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The purpose of the article is to study the syntactic features of the aphorisms of the Azerbaijani language through the definition of the concept of syntactic constructions in the Azerbaijani aphorisms. Simple and complex sentences involved in the formation of aphorisms are studied using specific examples. Literary texts in the Azerbaijani language have been selected as a research method, the concept has been formed on the basis of an analysis of scientific and theoretical approaches and ideas regarding aphorisms in modern linguistics. It is determined that in the formation of aphorisms, various forms are active, which are included in the concept of syntactic construction. Syntactic constructions are formed mainly on the basis of phrases and types of sentences and their relationships. Their diversity also enriches the aphorisms of the given language. It has been revealed that syntactic constructions are simple and complex sentences and phrases. Analysis of aphorisms allows one to determine both sentences and phrases. The study of the syntactic features of Azerbaijani aphorisms is very important from the point of view of determining the ways of language development. It has been proven that the main sources for the formation and enrichment of aphorisms are certain types of sentences. The study has yielded a number of interesting scientific results. The structural analysis of Azerbaijani aphorisms has revealed the problem of using metaphors. The metaphorization of being is a property of the human mind, which is always prone to imagery, and is one of the most important and necessary categories of language. Literary language is a figurative language where the word is not limited to the expression of thought and is actively used in the figurative description of objective reality. Here the word acts as a means of creating an image in the literary language, giving a subjective assessment of the ongoing processes, expressing subtle and deep feelings, forming the reader�s aesthetic taste, as well as emotionally influencing him. One of the meanings of each polysemantic word is real, and the rest are derivatives, secondary or figurative. For example, if we think of the word �cold� in the expression �cold wind� as a word with a real meaning, then it is clear that the word �cold� with the same content in the combinations �cold attitude� or �cold gaze� has a more figurative meaning ...

В статье рассматриваются вопросы о видах синтаксических парадигм. Ряд исследователей связывает понятие синтаксической парадигмы с предложением. Здесь нет оснований для исключений словосочетаний из синтаксической парадигмы. При анализе сочетаний какого-либо слова с другими словами в синтаксической цепи можно увидеть, что существуют определенные закономерности, позволяющие рассматривать совокупность словосочетаний, образуемых данным словом, как единую стройную систему иерархически организованных единиц. Речь идет о рассмотрении в связи с этим парадигматических и синтагматических отношений. Сам термин «парадигма» применительно к словосочетаниям – это система форм, различающихся одним формальным элементом, и в таком понимании применение понятия парадигма к словосочетаниям представляется вполне корректным, поскольку различные типы словосочетаний отличаются друг от друга своим строением и структурой. Парадигма словосочетаний представляет собой комплекс типовых словосочетаний, или моделей, образуемых словом и различающихся своей структурой. Синтаксическая парадигма тем самым становится объективной формальной характеристикой как предложения, так и словосочетания. Ведь каждое слово, обладая сочетаемостью, имеет присущую ему систему синтаксических форм. Синтаксические парадигмы отличаются друг от друга своим построением в зависимости от значения словосочетания, лексических значений, составляющих словосочетание компонентов. Здесь можно говорить о взаимообусловленности семантики словосочетания и его структуры. Можно привести множество языковых фактов, подтверждающих наличие такой зависимости. Изучение синтаксических парадигм слов, составление наборов типовых словосочетаний для каждого отдельного слова и для каждой лексико-семантической группы слов может оказаться достаточно плодотворным и для систематизации лексического состава языка., The article discusses types of syntactic paradigms. A number of researchers associate the concept of a syntactic paradigm with a sentence. There is no reason to exclude phrases from the syntactic paradigm. When analyzing the combinations of a word with other words in the syntactic chain, it can be seen that there are certain patterns that allow to consider the set of phrases formed by this word as a single coherent system of hierarchically organized units. It is necessary to consider paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations in this regard. The term “paradigm” in relation to phrases is a system of forms that differ in one formal element, and in this understanding, the application of the concept of paradigm to phrases seems quite correct, since different types of phrases differ from each other in their structure and structure. The paradigm of phrases is a complex of typical phrases or models formed by a word and differing in their structure. The syntactic paradigm thereby becomes an objective formal characteristic of both the sentence and the phrase. After all, each word, having compatibility, has its own system of syntactic forms. Syntactic paradigms differ from each other in their construction depending on the meaning of the phrase, the lexical meanings that make up the phrase components. The paper reveals the interdependence of the semantics of the phrase and its structure. There are many linguistic facts that confirm the existence of such a dependency. The study of syntactic paradigms of words, the compilation of sets of standard phrases for each individual word and for each lexico-semantic group of words can be quite fruitful for the systematization of the lexical composition of the language.

В статье рассматривается функционирование регионализмов: слов и словосочетаний, характерных для использования жителями Челябинской области. The article deals with the peculiarities of creating and functioning of regionalisms: regional words and word combinations used by the residents of a certain region. Regionalisms are studied on the material of Chelyabinsk regional dialect (regiolect).

Birdilin sözvarlığıiçerisinde sözcük ve sözcüklerin biraraya gelerek oluşturduklarıöbek şeklinde yapılarmevcuttur.Atasözleri,kalıp sözler, deyimler,birleşiksözcükler,serbestbirleşmelerveeşdizimleriiçinealanbu öbekyapılardilinenönemliunsurlarındandır.Dilin,tarihineışıktutanbu sözcükvesözcükbirleşmeleri,toplumuntarihininyanındaekonomik,sosyal, siyasalvekültürelbütünyaşamsalfaaliyetlerinigeçmiştengeleceğetaşıyan köprü vazifesigörmektedir.Bu çalışmanın konusunu oluşturan ve söz varlığının önemliunsurlarından biriolan eşdizimlerfarklıyaklaşımları benimseyen araştırmacılar tarafından farklışekillerde tanımlanmış ve incelenmiştir.Eşdizimlerintespitindesıklıktemelliyaklaşım veanlam temelli yaklaşım olmak üzere ikitemelyaklaşım kullanılmaktdır.Sıklık temelli yaklaşım,metiniçerisindebelirlibirmesafedebiraradakullanılmaeğilimi gösterenbirleşmelerieşdizim olarakifadeetmekte,sözcükbirleşmelerini, metinveyaderlemiçindebirliktelikkullanımıensıkolanbirleşmelerdenenaz olanbirleşmeleredoğruderecelendirmektedir.Buderecelendirmeyegöre kullanım sıklığıfazlaolanbirleşmelereşdizim olaraknitelendirilmektedir. Anlam temelliyaklaşımı(sözcükseçiminedayalıyaklaşım)benimseyen araştırmacılar,eşdizimlerianlamsalboyutuyladeyimselleşmeölçeğinegöre incelerler.Eşdizimleri,sözcükbirleşmeleribaşlığınınbirkategorisiolarak değerlendirerek diğer sözcük birleşmelerinden ayırabilecekleribirtakım ölçütlerönesürerler.Buölçütlerdoğrultusundaeşdizimin,serbestsözcük birleşmeleriiledeyimlerarasındabulanıkbiralandayeraldığınıdilegetirirler. Eşdizimlerin tespitinde kullanım sıklığından ziyâde birimler arasındaki anlamsalilişkilereodaklanmışlardır.Yapılançalışmanınbirincibölümünde eserinkalemealındığıHarezm Türkçesinindilözelliklerindenbahsedilerek döneminönemlieserleriüzerinekısacabilgilerverilmiş,Nehcü'l-Ferâdîs'indili, üslubu,konusu,nüshalarıhakkında ayrıntılıbilgilerverilmiştir.Kuramsal çerçevedenbahsedilenikincibölümdeönceliklesözvarlığındanbahsedilmiş, sonrasında fiil ve fiillerin sınıflandırılması, bağdaşıklık/bağdaşma kavramlarındansözedilmiştir.Eşdizim kavramınageçmedenönceeşdizimi de kapsayan sözcük birleşmelerinin sınıflandırılmasından bahsedilmiştir. Dahasonraeşdizimlerinalayazınındakitanımlarına,özelliklerine,kavramın gelişim çizgisine,kavram üzerineyapılansınıflandırmalaravealanyazınında eşdizimlerinsaptanmasınayönelikkullanılanyaklaşımlarayerverilmiştir. Çalışmanın inceleme kısmınıoluşturan üçüncü bölümde Anlam Temelli Yaklaşım temel alınarak Nehcü'l-Ferâdîs'teki isim+fiil birleşmelerinin oluşturduğueşdizimselbirlikteliklertespitedilmiştir.Tespitedileneşdizimler, kullanıldığıisim ile birlikte ortaya çıkardığıanlam alanına göre farklı kategorilereayrılmıştı Withinthevocabularyofalanguage,therearestructuresintheform of phrases thatword and words come togetherto form.These phrase structures,whichincludeproverbs,routines,idioms,compoundwords,free combinationsandcollocations,arethemostimportantelementsoflanguage. Thesewordsandcombinationsofwordsthatshedlightonthehistoryof languageserveasabridgethatcarriesalleconomic,social,politicaland culturalvitalactivitiesfrom thepasttothefutureinadditiontothehistoryof society.Thecollocationsthatform thesubjectofthisstudyandareoneof theimportantelementsofthevocabularyhavebeendefinedandstudiedin differentwaysbyresearcherswhoadoptdifferentapproaches.Twobasic approaches,frequency-basedapproachandsemantic-basedapproach,are usedtodeterminethecollocations.Thefrequency-basedapproachrefersto combinationsthattendtobeusedtogetheratacertaindistancewithinthe textascollocations,andrateswordcompoundingtowardscombinations thataretheleastcommontouseofconjunctionswithintextorthecorpus. Accordingtothisrating,thecombinationswithahighfrequencyofuseare consideredascollocations.Adoptingasemanticapproach(aword-based approach),theresearchersexaminethecollocationsbysemanticdimension andidiomaticscale.Theyconsidercollocationsasacategoryoftheword combinationstitleandproposeanumberofcriteriathattheycandistinguish from otherwordcombinations.Inlinewiththesecriteria,theysaythat collocationsarelocatedinablurredareabetweenfreewordcombinations andidioms.Theyfocusedonsemanticrelationsbetweenunitsratherthan thefrequencyofuseinthedetectionofcollocations.Inthefirstpartofthe study,thelanguagecharacteristicsofKhorezmianTurkiclanguage,where theworkwaswritten,werebrieflygivenontheimportantworksoftheperiod anddetailedinformationaboutthelanguage,style,subjectandcopiesof Nehcü'l-Ferâdîs was given.In the second part,which mentioned the theoreticalframework,thevocabularywasmentionedfirst,andthenthe classificationofverbandverbs,theconceptsofcohesion/accordwere mentioned.Beforemovingontotheconceptofcollocation,itwasmentioned thatwordcombinationsincludingcollocationswereclassified.Then,the definitions,characteristicsofthecollocationsattheliterature,development lineoftheconcept,classificationsontheconceptandapproachesusedto detectthecollocationsattheliteraturearegiven.Inthethirdpartofthestudy, VII which constitutes the analysis part of the study,the collocational conjunctionsformedbynoun+verbcombinationsinNehcü'l-Ferâdîswere determinedbasedontheSemanticApproach.Theidentifiedcollocationsare dividedintodifferentcategoriesaccordingtothemeaningareaitrevealswith thenounitisused.

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В статье проводится анализ особенностей переводов фразеологических единиц. Отмечается, что теория перевода тесно связана со стилистикой. Богатый словарный запас переводчика не даст ничего, если стиль переводимого текста не соответствует норме. Потому ключевую роль при переводе отводится стилистической адекватности. В разных языках имеется огромное количество стилистических средств разного уровня (фонологического, лексического, фразеологического, синтаксического), хотя эти средства неодинаково изучены в языкознании. Одним из стилистических средств является употребление фразеологизмов. Но не всегда данное средство может быть верным. К примеру, английская фразеология отличается смысловой и стилистической недифференцированностью, что затрудняет подбор соответствий при переводе ее на русский язык. Некоторые выражения при переводе с русского на английский или с английского на русский не могут быть стилистически равноценными. Наиболее сложный и трудный вид работы при переводе – это передача содержания фразеологических единиц. В этой сфере языка ничего не находится на поверхности. В большинстве случаев значение фразеологической единицы кроется в истории, этнографии, традициях, обычаях, привычках народа – носителя языка. При переводе таких единиц, при выборе нужного синонима или наиболее точного эквивалента для данного контекста переводчики часто испытывают трудности. Ведь фразеологические единицы широко используются не только в художественной речи, но и в общественно-политической., The article analyzes peculiarities of translations of phraseological units. It is noted that the theory of translation is closely related to stylistics. The rich vocabulary of the translator will not give anything if the style of the translated text does not correspond to the norm. Therefore, stylistic adequacy plays a key role in translation. In different languages, there are a huge number of stylistic means of different levels (phonological, lexical, phraseological, syntactic), although these means are not equally studied in linguistics. One of the stylistic means is the use of phraseological units. But this tool may not always be correct. For example, English phraseology is characterized by semantic and stylistic undifferentiation, which makes it difficult to find matches when translating it into Russian. Some expressions may not be stylistically equivalent when translated from Russian to English or from English to Russian. The most complex and difficult type of work in translation is the transfer of the content of phraseological units. In this sphere of language, nothing is on the surface. In most cases, the meaning of a phraseological unit lies in the history, ethnography, traditions, customs, and habits of the native-speaking people. When translating such units, when choosing the right synonym or the most accurate equivalent for a given context, translators often experience difficulties. After all, phraseological units are widely used not only in artistic speech, but also in socio-political speech.

This article is dedicated to the principles of classification of phraseological units.

The meaning of the word behaviour is very ancient and se- mantic valency of this word is very high. The ability to combine with other words especially with adjectives and adverbs classify this word to highly collocative words. In spite of the fact this word can't make up new words and is not very productive it can gain new meanings in different spheres of usage such as Economics, Biology and Phsycology. The cocept of this word is much wider than the meaning of this wors as there exist hundred od words which can express the meaning of the word "behaviour" or have similar semantic core. The realization of this concept can be various de- pending on the syntax constructions and context. The most interesting ex- pression of this concept can be noticed in proverbs and sayings as the reflexion of behaviour norms and rules of socialisation.

Questo contributo si propone di analizzare alcuni “formati di parola inediti” della lingua italiana, emersi dalla ricerca su corpora finalizzata all’elaborazione del dizionario CombiNet. L’analisi dei dati estratti dai corpora per la compilazione delle voci CombiNet ha infatti rivelato l’esistenza nel lessico dell’italiano di numerose strutture sintagmatiche e di “formati di parola”, non descritti nella letteratura. Questo contributo intende presentare i formati di parola inediti dell’italiano, discutendone alcune specifiche proprietà (es. la relazione tra i tipi sintagmatici e la funzione “alta” da essi svolta nella frase).Formacje nieskategoryzowane według danych ze słownika komputerowego "CombiNet"Niniejszy artykuł analizuje „formacje nieskategoryzowane” w języku włoskim na podstawie badań korpusowych przeprowadzonych w celu opracowania słownika CombiNet. Analiza danych , które posłużyły do uzupełnienia haseł CombiNet, wykazała istnienie w słownictwie języka włoskiego licznych struktur syntagmatycznych i metod słowotwórczych nieopisanych dotąd w literaturze naukowej. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie sposobów powstawania formacji nieskategoryzowanych oraz analizę ich wybranych cech (np. związku typów syntagmatycznych z ich funkcją w zdaniu).

Questo contributo intende analizzare le proprietà di alcune combinazioni di parole della lingua italiana, rappresentate da strutture riempite solo parzialmente da unità lessicali. Attraverso l’analisi di dati estratti da corpora, il contributo si propone di a) identificare e analizzare alcuni formati parzialmente riempiti dell’italiano emersi durante la stesura del dizionario combinatorio CombiNet, b) classificare tali unità sulla base di specifiche proprietà sintattiche o semantiche, c) mostrare una possibile rappresentazione lessicografica di tali formati di parola.Kombinacje słów częściowo wypełnione. Formacje oraz reprezentacja leksykograficznaNiniejszy artykuł ma na celu przeprowadzenie analizy właściwości niektórych kombinacji słów w języku włoskim przedstawionych za pomocą struktur, które zostały „wypełnione” jedynie w sposób częściowy przez jednostki leksykalne. Artykuł, poprzez analizę danych uzyskanych z korpusów, proponuje: a) identyfikację oraz analizę niektórych formacji częściowo wypełnionych w języku włoskim, które zostały zidentyfikowane podczas sporządzania słownika kombinatorycznego CombiNet; b) klasyfikację danych jednostek na podstawie określonych właściwości syntaktycznych bądź semantycznych; c) przedstawienie możliwej reprezentacji leksykograficznej danych formacji słów.

The article points out the importance of translation skills for a young specialist in order to be successful in his future career. There are certain difficulties in teaching translation in non-linguistic universities. The author considers various methods and approaches how to achieve the translation teaching aims.

This paper reports on work, carried out in the framework of the CombiNet project, focusing on the automatic extraction of word combinations from large corpora, with a view to represent the full distributional profile of selected lemmas. We describe two extraction methods, based on part-of-speech sequences (P-method) and syntactic patterns (S-method), respectively, evaluating their performance - contrastively, and with reference to external benchmarks - and discussing the relevance of automatic knowledge acquisition for lexicographic purposes. Our results indicate that both approaches provide valuable data and confirm previous claims that P-methods and S-methods are largely complementary, as they tend to retrieve different types of word combinations. In the second part of the paper, we present SYMPAThy, a data representation format devised to fruitfully merge the two methods by leveraging their respective points of strength. In order to explore SYMPAThy's potentialities, a preliminary investigation on a small set of Italian idioms, and specifically their degree of fixedness/productivity, is also described.

The paper presents some preliminary remarks aimed at identifying common daily language metaphorical expressions of varying degrees of persistence, whose composition has a word directly referring to a taste for sweetness. Our goal is to analyze these expressions and to answer the question: “Are sweet the “sweet“words?“ as well as to determine if the words combining a meaning for something sweet are connected only with a positive assessment. В материала са представени някои предварителни бележки, които имат за цел да посочат често срещани във всекидневния език метафорични изрази с различна степен на устойчивост, в чийто състав има дума, означаваща вкусово усещане за сладко. Целта е след анализирането им да се даде отговор на въпроса: „Сладки ли са сладките думи?”, или единствено и само с положителна оценка ли са натоварени словосъчетанията, съдържащи компонент дума със значение за нещо сладко.

Please fill up the following information accurately. (Please use Times New Roman, 12 pt. Word combinations of English in academic writing Collocations, no matter where to use them, are an important linguistic issue if it is native fluency that is longed for in academic writing. In line with that, the present study aimed at increasing the awareness against the importance of collocations in order to have native fluency in academic writing; making some suggestions regarding involvement of collocations in academic texts, and creating a practicable list of collocations to be used especially in research articles by non-native writers of English. A hundred research articles written in English in the field of ELT by native speakers of English made up the data of the present study. The data were analysed and the collocations were categorized. The categorized collocations were enhanced through collocations dictionaries to be able to create a comprehensive list of collocations. The findings showed that native speakers heavily rely on collocations while writing academic texts. Also, the literature provided compelling evidence regarding the close relation between native fluency in academic texts and correct collocation use. Information about Author(s)* Author 1 Author (Last name, First name) Demir, Cüneyt Affiliated institution (University) Siirt University Country Turkey Email address ardgelen@hotmail.comDepartment & Rank Corresponding author (Yes/No) Write only one corresponding author. Yes Author 2 Author (Last name, First name) Affiliated institution (University) Country Email address Department & Rank Corresponding author (Yes/No) Author 3 Author (Last name, First name) Affiliated institution (University) Country Email address Department & Rank Corresponding author (Yes/No) Author 4 Author (Last name, First name) Affiliated institution (University) Country Email address Department & Rank Corresponding author (Yes/No)

This paper reports on work, carried out in the framework of the CombiNet project, focusing on the automatic extraction of word combinations from large corpora, with a view to represent the full distributional profile of selected lemmas. We describe two extraction methods, based on part-of-speech sequences (P-method) and syntactic patterns (S-method), respectively, evaluating their performance – contrastively, and with reference to external benchmarks – and discussing the relevance of automatic knowledge acquisition for lexicographic purposes. Our results indicate that both approaches provide valuable data and confirm previous claims that P-methods and S-methods are largely complementary, as they tend to retrieve different types of word combinations. In the second part of the paper, we present SYMPAThy, a data representation format devised to fruitfully merge the two methods by leveraging their respective points of strength. In order to explore SYMPAThy’s potentialities, a preliminary investigation on a small set of Italian idioms, and specifically their degree of fixedness/productivity, is also described.

Although the interest of literature in word combinations has significantly increased over the last decades, the full classification of their types and comprehensive collection of their forms is far from complete and flawless. This paper presents the results of a research project devoted precisely to the collection and analysis of Italian combinatorial lexicon. The investigation has both a theoretical and an empirical import. From the former point of view, it takes into account multiword units as specific forms of lexical entry. On the basis of the most recent achievements in lexicology, the notion of ‘word format’ is introduced and the vast variety of the combination formats is considered and classified. Various specific case studies of combinations are discussed. From the empirical point of view, the CombiNet dictionary is presented, an on-line lexicographic tool recording a sample of Italian multiword entries implementing an ample variety of entry formats. In addition to describing the lexicographic layout in detail, the paper illustrates the advanced research tool CombiNet is equipped with, as a device for both lexicographic and lexicological investigation.

This paper introduces CombiNet dictionary, an on line corpus-based lexicographic tool representing combinatorial properties of Italian lexemes, developed by Roma Tre University, University of Pisa and University of Bologna. The lexicographic layout of CombiNet is designed to include different sets of information, such as i) syntactic configurations and ii) syntactic function of word combinations, iii) degree of lexical variation associated with specific types of multiword units. In fact, CombiNet records word combinations showing different degrees of lexicalizations and paradigmatic variability, which is a novelty in lexicography. This investigation intends to tackle several issues associated with CombiNet, and in particular it aims at a) showing procedures and methods used to create and compile CombiNet's entries, b) describing particular types of combinatorial phenomena emerged from the analysis of corpus-based data, c) illustrating the lexicographic layout that has been elaborated for word combinations representation, d) describing the advanced research tool CombiNet is equipped with, a useful device for lexicographic investigations as well as for lexicological analysis.

This paper reports on work carried out in the framework of an ongoing project aimed at building an online, corpus-based lexicographic resource for Italian Word Combinations. Our aim is to compare two of the most commonly used methods for the automatic extraction of word combinations from corpora, with a view to evaluate their performance – and ultimately their efficacy – with respect to the task of acquiring word combinations for inclusion in the lexicographic combinatory resource

English. We report on three experiments aimed at comparing two popular methods for the automatic extraction of Word Combinations from corpora, with a view to evaluate: i) their efficacy in acquiring data to be included in a combinatory resource for Italian; ii) the impact of different types of benchmarks on the evaluation itself. Italiano. Presentiamo i risultati di tre esperimenti che mirano a confrontare due metodi di estrazione automatica di combinazioni di parole da corpora, con lo scopo di: (i) valutare l’efficacia dei due metodi per acquisire dati da includere in una risorsa combinatoria per l’italiano, e (ii) analizzare e confrontare i metodi di valutazione stessi.

The paper discusses selected erroneous and questionable verb+noun, noun+verb and adjective+noun combinations taken from the Italian component of the International Corpus of Learner English (ICLE-IT) (Granger et al., 2002; Granger et al., 2009; Prat Zagrebelsky, 2004), and analyses the treatment of the words they are composed of in The BBI Combinatory Dictionary of English (3rd edn., 2009) (BBI), The Oxford Collocations Dictionary for Students of English (2nd edn., 2009) (OCD), and the Macmillan Collocations Dictionary for learners of English (2010) (MCD). To assess their acceptability, learners’ productions are compared with data from the English corpus WordBanks Online and with what is recorded in the BBI, the OCD, and the MCD. The aim is to assess the assistance of these dictionaries in helping learners avoid collocational errors. Given the small number of the combinations analysed, findings cannot be generalised: however, they show that use restrictions are often not signalled in the three dictionaries and that the base-collocate relation should be revised, especially in the case of verb+noun and noun+verb combinations, so as to include both subject and object nouns in verb entries