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Data-driven models including principal component regression (PCR), partial least square regression (PLSR), and least square support vector regression (LSSVR) have been widely applied as predictive models in various applications. However, studies employing regression models to estimate the yellowness index (YI) are scarce in the literature. This study, therefore, focuses on developing non-destructive YI measurements using regression models. The collected RGB calculated XYZ and obtained CIE LAB values were set as the input variables. Meanwhile, the YI value was denoted as the output variable. Results indicated that the LSSVR model outperforms PCR and PLSR models in predicting YI in which the root means square errors of LSSVR for the training and testing datasets were found to be 261,406% to 294,218% and 725% to 772% lower than PLSR and PCR, respectively. LSSVR is also attributed to higher coefficients of determination (R²) that are superior to PLSR and PCR, whose R² values are very close to 1. Nonetheless, the computational times of training and testing datasets for LSSVR are much longer than those of PLSR and PCR. Consequently, a highly accurate LSSVR model-based YI sensor shows promising applications particularly if the computational load can be further minimized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation of environmentally friendly inorganic encapsulated pigments with a bright color and sufficient stability provides an effective strategy for expanding their applications in plastic, paint, glass, and ceramic decoration. The challenges facing the use of such pigments include the formation of a dense protective coating with the required endurance, the relatively weak color of the encapsulated pigments, and the preferable inclusion particle size. Environmentally friendly BiVO4 is regarded as a very promising pigment for multiple coloring applications due to its brilliant yellow color with high saturation. However, its poor thermal and chemical stability greatly limit the application of BiVO4. Herein, we report a sol–gel method to synthesize inorganic BiVO4@SiO2 yellow pigment with a core–shell structure. By controlling the synthesis conditions, including the particle size and dispersion of BiVO4 and the calcination temperature, a BiVO4@SiO2 encapsulated pigment with excellent chromatic properties was achieved. The obtained environmentally friendly BiVO4@SiO2 pigment with encapsulation modification has a comparable color-rendering performance to BiVO4, and it has a high thermal stability at 700 °C, excellent acid resistance, and good compatibility in plastics. The present research is expected to expand the application of yellow BiVO4 pigment in harsh environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of RumeliDE Journal of Language & Literature Research / RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of RumeliDE Uluslararasi Hakemli Dil & Edebiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Natural dyes play an important role in sustainable dyeing processes. However, natural yellow dyes with good performance are rare. Traditional natural yellow dyes have issues, such as a narrow color range and poor light fastness. In this paper, a new natural yellow dye was extracted from a low-cost herb Geranium caespitosum L. (G. caespitosum). In addition, the dye composition was analyzed using UV-visible spectroscopy. The dyeing process of G. caespitosum dye on wool fabrics was optimized using single-factor experiments. Standard fastness tests were conducted to evaluate the sunlight, washing, and rubbing fastness of the dyed fabrics. The color characteristics and color gamut range of the dyed fabrics were evaluated. The obtained colors were compared and assessed with Pantone Matching Systems and Chinese traditional colors. The results showed that phenolic acids and flavonoids were present in the G. caespitosum dye solution as yellow dye compounds. The best dyeing process for wool fabrics was meta-mordanting. The dyed fabrics were bright yellow at 60 °C and golden yellow at 90 °C. All the obtained colors were in the yellow-red range. According to the ISO color fastness standards, wool fabrics dyed with G. caespitosum dye had good color fastness ratings, particularly sunlight fastness. Therefore, G. caespitosum dye is a promising natural yellow dye that can be used for wool fabric dyeing. It has advantages over other known natural yellow dyes and has certain application value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents analyses of flavonoid dyestuffs i.e., marigold (Tagetes patula L.), dyer’s broom (Genista tinctoria) and weld (Reseda luteola L.) Color analysis and potential health-promoting properties of linen fabrics dyed with extracts from the above-mentioned plants were also carried out. The study, based on many years of experience, led to carrying out dyeing with extracts of selected plants on an industrial scale and to creating a collection of naturally dyed linen apparels for adults and children. Dyeing was performed only with plant extracts. The experiments included fabric pre-treatment processes with the use of 5 mordants: alum, soda, citric acid, copper sulfate and iron sulfate. The paper discusses optimization of the dyeing process by testing the dyed fabrics spectrophotometrically and determining the colorimetric properties (L *, a *, b *) and the colors according to the Pantone (Color) Matching System (PMS). Laboratory research was implemented into industrial production line and a pilot collection of fabrics was made. These fabrics were used to make 2 collections of clothing with health-promoting properties for children and adults. Linen fabrics, with interesting, subtle colors, with antimicrobial activity showed positive effects on the skin, which was more moisturized and very well protected against UV radiation.,,

The preparation of environmentally friendly inorganic encapsulated pigments with a bright color and sufficient stability provides an effective strategy for expanding their applications in plastic, paint, glass, and ceramic decoration. The challenges facing the use of such pigments include the formation of a dense protective coating with the required endurance, the relatively weak color of the encapsulated pigments, and the preferable inclusion particle size. Environmentally friendly BiVO4 is regarded as a very promising pigment for multiple coloring applications due to its brilliant yellow color with high saturation. However, its poor thermal and chemical stability greatly limit the application of BiVO4. Herein, we report a sol–gel method to synthesize inorganic BiVO4@SiO2 yellow pigment with a core–shell structure. By controlling the synthesis conditions, including the particle size and dispersion of BiVO4 and the calcination temperature, a BiVO4@SiO2 encapsulated pigment with excellent chromatic properties was achieved. The obtained environmentally friendly BiVO4@SiO2 pigment with encapsulation modification has a comparable color-rendering performance to BiVO4, and it has a high thermal stability at 700 °C, excellent acid resistance, and good compatibility in plastics. The present research is expected to expand the application of yellow BiVO4 pigment in harsh environments.

The paper presents analyses of flavonoid dyestuffs i.e., marigold (Tagetes patula L.), dyer's broom (Genista tinctoria) and weld (Reseda luteola L.) Color analysis and potential health-promoting properties of linen fabrics dyed with extracts from the above-mentioned plants were also carried out. The study, based on many years of experience, led to carrying out dyeing with extracts of selected plants on an industrial scale and to creating a collection of naturally dyed linen apparels for adults and children. Dyeing was performed only with plant extracts. The experiments included fabric pre-treatment processes with the use of 5 mordants: alum, soda, citric acid, copper sulfate and iron sulfate. The paper discusses optimization of the dyeing process by testing the dyed fabrics spectrophotometrically and determining the colorimetric properties (L *, a *, b *) and the colors according to the Pantone (Color) Matching System (PMS). Laboratory research was implemented into industrial production line and a pilot collection of fabrics was made. These fabrics were used to make 2 collections of clothing with health-promoting properties for children and adults. Linen fabrics, with interesting, subtle colors, with antimicrobial activity showed positive effects on the skin, which was more moisturized and very well protected against UV radiation.,, [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Discoloration was one indicator of food damage including in fruits, since the change may be used as a quality measurement. Salak became one of the commodities that often experience the browning reaction that may change the color. Since the yellow was close to the consumer preference along the preservation in salak, this color should be notified and may be represented as polyphenol change. Objectives: The focus of this study was to determine the pattern of inhibition of browning reactions in salak using HIO. Methods: This research determined the color level of yellow using digital color meter of salak that was stored in room temperature in aseptic treatment for 12 days. Result: Discoloration appeared in salak and it was clearly determined the change since a week of storage. The rate of discoloration was able to be detected highly after one week of storage. Conclusion: The discoloration of yellow color and the rate of salak could be detected specifically based on the day of storage. This research may open the information for the consumer to predict the storage time of salak based on the appearance of yellow color.

Copyright of Art-E is the property of Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Fine Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article considers the importance of yellow color in Chinese and Russian linguocultures. It is known that the vocabulary of color designations as elements of a specific language dictionary is a special microsystem, its description has a significant cultural value. In a comparative study of vocabulary, which denotes color, it is possible to see the fixation of a special kind of sign memory of each linguoculture to be compared. Unlike comparing the grammatical structure of languages, the lexical comparative description of this group of units allows us to see a significant number of coinciding or convergent elements characterizing universal cognitive processes. The relevance of the proposed article is determined by a comparative analysis of the lexical class of color markings by the example of a specific primary color of two unrelated languages. The aim of the study is to compare the semantic volume of color identification in yellow in Chinese and Russian linguocultures. The method of research was the work of Russian linguists N.B. Bakhilina, Т.М. Vasilyeva, T.I. Vendina, 1. Guriev, I.V. Dvoretsky, V.G. Kulpina, F.N. Novikov, S.G. Ter-Minasova, T.Yu. Svetlichnaya. The novelty of the work is the reference to the vocabulary of color designation in Russian and Chinese in a comparative aspect. In the work a complex method of investigation is used, methods such as dexryptic, contextual, statistical, comparative are used. The sources of the research were the work of Russian and Chinese linguists, Russian and Chinese dictionaries, art and journalistic texts in Russian and Chinese. The results and material of the research can be used in reading lecture courses on the lexicology of Russian and Chinese languages, as well as in special courses on the problems of the relationship between language and thinking, and the cultural peculiarities of Russian and Chinese color lexicon.

Background and objectives: Durum breeders are interested in screening early‐generation lines for quality traits to eliminate low‐quality lines as soon as possible. However, this requires minimal sample usage and simple and discriminating tests. Due to insufficient quantities of sample available in the early stages of breeding process, a reliable and comprehensive evaluation of wheat functionality is needed. Moreover, this problem is further aggravated by the need to assess the quality of huge number of lines. This study describes a procedure to evaluate durum grain and wholemeal for key quality traits using rapid methods that have minimal sample requirements. Findings: In this study, three new methods were developed to allow screening from limited amounts of grain (120 g). A new near‐infrared calibration to measure wet gluten from grain, an accurate prediction of semolina yellowness using wholemeal and a milling protocol using a Quadrumat Junior mill to predict Buhler semolina yield. Data provided by these new methods and other data proposed can be used to remove underperforming lines to reduce sample numbers for the next stage of yield trials and more detailed and costly testing for quality. Conclusions: To improve the efficiency of selecting for quality in a durum breeding program where sample size is limited, new methods are described and validated on breeder's populations for quickly assessing wet gluten, yellowness, and milling potential. Significance and novelty: A protocol to rapidly evaluate lines for key grain characteristics, wet gluten, yellowness, and milling potential to supplement NIR and small‐scale dough tests is described from 120 g of grain which can be achieved in less than 1 hr/sample. This should assist durum breeders to efficiently cull lines showing inferior quality to check varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dots doped with copper(II) and nitrogen (Cu,N@C-dots) were prepared and are shown to be viable fluorescent nanoprobe for pyrogallol (PGL) was developed for the first time. The reaction is based on (a) the complexation reaction between Cu,N@C-dots and catechol moiety, and (b) the generation of a quinone-like structure. Thus, the co-ordination complex formed between Cu(II) in C-dots and PGL results in quenching of the fluorescence of C-dots. In addition, the formation of a yellow color due to complex formation between the nanoprobe and Cu(II) allowed the colorimetric determination of PGL. The nanoprobe was prepared by thermal synthesis, using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid salt and copper(II) chloride as sources for carbon, nitrogen and copper, respectively. The carbon dots were characterized by UV-VIS spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy) and dynamic light scattering. Fluorescence drops linearly in the 0.15 to 70 μM PGL concentration range with a detection limit of 39 nM and a relative standard deviation of 1.8%. The optimal excitation and emission wavelengths are 370 nm and 428 nm, respectively. The colorimetric assay has a linear response at 325 nm absorption wavelengths in the 6 to 140 μM PGL concentration range with a detection limit of 1.8 μM and a 2.3% relative standard deviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to identify genome regions related to pasta-making quality traits, association mapping (AM) was performed in a set of 165 durum wheat landraces from 21 Mediterranean countries. The collection was genotyped using 1149 DArT markers and 872 of them with a known genetic position were used for AM. The collection was grown in north-east Spain during 3 years. Results of ANOVA showed that trait variation for quality traits, except for grain protein content (GPC), was mainly explained by genetic effects. Landraces showed higher GPC than modern cultivars but lower gluten strength (GS). Modern and eastern landraces showed the highest yellow color index (YI). Balkan landraces showed the lowest test weight (TW). A total of 92 marker-trait associations were detected, 20 corresponding to GS, 21 to GPC, 21 to YI and 30 to TW. With the aim of detecting new genomic regions involved in grain quality, the position of the associations was compared with previously mapped QTL by a meta-QTL analysis. A total of 249 QTLs were projected onto the same map used for AM, identifying 45 meta-QTL (MQTL) regions and the remaining 15 QTLs as singletons. The position of known genes involved in grain quality was also included, and gene annotation within the most significant regions detected by AM was carried out using the wheat genome sequence.

In order to identify genome regions related to pasta-making quality traits, association mapping (AM) was performed in a set of 165 durum wheat landraces from 21 Mediterranean countries. The collection was genotyped using 1149 DArT markers and 872 of them with a known genetic position were used for AM. The collection was grown in north-east Spain during 3 years. Results of ANOVA showed that trait variation for quality traits, except for grain protein content (GPC), was mainly explained by genetic effects. Landraces showed higher GPC than modern cultivars but lower gluten strength (GS). Modern and eastern landraces showed the highest yellow color index (YI). Balkan landraces showed the lowest test weight (TW). A total of 92 marker-trait associations were detected, 20 corresponding to GS, 21 to GPC, 21 to YI and 30 to TW. With the aim of detecting new genomic regions involved in grain quality, the position of the associations was compared with previously mapped QTL by a meta-QTL analysis. A total of 249 QTLs were projected onto the same map used for AM, identifying 45 meta-QTL (MQTL) regions and the remaining 15 QTLs as singletons. The position of known genes involved in grain quality was also included, and gene annotation within the most significant regions detected by AM was carried out using the wheat genome sequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic pigment with NIR reflectance properties could mitigate the energy consumption used for controlling the indoor temperature in buildings. This work presents an environmentally benign pigment series of Bi3+ and V5+ doped CePO 4 of formula Ce 1-x Bi x P 1-y V y O 4 (x = y = 0.02 to 0.5) by coprecipitation and hydrothermal methods. Doping of metal ion could tune the band gap of CePO 4 approximately from 3.01 to 2.4 eV mainly due to the introduction of additional V 3d orbital in the conduction band. Doping changed the color of the compound from white to yellow color. The synthesized compounds were characterized by XRD for phase identification, FT-IR for functional group analysis, UV-DRS to determine the sample's reflectance and band gap, CIE – L*a*b* for color values and SEM techniques for morphology studies. XPS analysis was conducted to confirm the oxidation state of Ce, V and Bi in the compound. Among the series of individual and co-doped CePO 4 series, the compound Ce 0.8 Bi 0.2 (P 0.8 V 0.2 O 4) synthesized from the precipitation method exhibited a high yellow value (b* = 24.58) with single-phased monoclinic system and 75.05% NIR solar reflectance. The same compound prepared by the hydrothermal method exhibited less yellow value (b* = 18.96) and 75.67% NIR solar reflectance. Good chemical stability in acid and alkaline medium was observed. [Display omitted] • V5+ and Bi3+ doped CePO 4 pigments was prepared by two different methods. • Bismuth and vanadium codoped CePO 4 by precipitation method gave b* = 24.58 (R = 75.05%). • Bismuth and vanadium codoped CePO 4 by hydrothermal method have b* = 18.96 (R = 75.67%). • Prepared pigments have the potential to be used in cool coating applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Newborn infant skin changes after birth but studies have focused on the epidermal barrier. Dermal properties are relevant for care, but literature on postnatal changes is sparse. We further characterized skin maturational changes in lightness, color and response to biomechanical stress. Methods: Normal skin sites from subsets of participants in a trial on the progression and stage of infantile hemangiomas were retrospectively examined. Standardized photographs were analyzed as L*, a*, and b* images. Biomechanics were measured with the Cutometer®. Results: Color changed significantly with increasing age. Skin was darker and redder at 2.0 vs. 5.4, 8.5 and 12.8 months. Yellow color increased, with higher values at 12.8 vs. 2.0, 3.5 and 5.4 months. Chest tissue was consistently more elastic than arm and face sites, with significantly higher elasticity for the youngest and oldest age groups. Biological elasticity, elastic recovery, and total recovery were significantly greater for the oldest subjects. Viscoelasticity and elastic deformation were lower at 5.5 vs. 8.8 and 17.6 months. Arm viscoelastic creep was highest at 2.8 months. Conclusion: Skin maturation continues into year two. Increasing elasticity and decreasing viscoelasticity may reflect increased collagen structure/function. The findings have implications for prevention of skin injury associated with mechanical forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale) is known to show a pale yellow color. However, the compounds responsible for the color are not known. In this study, 62 kinds of ginger rhizomes originating from different cultivars or different cultivation locations were collected for analysis of yellow pigment compounds. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography profiles at 420 nm for each sample were used for principal component analysis. Curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and 6-dehydrogingerdione were identified as the main common compounds contributing to the yellow color, and their average amounts were 2.2 ± 0.1, 1.6 ± 0.1, and 20.0 ± 1.1 mg/100g fresh weight, respectively. Curcumin and demethoxycurcumin were contained in cv. Kintoki samples at higher levels. However, their variation suggested that the yellow pigment of ginger rhizome is more dependent on the cultivation conditions and less on the cultivar. Comparative analysis of these amounts and the 6-value between mature seed rhizomes and immature rhizomes from the same lines suggested that yellow pigments were synthesized during rhizome maturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sticky yellow rectangle traps have been used for many years to capture Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae) fruit flies. Traditional sticky yellow traps are coated with a sticky gel (SC) that can leave residues on the hands of users. An alternative to SC on traps are hot melt pressure sensitive adhesives (HMPSAs), which are less messy. The main objective here was to evaluate two rectangle traps of two yellow colors, the Alpha Scents Yellow Card coated with HMPSA (Alpha Scents, West Linn, OR), and the Pherocon AM trap coated with SC (Pherocon; Trécé, Adair, OK), for capturing western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran. Flies captured on both traps and held in the laboratory and field did not escape their surfaces. Flies caught on HMPSA were damaged when removed from traps without citrus solvent, whereas flies caught on SC could be removed intact without solvent. In field tests, Alpha Scents traps baited with an ammonium bicarbonate lure captured 1.4-2.2 times more R. indifferens than Pherocon traps baited with the same lure. Results of an experiment that eliminated differences in surface sticky material type, overall size, and surface sticky area between Alpha Scents and Pherocon traps suggested, although did not show conclusively, that more flies were caught on the Alpha Scents than Pherocon traps because of their different yellow color and/or lower fluorescence and not the HMPSA. Overall, the Alpha Scents trap is a viable alternative to the Pherocon trap for detecting R. indifferens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two 1-thiazolyl-2-thienylcyclopentene derivatives, and , and a 1-thiazolyl-2-vinylcyclopentene derivative have been synthesized in an attempt to obtain photochromic compounds which change the color from colorless to yellow, and have low photocycloreversion quantum yields and high absorption coefficients of the colored isomers. All of these compounds underwent reversible photochromic reactions. Compounds and in toluene solutions changed the color upon 313 nm light irradiation from colorless to orange and pink, in which absorption maxima were observed at 494 nm (#x03B5;=10,000 M-1 cm-1) and 525 nm (#x03B5;=8500 M-1 cm-1), respectively. On the other hand, the colorless toluene solution of turned yellow upon irradiation with 313 nm light, in which the absorption maximum was observed at 416 nm (#x03B5;=17,100 M-1 cm-1). The photocyclization/cycloreversion quantum yields of were 0.19 and 0.0014, respectively. The conversion from the open- to the closed-ring isomer of in the photostationary state under irradiation with 313 nm light was close to 100%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Yellow color from vertically integrated light emitting device (LED) was reported. The multilayer structured Er and Eu doped Ga 2 O 3 films were deposited on sapphire and GaAs substrates by alternate-target pulsed laser deposition. The structure, surface morphology, and optical properties of the films were systematically investigated. Bright yellow electroluminescence originated from the combined simultaneous emission of excited Er3+ (529, 550 nm) and Eu3+ (615 nm) can be observed with the naked eyes at a low driven voltage of 10 V. Parameters of the yellow emission for the chromaticity diagram were calculated to be x = 0.4379, y = 0.5343. It is determined that the optically active Er and Eu ions are simultaneously activated by defect-assisted carrier recombination excitation. We believe that this work will provide a prospect for realizing low-voltage driven color LED using rare earth doped Ga 2 O 3 films. • Vertically integrated yellow LED based on Ga 2 O 3 :(Er + Eu) film was fabricated. • Yellow light can be observed with the naked eyes at a low driven voltage of 10 V. • Parameter of yellow light in chromaticity diagram was calculated as (0.4379, 0.5343). • The electroluminescence and transport mechanism were understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum), grown primarily for the production of pasta and other food products, yellow color is an important quality standard. This trait is linked to several different aspects, such as processing conditions, degradation by enzymes, environmental factors and, most importantly, the natural concentration of yellow carotenoid pigments. One of the crucial phases in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway is carotene desaturation, and it is catalyzed by two desaturases: Phytoene desaturase (PDS) and ζ-Carotene desaturase (ZDS). In this study, we report the presence of two polymorphisms in the Zds genes that strongly suggest that this gene is duplicated in the durum wheat A and B genomes, providing valuable knowledge about the distribution of this gene in durum wheat germplasm. The polymorphism detected in the A genome was successfully associated with differences in the phenotypic expression of yellow pigment in 133 durum wheat cultivars, thus constituting a novel functional marker for use in breeding programs that aim to improve pasta quality and which contributes to a better understanding of the inheritance of color traits in durum wheat. [Display omitted] • The Zds gene is duplicated in the durum wheat A and B genomes. • A 12 indel from the durum wheat A genome was associated with the phenotypic expression of yellow pigment. • The developed functional marker is a helpful tool for marker-assisted selection in durum wheat breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Yellow color guardrail belt was designed to improve driver's vigilance near the freeway exit. • A simulation experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the yellow color guardrail belt. • The participants were more focused on searching for exit-sign information in the yellow color guardrail belt scenario than the baseline scenario. • In the yellow color guardrail belt scene, the participants tend to reduce the speed in advance near the freeway exit. If the information on freeway exits is not effective or driver vigilance is not adequate, the driver may not be able to obtain the information in time, resulting in missing the exit or making a forcible lane-change that could cause an accident. To allow the driver to obtain sufficient exit information in time and get off the freeway safely, this study proposes the creation of a guardrail painted with a yellow color and located prior to the exit. The yellow color guardrail belt (YCB) aims at informing the drivers that there is an exit ahead and to pay attention to the exit information, reminding them to adjust vehicle state and driving behavior in time. A driving simulator experiment with two different scenarios (YCB scenario and baseline scenario with no YCB) were used to explore the effectiveness of the YCB. Data on eye movement, electroencephalograph, and driving behavior of the participants were obtained. The results showed that compared with the baseline scenario, in the YCB scenario, the fixation points were mainly distributed in front of the road and the fixation duration on the guide signs was relatively longer; the EEG ratio (θ + α) / β was smaller; the driver decelerated more smoothly; and the steering wheel angle was smaller. In addition, the statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences in the fixation duration, the EEG ratio (θ + α) / β, and steering wheel angle between the two scenarios. This indicated that participants' vigilance in the YCB scenario was significantly improved, where the participants paid more attention to the guide signs and had better control of the vehicle. This study recommends a new device for reminding drivers to pay attention to freeway exits, which would greatly stimulate driver's sense of space on the exit and improve traffic safety on freeways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]