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The mandible in its external and internal structure has marked age differences, which are due to its functional features. Comparing the individual parameters of the mandible in the development process, it may be noted that in the early age periods, immediately after birth, the magnitude of the mandibular body, specifically its alveolar part, occupies most of the bone mass. Then, during the activation of the temporomandibular joint muscles, is a sharp increase parameters occurs. After the eruption of permanent teeth functional equilibrium occurs, which is confirmed by anatomical characteristics. Work is done on the basis craniological (104 objects) and X-ray radiological methods.

In 1903, on the basis of Morozov Institute of the Moscow Imperial University (currently, P. Herzen Moscow Oncology Research Center, a branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation), the first specialized unit in Russia was opened – department of radiation therapy of oncological diseases, in which scientific research in the field of medical radiology was officially launched in our country for the first time. The first studies in the field of radiation therapy can be attributed to this period.The article presents a brief summary of the historical development of radiotherapy in the world and in Russia; provides information on the achievements of global importance, fundamental for this scientific field. The activities of leading Russian organizations in the field of radiation therapy are reviewed; names of scientists, doctors and other specialists who have made a significant contribution to its development are provided. The main literature sources relevant to the field are given.The data in this article may be of interest and be useful for biomedical scientists, practicing radiologists and radiotherapists, oncologists, medical and graduate students, interns and other specialists.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is one of the most destructive pandemic after millennium, forcing the world to tackle a health crisis. Automated lung infections classification using chest X-ray (CXR) images could strengthen diagnostic capability when handling COVID-19. However, classifying COVID-19 from pneumonia cases using CXR image is a difficult task because of shared spatial characteristics, high feature variation and contrast diversity between cases. Moreover, massive data collection is impractical for a newly emerged disease, which limited the performance of data thirsty deep learning models. To address these challenges, Multiscale Attention Guided deep network with Soft Distance regularization (MAG-SD) is proposed to automatically classify COVID-19 from pneumonia CXR images. In MAG-SD, MA-Net is used to produce prediction vector and attention from multiscale feature maps. To improve the robustness of trained model and relieve the shortage of training data, attention guided augmentations along with a soft distance regularization are posed, which aims at generating meaningful augmentations and reduce noise. Our multiscale attention model achieves better classification performance on our pneumonia CXR image dataset. Plentiful experiments are proposed for MAG-SD which demonstrates its unique advantage in pneumonia classification over cutting-edge models. The code is available at https://github.com/JasonLeeGHub/MAG-SD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper gives historical information on the foundation and establishment of the Russian X-Radiology Research Center, as well as the advances that have been fundamental in the further clinical, scientific, and educational activities of the center.It details information of the recent advances of the center in diagnosis, including radiation, clinical and molecular gene, and combined treatments for cancer patients, including surgery, polychemotherapy, and radiotherapy. The achievements of each subdivisions of the Center are given.The paper shows the latest advances of the Center and its workers in researches, which have been embodied in their dissertations, monographs, and guides.Of great importance is the educational process the Center’s workers are successfully doing in, by training specialists of different profile.

The paper describes the history of the Russian Research Center of Roentgenology and Radiology set up 90 years ago, the main advances of the researchers of the Institute in roentgenology and radiodiagnosis in historical perspective – from the last century up to the present day. It gives a brief list of the most important procedures and publications on radiodiagnosis, which have been developed and published by the Institute’s researchers.

Computed tomography (CT) exams provide orders of magnitude higher radiation than a single-view X-ray. The chance of getting cancer from X-ray radiation has been increasing by 1.5–2% at every CT exam. Therefore, decreasing the dose per CT exam is a major goal. The aims of this study were to find out how one can improve the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) or decrease the dose with the same S/N in mammography CT and how to improve the contrast ratio for I (iodine) contrast imaging. Iodine has been used for intravenous injection to detect any blockage in blood circulation by X-rays. Moreover, iodine also accumulates in cancer cells, as described in this paper, so it is used to increase the contrast of breast tumor images. It was studied how special breast imaging modalities, specifically CT, could benefit from the quasi- monochromatic radiation at higher energy levels. This paper gives an overview of different techniques to generate quasi-monochromatic X-ray radiation and emphasizes the advantages of the K-edge filtering method when the K-edge energy of the X-ray filter material is close to the K-edge of iodine, which is about 33 keV. Several K-edge filters are compared, and the results of the CT experiments are discussed, which prove that, using the right material, the iodine X-ray contrast image can be improved by > 25%, and simultaneously, the dose to the patient can be decreased by a factor of two or more while keeping the same signal-to-noise ratio as without K-edge filtering. This is a very significant advancement for CT screening of women who has been suspected of breast cancer. This paper also emphasizes the importance of Hounsfield unit calibration when using different filters and highlights the magnitude of errors if it has not been done right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Plantar fasciitis is a clinical diagnosis and is often combined with some form of imaging to validate the diagnosis. The clinical utility of lateral X-rays lies in the fact that they are relatively inexpensive and may contribute to ruling out other osseous causes of pain. In this study 106 (27 plantar fasciitis (PF) and 79 controls) plain non-weight bearing lateral X-rays were examined by a blind examiner to document the key features of the lateral X-ray between images of individuals with and without plantar fasciitis. As expected calcaneal spurs were observed in both groups (85% PF and 46% controls). However, plantar fascia thickness and fat pad abnormalities resulted in the best group differentiation (p <0.0001) with sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 95% for plantar fasciitis. It was concluded that the key radiological features that differentiate the groups were not spurs but rather changes in the soft tissues. If it is deemed necessary to confirm the diagnosis of typical plantar fasciitis with imaging, a lateral non-weight bearing X-ray should be the first choice investigation especially if these key features are noted. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]