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From the earliest periods of Greek history, bone, antler, ivory, and other materials were consistently created into objects for use within social practices, and archaeological evidence suggests that these objects took on new forms and functions during the Early Iron Age and early Archaic period (ca. 1100–600 BCE). Between the 11th and 8th centuries BCE, worked animal objects were sporadically used as grave goods, while by the 7th century, hundreds of such objects were dedicated at major sanctuaries across the Greek world, including at Sparta, Ephesus, and Thasos. In this dissertation, I ask how worked animal objects were created and understood during a period of great social change in the Greek world. Using perspectives from the environmental humanities, aimed at de-centering the human, as well as problematizing the nature-culture divide, I posit that worked animal objects acquired values rooted in their organic histories.Within my dissertation, I examine how the larger patterns of ivory production in the Iron Age Mediterranean, as well as the exploitation of elephant populations in the Near East, impacted the development of ivory carving in the Greek world. The creation of these objects coincided with a return to long-distance trade after a period of disruption brought on by the instability at the end of the Bronze Age. While the Mycenaeans used foreign trade connections to maintain a tradition of ivory carving, archaeological evidence suggests that the availability of the material was limited between the start of the Early Iron Age (ca. 1100 BCE) and the 9th century BCE. With the increase of other worked animal object dedications in the 7th century, ivory objects took on a variety of new forms in Greek sanctuaries. By the end of the century, craftspeople were using ivory to create larger, more complex works (e.g., the chryselephantine statues at Delphi).This dissertation also considers how worked animal objects were employed within Greek social contexts. By comparing finds from funerary and dedicatory contexts, I demonstrate that specific types of worked animal objects (e.g., ivory carvings of recumbent animals, circular seals, miniature double axes) were reserved for use in sanctuaries and employed across the Greek world. However, certain sanctuaries also show evidence for unique forms of worked animal object dedications which were not found at other sites (e.g., worked long bone shafts at the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia at Sparta, decorated bone shafts at the Kamiros well on Rhodes). I conclude that, within the venue of dedication, worked animal objects had a specific value rooted in the organic origins of the material.Finally, using the site of ancient Methone as a case study, I examine the production practices used to create worked animal objects. Methone shows evidence for the production of worked animal materials (including ivory) dating to between the end of the 8th century/start of the 7th century and the 6th century, a period concurrent with the increase of dedications of such objects across the Greek world. I interpret these technical acts as a form of human-animal relationship, in which craftspeople are interacting with the organic qualities of the materials. Worked animal materials from Methone demonstrate that craftspeople used a diversity of wild and domesticated species to make a variety of objects.

Bu makalede, Batı Anadolu coğrafyasının önemli kentlerinden biri olan Eski Smyrna’da bulunmuş kemik vefildişi eserler kullanım amaçlarına göre sınıflandırılarak incelenmiştir. Bu buluntuların büyük çoğunluğu, eskidönem kazılarında ele geçmiş ve depo çalışmalarında yapılan düzenlemeler esnasında kayıt altına alınan objelerikapsamaktadır. Bir kısmı ise 2014 yılından itibaren sürdürülen yeni dönem kazılarında ele geçen buluntularıiçermektedir. Halkalar, süs eşyaları (fibula, boncuk, saç iğnesi, pendant, kolye uçları), oyun objeleri (oyun taşı, balıkomurgaları, astragaller), aplikler, alet sapları gibi çok geniş bir alanda kullanılmış eserlerin yer aldığı toplam 63 parçaincelenmiştir. Tüm buluntuların benzerleri, uzak ve yakın coğrafyadaki merkezlerle karşılaştırılmış, kontekstleresahip olanlar ise birlikte bulunduğu seramik gruplarına göre tarihlendirilmiştir. Erken Tunç Çağı’ndan HellenistikDöneme kadar iskân gören Eski Smyrna buluntusu işlenmiş kemik ve fildişi objeler, MÖ I. binyıl içindeki zamandiliminde yerini almıştır. Özetle, küçük buluntu grubunda sınırlı çalışma sayısı ile yeterli düzeyde olmayan kemikve fildişi obje araştırmalarına Eski Smyrna buluntuları önemli katkılar sağlayacaktır. Bu objeler, Smyrna’da yaşamıştoplumların günlük hayatlarındaki yaşayışlarına dair ipuçları göstermektedir., In this article, bone and ivory artifacts discovered in Old Smyrna, one of the most important cities in Western Anatolian region, were examined and classified according to their intended use. Most of the objects were found and recorded in previous excavations prior to 2014 and just lately observed during the latest arrangements made in the storehouse. The other part includes the finds unearthed in the recent excavations since 2014. Sixty-three artifacts were examined, including rings, ornaments (fibula, beads, hairpins, pendants), game pieces (game piece, fish vertebrae, astragals), appliqués, and tool handles. All the items were compared with akin samples from nearby and distant archaeological sites, and those with contexts were dated according to the ceramic groups found with them. The worked bone and ivory objects researched in Old Smyrna, inhabited from the Early Bronze Age to the Hellenistic Period, were dated to periods within the 1st millennium BC. Overall, due to the limited number of studies, the Old Smyrna finds will make essential contribution to the insufficient level of bone and ivory object researches. These objects provide insight into the daily lives of the people who lived in Smyrna.

Poster will present exceptional find of bone beads deposited in urn found during recent excavations of Late bronze age cemetery of Mačkovac. This find will be contextualized with similar finds of this sort from other Late Bronze Age burial sites in the region of the southern part of Carpathian Basin and the northern Balkans. Community known as Barice- Gređani group inhabited region in question during the Late Bronze age. Main characteristic of this community is distinctive incineration burial rite with urns reversed upside down. This paper will try to examine significance of bone jewelry in burial rite of this cultural group, especially due to the fact that in the past decade several Late Bronze Age cemeteries have been thoroughly excavated, so today it is possible to discus patterns in burial customs and rites. Analysis done for this poster is trying to reveal detail characteristics of bone beads used in burial ritual. In this regard, scanning with computed tomography proved to be valuable in obtaining detailed insight in the structure of the bone used for the beads, and results of this method will be also presented on this poster.

International audience; Since 2003, six archaeological operations have been undertaken in the village of Brouage. The area has been relatively free ofconstruction, probably since the late eighteenth century, and as such the archaeological deposits are exceptionally well preservedbeneath contemporary gardens and a square. The excavations focused on houses fronting on to the road, alleys crossing the lotsand gardens, and the courtyards that functioned as craft workshops or gardens, all within an area marked by significant socialcontrasts.

The worked bones from the Middle Magdalenian deposits in Gazel cave were recently re-examined. This led to the identification of two artifacts bearing close resemblance -in dimensions, decoration and type of bone used- to the engraved spatulas made of horse mandibles found in Pekárna cave. This is the closest parallel currently known for these exceptional objects. This discovery strengthens the idea of long-distance relations in the Magdalenian -here between western Languedoc and Moravia- and raises the question of the exact dating of the Pekárna artifacts., L'industrie osseuse du Magdalénien moyen de la grotte Gazel a récemment fait l'objet d'une révision globale. À cette occasion, deux objets présentant de fortes similitudes de dimensions, de support et de décor avec les spatules magdaléniennes, façonnées sur mandibule de cheval, de la grotte de Pekárna furent identifiés. Il s'agit du parallèle le plus étroit établi jusqu'ici pour ces pièces exceptionnelles. Cette découverte renforce l'idée de relations à longue distance au Magdalénien, en l'occurrence entre le Languedoc occidental et la Moravie, et invite à reconsidérer la question de l'âge exact des pièces de Pekárna.

This book presents the results of the archaeological investigations that were conducted along then Light Rail route before and during its construction. As with any project that receives federal funding, METRO was legally required to undertake archaeological investigations along the project corridor; but production of this volume reflects not only METRO's commitment to legal compliance with environmental laws, but also the commitment of the cities of Phoenix, Tempe, and Mesa to preserve and protect the rich prehistoric and historic heritage upon which they are built— a heritage that is reflected in the very name of Phoenix. As a result of our investigations, we encountered a wealth of archaeological materials, investigated 1,049 features, and recovered over a quarter of a million artifacts— not surprising given that the Light Rail route traverses numerous prehistoric villages that were occupied by the Hohokam about 1,000 years ago. While only a very few of these artifacts can be described in this volume, most of them are curated (stored under controlled conditions so they can be preserved for future generations of researchers) at three local museums— Pueblo Grande Museum in Phoenix, the Tempe Historical Museum in Tempe, and the Arizona Museum of Natural History in Mesa. Here we discuss some of the more interesting prehistoric and historic artifacts and features that we found, and relate how their analysis has advanced what we know about the prehistoric and early historic occupations of the Phoenix metropolitan area. Data recovery investigations and monitoring conducted for the CP/EV Light Rail project resulted in the discovery and excavation of 141 mortuary features and the recovery of skeletal remains from a minimum of 152 individuals. Of these, 31 mortuary features (33 individuals) were recovered from Pueblo Grande (AZ U:9:1[ASM]) and 110 mortuary features (119 individuals) were recovered from La Plaza (AZ U:9:165[ASM]). Although in comparison with earlier investigations the size of the samples is modest, the aim of this chapter is to explore what mortuary practices and skeletal remains reveal about the early inhabitants of the Phoenix Basin. This is Volume III of the report which covers the bioarchaeological analysis of finds encountered during this project.

[EN] It is presented a new bone with incised letters of the arabic inscriptions from Priego de Córdoba (madinat Baguh. In al-Andalus,it is known the existence of at least 28 pieces similar to this, which are interpreted as bones prepared to be used as tablets (lawh, plural: alwah) for writing or, with more credibility, as models for learning the alphabet (DOMÉNECH BELDA y LÓPEZ SEGUÍ, 2008). These objects can be used to display the outstanding level of literacy that was common in al-Andalus, while they are exceptional testimony of a school system that has survived in the Muslim world, almost unchanged, until mid-twentieth century., [ES] Se da a conocer un nuevo hueso con letras del alifato incisas, procedente de Priego de Córdoba (madinat Baguh. Se conocen para territorio andalusí la existencia de, al menos, 28 piezas similares a ésta, que se interpretan como huesos preparados para utilizarlos como tablillas (lawh, pl. alwah) de escritura o, con mayor verosimilitud, como modelo de aprendizaje del alfabeto (DOMÉNECH BELDA y LÓPEZ SEGUÍ, 2008). Estos objetos pueden servir para mostrar el destacado nivel de alfabetización vivido en al-Andalus, al tiempo que son excepcionales testimonios de un sistema de enseñanza que ha pervivido en el mundo musulmán, casi sin modificaciones, hasta bien entrado el siglo XX.

The new perspectives opened up by a research project dealing with the Gravettian and the Solutrean in the Pyrenees allow us to situate the Gravettian occupations of Gargas Cave within networks of raw material procurement and of technological tradition exchanges, in a geographical context including the Western and Central Pyrenees. A set of perforated shells from marine and fossil sources were discovered in Level 2 during the 2004-2007 excavations at Gargas. Therefore, these personal ornaments point up some direct links between Gargas, the Atlantic shore and the Miocene fossil outcrops of Aquitaine. This confirms a hypothesis about regular human movements between this region and the Central Pyrenean area., Gracias a un proyecto de investigación sobre el Gravetiense y el Solutrense en los Pirineos hemos podido documentar cinco ocupaciones gravetienses en la cueva de Gargas. Este hecho ha abierto nuevas perspectivas sobre el conocimiento de las redes de adquisición de materias primas y sobre los cambios de tradiciones tecnológicas en un contexto geográfico que incluye el Oeste y el Centro de la región pirenaica. En el nivel 2 de Gargas (excavaciones del 2004 al 2007) se descubrieron un conjunto de conchas marinas, actuales y fósiles. Estos ejemplares apuntan a la existencia de contactos con la costa atlántica y con los sitios con fósiles miocenos aquitanos, lo que ratifica la hipótesis de la existencia de movimientos de grupos humanos, que con regularidad unían estas regiones con el área central de los Pirineos.

The Roosevelt Community Development Study (RCD) involved the testing and excavation of 27 sites in the Lower Tonto Basin of central Arizona. This is one of three related data recovery projects undertaken in the Tonto Basin for the Bureau of Reclamation prior to the raising of the Roosevelt Lake dam. The results of the RCD project are presented in four Anthropological Papers of the Center for Desert Archaeology: Anthropological Papers No. 12 is the research design; Anthropological Papers No. 13 (two volumes) contains background information and the site descriptions; Anthropological Papers No. 14 (three volumes) includes the artifact and environmental analyses; and Anthropological Papers No. 15 presents the synthesis and conclusions. The project was situated within the Tonto National Forest and covered a four-mile, continuous area along the north bank of the Salt River. Sites within the project area exhibited a great range of functional, temporal, and, possibly, cultural diversity. These included two sites with platform mounds (the Meddler Point and Pyramid Point sites); a 10Q-room masonry pueblo (the Griffin Wash site); smaller masonry compounds (e.g., the Porcupine site); and pithouse hamlets and farmsteads (e.g., the Hedge Apple and Eagle Ridge sites). Temporal components ranged from the Early Ceramic period (A.D. 100-600), at Locus B of the Eagle Ridge site, through the Roosevelt phase (A.D. 1250-1350) of the Classic period. The Early Ceramic component of the Eagle Ridge site is now the earliest documented ceramic period site in the Tonto Basin and provides definitive evidence for an indigenous ceramic-using population. The project area was inhabited most intensively during the Roosevelt phase, when platform mounds, pueblo room blocks, and small masonry compounds were occupied. Architectural and artifact variability suggest the presence of several different cultural groups co-residing in the Tonto Basin at this time, and migration is believed to have been a significant process in Tonto Basin prehistory. The RCD project area was largely abandoned by A.D. 1325, prior to the large-scale aggregation that occurred during the Gila phase; very few Gila Polychrome sherds were recovered from project area sites. The mandate of the RCD project, as spedfied by the Bureau of Reclamation, was to investigate the temporal and developmental sequence of the prehistoric populations within this area. To meet these goals, six sites were intensively examined through full-scale excavation, and an extensive data set was gathered from the remaining 21 sites. The three volumes in Anthropological Papers No. 14 contain the artifact and environmental analyses. More than 150,000 artifacts were recovered from the RCD excavations. This volume (Volume 3) presents the paleobotanical and osteological data. Included are analyses of the pollen (Chapter 18), flotation (Chapter 19), faunal (Chapter 20), and mortuary (Chapter 21) assemblages. Data from the subsistence analyses are combined and synthesized in Chapter 22. Volume 1 of Anthropological Papers No. 14 presents the analyses of the chipped stone, ground stone, jewelry and personal ornament, and shell assemblages. The ceramic artifact assemblage is examined in Volume 2 More spedfic information on the individual sites and the project background can be found in Anthropological Papers No. 13. Anthropological Papers No. 15 integrates and synthesizes these data to provide a more inclusive view of the prehistoric occupation of the RCD project area and the Tonto Basin.

The Playa Vista Archaeological and Historical Project is a multi-step comprehensive approach designed to achieve compliance with applicable Municipal, State, and Federal laws and regulations protecting cultural resources. This document represents the first step: the completion of a project specific research design that presents current knowledge of the cultural resources in the project area and outlines future steps to mitigate potential impacts of the proposed project. To complete the research design two tasks were undertaken. First, a thorough archival search was conducted. Background information on the environment, prehistory, and history of the area was collected and synthesized. In addition data on six previously recorded prehistoric and several historic locations were obtained from knowledgeable individuals, published and unpublished reports, and historic maps. The background information provides the framework for the development of historic contexts from which the potential eligibility for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places for each particular resource is assessed. The historic contexts developed for Playa Vista are (1) man-land relationships, (2) culture history and cultural dynamics, and (3) historic development of the Ballona. The second task completed for the research design was a pedestrian survey of the 1,087-acre Playa Vista project area. Seventeen temporary site numbers and five isolated find designations were assigned during the survey. Of the 17 sites, 4 appear to be composed of redeposited historic material and 4 others, consisted solely of dark soil with shell remains. The remaining 9 sites consist of 3 historic sites and 6 prehistoric sites, 3 of which had been previously recorded. Because much of the surface in the project area is either obscured by fill or disturbed, it is possible that the pedestrian survey may not have located all the sites, especially prehistoric sites. Recommendations are made to continue the inventory using subsurface probing. The report is organized in two parts. Part I, which consists of Chapters 1 through 6, presents background information on the prehistoric and historic occupations of the project area, identifies appropriate historic contexts through which the potential eligibility of properties for inclusion in the National Register is assessed, and describes the current knowledge of cultural resources in the project area. Part II, contained in Chapters 7 and 8, focuses on National Register evaluation and compliance issues.

During the summer of 1988, archaeologists from Archaeological Consulting Services of Tempe, Arizona, conducted an archaeological survey of 220 acres in the vicinity of Lake Pleasant Regional Park located northwest of Phoenix. This survey was conducted in order to provide inventory and assessment of the cultural resources that might be affected by the proposed exchange of this parcel to the Maricopa County Water Conservation District by the Bureau of Reclamation. This survey resulted in the identification of four prehistoric sites and 272 isolated occurrences. Two of these sites were determined to have the potential to possess significant archaeological research information and, as such, may have been eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places. As a result of this initial survey, it was recommended that a testing program be conducted to determine eligibility. At the request of the Bureau of Reclamation (BOR), SWCA conducted an archaeological testing program at these sites from September 22-26, 1989. The purpose of this testing program was to determine the presence or absence of significant subsurface deposits as they relate to National Register criteria. This report documents the nature and results of the archaeological testing conducted at these two sites. Neither of the sites (AZ T:4:67 [ASM] and AZ T:4:70 [ASM]) were found to contain significant subsurface deposits and, as such, are not eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places. It is suggested that this archaeological testing program reported on herein has exhausted the information potential of these sites. SWCA recommends that archaeological clearance be granted for the Maricopa County Water Conservation District land exchange.