hardwood CMP pulp bleached by hydrogen peroxide. The highest brightness of 65.5% and the lowest yellowness of 21.6% was attained at silicate-free followed by replacement of 0.7% and 1.5% Glanapone. But the highest opacity 98.2% was gained using 0.5% glanapone. The brightness of paper increased to 68.1% and the yellowness decreased to 20.8. by adding of glanapone consumption from 0.4% to 0.5% in blended with 0.7% sodium silicate. At higher levels than 0.5% glanapone, the brightness of paper decreased and the yellowness increased. Using Higher levels of 1 and 1.5% glanapone in blended with 0.7% sodium silicate resulted the highest opacity 97.9% and 98%, respectively. Increasing of peroxide usage up to 5% at two different states of silicate-free and silicate-containing with glanapone resulted in the paper with higher brightness and lower yellowness and opacity. CMP pulps bleached at 120 minutes resulted the highest brightness of 71.1% and the lowest yellowness of 18.3% at silicate-containing state with glanapone. Maximum opacity of 98.3% and 98% were shown at bleaching time 30 minutes at two states silicate-free and silicate-containing state with glanapone, respectively. In this research with regard to optical properties in relation to paper produced from CMP pulp bleaching at two states silicate-free and silicate-containing with glanapone,it can be said that possibility of producing the paper with similar optical properties or even better using 0.7% or 1.5% at silicate-free is in compared to conventional hydrogen peroxide bleaching. Also, we could produce the paper with higher brightness along with lower yellowness and similar opacity followed by bleaching time of 120 minutes and hydrogen peroxide 5% in combination of 0.7% sodium silicate with 0.5% glanapone in compared to higher consumed values of sodium silicate.

In this study, the effect of organic complex "sulvy-x" on the optical properties of hornbeam CMP pulp bleached with hydrogen peroxide was investigated. Sulvy-x was used in two sequences silicate-free and silicate containing in hydrogen peroxide bleaching. The brightness of papers increased to 60.52 and the yellowness decreased to 22.6 with increasing silicate charges up to 1% . However, at higher levels than 1% , the brightness decreased and the yellowness increased. Without dosage of sodium silicate but using 0.5% of sulvy-x, maximum brightness of 59.3% and minimum yellowness of 23.4 % ISO was achieved. In silicate-containing bleaching, combination of 0.5% sulvy-x and 0.7% sodium silicate resulted the highest brightness (60.28 % ISO) and the lowest yellowness (23 % ISO). Optimum charge of sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide were determined as 2.5% and 5%.The best time for bleaching of hornbeam CMP pulp was 90 minutes in either sequences. With regard to results obtained, utilization of the organic complex of sulvy-x could be a suitable substitution for sodium silicate which produces the pulp with higher brightness and lower yellowness in conventional peroxide bleaching.

100% grey cotton knitted fabric contains impurities and yellowness and needs to be prepared for processing to make it suitable for coloration and finishing. Therefore, conventionally 100% grey cotton knitted fabric undergoes a process of scouring and bleaching, which involves the use of large amounts of water and chemicals, in order to remove impurities and yellowness. Due to increased environmental awareness, pursuing a reduction of water and chemicals is a current trend in textile processing. In this study, we explore the possibility of using atmospheric pressure plasma as a dry process to treat 100% grey cotton knitted fabric (single jersey and interlock) before processing. Experimental results reveal that atmospheric pressure plasma treatment can effectively remove impurities from 100% grey cotton knitted fabrics and significantly improve its water absorption property. On the other hand, if 100% grey cotton knitted fabrics are pretreated with plasma and then undergo a normal scouring process, the treatment time is reduced. In addition, the surface morphological and chemical changes in plasma-treated fabrics were studied and compared with the conventionally treated fabrics using scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The decrease in carbon content, as shown in XPS, reveal the removal of surface impurities. The oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratios of the plasma treated knitted fabrics reveal enhanced hydrophilicity.

M . longissimus colour was measured from 8165 lambs at 24 h post-mortem using a chromameter. The impact of production factors (site and year of production, slaughter group, sex, age and breed type) and muscle traits (hot carcass weight, pH 24 , isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) activity, myoglobin, iron and zinc concentrations) on meat lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*), hue and chroma were analysed. Greater differences in meat colour were seen between different slaughter groups and sites of production than across the range of any muscle traits. Of the muscle traits analysed, changes in pH 24 had the greatest effect on meat a* (2.5 units), while myoglobin had the greatest effect on meat L* (2.9 units). The 3.1 L* unit darkening of meat with increasing lamb age (from 140 to 400 days) was accounted for by increased myoglobin concentration. These results suggest that production factors are having substantial effects on lamb colour independent of known influencing muscle traits such as myoglobin concentration and pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton treated with chitosan has many positive functionalities such as antimicrobial effect. Some authors have demonstrated that functional groups of chitosan can react with functional groups of cellulose. However, it is necessary to apply high temperatures to carry this reaction out. Cellulose is degraded by heat and the degradation involves oxidation and chain scission. Presence of aldehyde groups in oxidized cellulose makes it unstable and causes yellowing. The aim of this work is to study the colour change and the loss of tensile strength of treated cotton fabrics using different chitosan concentrations and temperatures in the curing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weathering refers to the degradation of wool fibres that occur during growth from exposure of the fleece to sunlight, water and air. Weathering damage to Merino wool reduces quantities of fibre that are harvested, reduces length in both raw and processed wools, reduces spinning performance and dyeing outcomes. This work aimed to aimed to quantify if and to what extent weathering occurred in 38 lots of commercial dehaired white cashmere and cashmere top sourced from traditional and new origins of production and the extent of any association between weathering and tensile strength properties of the dehaired cashmere and cashmere top. The cashmere was tested for physical properties, bundle tenacity and extension, tristimulus values brightness (Y) and yellowness (Y-Z) and reflectance. Dye uptake was used as an index of weathering. Linear models, relating to weathering, bundle tenacity and Y-Z were fitted to origin and other objective measurements. Mean attributes (range) were: mean fibre diameter, 17.0 µm (13.5-21.3 µm); bundle tenacity of tops, 10.3 cN/tex (8.3-12.9 cN/tex), for dehaired fibre, 10.1 cN/tex (9.1-11.4 cN/tex). Stain uptake varied from 0.92 to 6.34 mg/g fibre indicating a six-fold variation in the extent of weathering. Both the extent of weathering and the bundle tenacity of commercial lots of cashmere were affected by the origin of the cashmere. Increased weathering reduced bundle tenacity, bundle extension, increased the yellowness and reduced reflectance of white cashmere. Bundle tenacity of cashmere declined as fibre diameter variability increased from 20 to 22.5%. For the samples tested, the cashmere from China, Mongolia, Afghanistan and Iran showed more weathering than cashmere from Australia, New Zealand and the USA. The differences in the extent of weathering and of bundle tenacity between cashmere from different origins were of commercial significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The color of milk affects the subsequent color features of the resulting dairy products; milk color is also related to milk fat concentration. The objective of the present study was to quantify the ability of mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIRS) to predict color-related traits in milk samples and to estimate the correlations between these color-related characteristics and traditional milk quality traits. Mid-infrared spectral data were available on 601 milk samples from 529 cows, all of which had corresponding gold standard milk color measures determined using a Chroma Meter (Konica Minolta Sensing Europe, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands); milk color was expressed using the CIELAB uniform color space. Separate prediction equations were developed for each of the 3 color parameters (L* = lightness, a* = greenness, b* = yellowness) using partial least squares regression. Accuracy of prediction was determined using both cross validation on a calibration data set (n = 422 to 457 samples) and external validation on a data set of 144 to 152 samples. Moderate accuracy of prediction was achieved for the b* index (coefficient of correlation for external validation = 0.72), although poor predictive ability was obtained for both a* and L* indices (coefficient of correlation for external validation of 0.30 and 0.55, respectively). The linear regression coefficient of the gold standard values on the respective MIRS-predicted values of a*, L*, and b* was 0.81, 0.88, and 0.96, respectively; only the regression coefficient on L* was different from 1. The mean bias of prediction (i.e., the average difference between the MIRS-predicted values and gold standard values in external validation) was not different from zero for any of 3 parameters evaluated. A moderate correlation (0.56) existed between the MIRS-predicted L* and b* indices, both of which were weakly correlated with the a* index. Milk fat, protein, and casein were moderately correlated with both the gold standard and MIRS-predicted values for b*. Results from the present study indicate that MIRS data provides an efficient, low-cost screening method to determine the b* color of milk at a population level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colour properties are measured prior to the sale of merino wool as they are of commercial importance when greasy wool is sold and when wool is dyed. With the paucity of knowledge of the colour properties of commercial mohair, this study aimed to identify and quantify the factors affecting the brightness (Y) and yellowness (Y-Z) values of commercial lots of Australian mohair. The research database comprised 520 sale lots (>500,000 kg mohair), which had tristimulus tests, and was sold during the period 2001–2009. Mohair was subjectively classed and sale lots objectively tested using international standard methods for mean fibre diameter (MFD, μm), fibre diameter coefficient of variation (%), International Wool Testing Organization (IWTO) clean wool base (IWTO yield, %w/w), vegetable matter (VM, %w/w) and the tristimulus valuesX,YandZ(Tunits). The tristimulus values of Australian mohair were affected by the objective measurements of MFD, VM%, the subjective classing of stain, cotting, kemp and length and by the year and selling season. Variation inYwas more easily predicted with 90.5% of variance explained by the best model compared with variation inY-Z, where the best model explained 51.6% of the total variance. Visually assessed properties of the mohair were very important in separating mohair of differentYproperties, accounting for almost 80% of the total variance, but were far less important in accounting for the variance inY-Z, accounting for about 9–10% of the total variance. The most important effects on theYof mohair were associated with subjectively determined fault categories determined before the sale of mohair. In particular, stain fault explained about two-thirds of the variance in brightness of mohair sale lots. Stained mohair had much lower brightness than mohair free of stain but stain fault explained very little of the variation in yellowness of mohair sale lots. The extent of the differences in tristimulus values between seasons and years were not large forYbut were more important for yellowness (Y-Z), and these effects are likely to be of commercial importance. Generally, brightness decreased and yellowness increased as MFD increased up to about 30 μm. Both cotting and kemp fault were associated with reduced brightness and increased yellowness. The effects of VM% on tristimulus values were small. IWTO yield was associated with changes in tristimulus values, but in the best model, IWTO yield was not a significant determinant. This study indicates that commercial Australian fleece (nonfaulted) mohair was essentially white. Faulted mohair on the other hand exhibited poorer colour characteristics. The mohair subjectively identified as stained prior to sale comprised all the mohair which would be regarded as not white, and this investigation indicates that the effect of staining is on the brightness of mohair rather than theY-Zmeasurement. Unlike the situation with merino wool, there was little relationship between the naturally occurring contaminants, as measured by the IWTO washing yield, and eitherYorY-Z. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Zootecnia da UFRPE, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da adubação e de nematicida na composição da palma forrageira cv. gigante, com sintoma de amarelecimento. Para o plantio utilizaram-se cladódios de cor amarela de palma (Opuntia ficus indica, Mill. Cv. Gigante) provenientes da Estação Experimental de Caruaru - IPA, onde foi observado o amarelecimento das plantas. Os tratamentos constaram da presença e ausência de macronutrientes, micronutrientes e de nematicida, em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos para teores de matéria seca, de K, de Ca e de Mg. Para teores de N, de P e de S, a análise de variância revelou diferença significativa. A média geral para teores de MS, N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S foi de 7,29; 1,19; 0,17; 3,31; 1,84; 0,59 e 0,17%, respectivamente. A adição de micronutrientes e de nematicida não influenciou os resultados obtidos para teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S. Os teores de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio foram superiores nos cladódios mais jovens da planta. Os nutrientes nitrogênio, fósforo e enxofre foram os únicos que influenciaram a composição química.This experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at the Animal Science Department/UFRPE and aimed to evaluate the fertilization and nematicide effects on the chemical composition of cactus forage cv. "Gigante" suffering chlorotic symptoms. Chlorotic cladodes of Cactus forage cv. "Gigante" were used as planting material and they were collected at the Caruaru Experimental Station/IPA in the same location where those symptoms were previously observed. The treatments tested the presence or absence of macronutrients, micronutrients, and nematicide. A completely randomized block design was used and the treatments were replicated four times. No significant differences were found for dry matter, K, Ca, and Mg concentration. Significant differences were observed for N, P, and S concentrations. The mean values for DM, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S were 7.29, 1.19, 0.17, 3.31, 1.84, 0.59, and 0.17%, respectively. Micronutrients and nematicide addition did not alter the N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S concentrations. Younger cladodes presented higher concentration of N, P, and K. Chemical composition was affected only by N, P, and S.

Kalsit (CaCO3), kağıt endüstrisinde yaygın olarak kullanılan bir kuşeleme pigmentidir. Ayrıca, son yıllarda kalsit, dolgu maddesi olarak uzun ömürlü alkali kağıt yapımında da büyük bir önem kazanmıştır. Türkiye'de zengin kalsit yatakları olmasına rağmen kağıt sanayiinde kullanılan kalsit ithal edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, iki tip yerli toz (GCC) kalsit kullanılmıştır. Bu örneklerin CaCO3 oranı % 97.3 ve % 97.6 (min. % 95)'dır. MgCO3 ve Fe2O3 oranları ise, istenen sınırlar içersindedir. Örneğin parlaklık değerleri % 95.5 ve % 94.5 sarılık değerleri ise % 1.1 ve % 1.5 elrepho olarak belirlenmiştir. 2 mikronun altındaki ve 10 mikronun üzerindeki fraksiyonlar sırasıyla % 95, % 89 ve %1 ve % 2 olarak bulunmuştur. Kuşe pilot tesisinde, kuşe boyası konsantrasyonu % 40- % 65 arasında alınmıştır. Hazırlanan kuşe boyasının kalsit ve kaolen oranları 30/70, 40/60, 50/50, 60/40, 70/30 ve 100/0'dır. Kullanılan latex yapıştırıcı değerleri ise % 11, % 12 ve % 13'dür. Kuşelenen kağıtlar perdahlama öncesi ve sonrası fiziksel ve optik testlere tabi tutulmuşlardır. Sonuç olarak her iki CaCO3 örneklerinin fiziksel ve optik özellikleri bakımından kuşeleme için uygun olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Yerli kalsit rezervlerinin kullanılması ülkemiz için döviz tasarrufu sağlayacaktır.

Kalsit (CaCO3), kağıt endüstrisinde yaygın olarak kullanılan bir kuşeleme pigmentidir. Ayrıca, son yıllarda kalsit, dolgu maddesi olarak uzun ömürlü alkali kağıt yapımında da büyük bir önem kazanmıştır. Türkiye'de zengin kalsit yatakları olmasına rağmen kağıt sanayiinde kullanılan kalsit ithal edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, iki tip yerli toz (GCC) kalsit kullanılmıştır. Bu örneklerin CaCO3 oranı % 97.3 ve % 97.6 (min. % 95)'dır. MgCO3 ve Fe2O3 oranları ise, istenen sınırlar içersindedir. Örneğin parlaklık değerleri % 95.5 ve % 94.5 sarılık değerleri ise % 1.1 ve % 1.5 elrepho olarak belirlenmiştir. 2 mikronun altındaki ve 10 mikronun üzerindeki fraksiyonlar sırasıyla % 95, % 89 ve %1 ve % 2 olarak bulunmuştur. Kuşe pilot tesisinde, kuşe boyası konsantrasyonu % 40- % 65 arasında alınmıştır. Hazırlanan kuşe boyasının kalsit ve kaolen oranları 30/70, 40/60, 50/50, 60/40, 70/30 ve 100/0'dır. Kullanılan latex yapıştırıcı değerleri ise % 11, % 12 ve % 13'dür. Kuşelenen kağıtlar perdahlama öncesi ve sonrası fiziksel ve optik testlere tabi tutulmuşlardır. Sonuç olarak her iki CaCO3 örneklerinin fiziksel ve optik özellikleri bakımından kuşeleme için uygun olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Yerli kalsit rezervlerinin kullanılması ülkemiz için döviz tasarrufu sağlayacaktır.