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Sustainable nature-based materials such as wood, and their significant role for tackling climate change within the New European Bauhaus and its global dimension was discussed at a conference in the Vatican on 9-10 June 2022. The event, which was organized by the Bauhaus Earth think tank and hosted by the Pontifical Academy of Science (PAS) brought together numerous eminent speakers from the Catholic church, European institutions, science, architecture and NGOs. The ambition was to address a global perspective of the major challenges ahead to decarbonise the built environment and foster a just and inclusive society. The Wood4Bauhaus Alliance was represented by Prof Andreja Kutnar giving a speech on the importance of wood materials and products. The Alliance was also represented at the Festival of the New European Bauhaus with its own side event on 12-13 June 2022, which reflected on the outcomes of the Vatican conference and showcased the InnoRenew CoE demo building in Slovenia.&nbsp

Artikkeli perustuu teemahaastatteluihin, joilla tutkittiin seitsemän yhdyskunta­suunnittelun piirissä toimivan henkilön käsityksiä puurakentamisen sopivuudesta kaupunkiin, keinoista liittää puurakentaminen ympäristöönsä sekä puurakennusten suhteesta ympäröiviin rakennuksiin. Haastattelut tehtiin vuosina 2019–2020. Kaupungeilla on merkittävä rooli puurakentamisen edistämisessä, ja ne kaavoittavat sekä yksittäisiä täydennyskohteita että puurakentamisen asuinalueita. Uudelle puurakentamiselle on ominaista perinteisistä materiaaleista poikkeavien teollisesti valmistettujen puutuotteiden hyödyntäminen. Myös rakennuskorkeudet ovat kasvaneet merkittävästi etenkin asuin­rakentamisessa. Haastattelujen perusteella voitiin erottaa kolme pääasiallista tapausta: ympäristöstään erottumaan pyrkivät kohteet, ympäristöön sovitettu rakentaminen sekä kokonaiset puu­rakennusalueet joilla on omat piirteensä. Puujulkisivulla on puurakentamisessa keskeinen merkitys. Niiden osalta tuloksia verrattiin julkisivuja pohtineeseen tutkimuskirjallisuuteen., The present paper is based on thematic interviews that were used to study the views of seven urban planning professionals, particularly about the appropriateness of urban wood building, the means of adapting buildings to urban environment, and the relation between wood buildings and their surroundings. The interviews took place during the period 2019–2020. Cities, consisting of individual buildings and entire housing areas, have an important role in facilitating wooden infill construction. Contemporary wood construction is based on industrial wood products different from traditional materials. Furthermore, height in residential construction has increased. The interviews suggest three primary cases: wood buildings that contrast with surrounding buildings, wood buildings consistent with their environment, and entire areas with characteristic new wooden construction. Wooden facades are particularly important in urban wood building. Regarding wooden facades, the results were compared with research literature about wooden facades.

[Resumen] Se presenta la construcción en madera de una vivienda situada en Ramiráns (Ourense). Se ha empleado para el desarrollo de la misma el sistema constructivo UBUILD. Éste permite la construcción de entramados ligeros de madera con un alto grado de industrialización en taller, dejando para obra labores propias de montaje. Para éste no es necesario más que el empleo de herramientas básicas sin precisar un alto grado de especialización laboral de los operarios encargados. Esto se logra con el empleo de técnicas BIM y de fabricación por Control Numérico. Este sistema permite su adaptación a las necesidades del usuario y no se pierde el nivel de calidad constructiva o las prestaciones de aislamiento necesarias para su uso como construcción residencial. La vivienda lleva en uso varios meses, permitiendo la validación de las técnicas empleadas en su diseño y construcción. [Abstract] The wooden construction of a building located in Ramiráns (Ourense) is presented. The UBUILD construction system has been used for its development. This allows the construction of light frame Wood truss with a high degree of prefabrication in the workshop, leaving their own assembly tasks for work. Initially, it is only necessary to use basic tools and a high degree of job specialization is not necessary for the operators. This is achieved with the use of BIM and Numerical Control manufacturing techniques. This system allows it to be adapted to the needs of the user and the level of constructive quality or the insulation benefits necessary for its use as residential construction is not lost. The house has been in use for several months, allowing the validation of the techniques used in its design and construction.

The wooden construction of a building located in Ramiráns (Ourense) is presented. The UBUILD construction system has been used for its development. This allows the construction of light frame Wood truss with a high degree of prefabrication in the workshop, leaving their own assembly tasks for work. Initially, it is only necessary to use basic tools and a high degree of job specialization is not necessary for the operators. This is achieved with the use of BIM and Numerical Control manufacturing techniques. This system allows it to be adapted to the needs of the user and the level of constructive quality or the insulation benefits necessary for its use as residential construction is not lost. The house has been in use for several months, allowing the validation of the techniques used in its design and construction., Se presenta la construcción en madera de una vivienda situada en Ramiráns (Ourense). Se ha empleado para el desarrollo de la misma el sistema constructivo UBUILD. Éste permite la construcción de entramados ligeros de madera con un alto grado de industrialización en taller, dejando para obra labores propias de montaje. Para éste no es necesario más que el empleo de herramientas básicas sin precisar un alto grado de especialización laboral de los operarios encargados. Esto se logra con el empleo de técnicas BIM y de fabricación por Control Numérico. Este sistema permite su adaptación a las necesidades del usuario y no se pierde el nivel de calidad constructiva o las prestaciones de aislamiento necesarias para su uso como construcción residencial. La vivienda lleva en uso varios meses, permitiendo la validación de las técnicas empleadas en su diseño y construcción.

Die gebaute Umwelt und ihre räumliche Ausformulierung waren schon immer ein Spiegel der Gesellschaft in ländlichen Gebieten. Unter unterschiedlichen geografischen und sozio-ökonomischen Bedingungen brachten die Menschen verschiedene Kulturlandschaften hervor. Das Gebiet der Dong Minderheit im Südwesten Chinas ist für seine charakteristische Kultur und Holzbautradition bekannt, die lange Zeit von den Einflüssen der Moderne verschont geblieben ist. Im 20. und zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts führten politische, soziale und technologische Umwälzungen zu großen Veränderungen der dortigen vernakulären Architektur. Die Transformation traditioneller Typologien und die Implementierung neuer Gebäude führten zu einem teilweise widersprüchlichen Zustand der gegenwärtigen Ortsbilder. Einerseits verändern generische Beton- und Ziegelstrukturen das Bild der ehemals homogenen Dörfer nachhaltig, andererseits führt eine neu erwachte Tourismusindustrie zur Produktion pseudo-traditioneller Architektur.Die folgende Arbeit analysiert diese Veränderungen anhand des Dorfes Dimen in der Provinz Guizhou. Im Detail wird die Transformation des typischen Wohnhauses und dessen Bezug zum architektonischen Erbe der Region untersucht. Darüber hinaus werden öffentliche Gebäude wie Trommeltürme und Wind-Regen-Brücken in Hinsicht auf ihre gegenwärtige Nutzung und ihre Rolle als Identifikationsbauten beleuchtet. Ein Exkurs ins Werk Gion Caminadas, der in einer abgelegenen Region der Schweiz wirkt, zeigt die Rolle von Architektur im Spannungsfeld des zeitgenössischen Lebens auf dem Land. Die Erkenntnisse des theoretischen Teils fließen anschließend in den Entwurf eines öffentlichen Gebäudes im Ortszentrum von Dimen ein. Die Schule, ein Betongebäude aus den 1980er Jahren wird durch einen konzeptionellen Neubau ersetzt. Der Entwurf einer benachbarten Mehrzweckhalle, deren Architektur Anlehnung an die traditionelle Holzbauweise nimmt, bildet den Abschluss der Arbeit., The built environment and spatial layout in vernacular settlements have always been a mirror of the social system in the countryside. Throughout the centuries, geographic and economic limitations led to very particular cultural landscapes. The Dong Minority’s area in Southwest China is renowned for its distinct culture and architectural heritage that remained largely untouched by outside influences. However, throughout the 20th and 21st century profound changes in policy, social structure and technology led to the implementation of both new buildings and the alteration of existing building types. Consequently, the built environment of the Dong Area represents itself in an ambiguous state today. On the one hand, recently built concrete-and-brick structures devoid of any distinctive architectural language threaten the formerly homogenous village layouts. On the other hand, tourism leads to an increasing production of pseudo-traditional architecture. The research part of the thesis goes beyond the usual site analysis. The current contradictory state of the spatial conditions in the Dong Area will be analyzed as well as the local construction system and the architectural language. Especially recent constructions and their connection to the local architectural heritage will be examined. Moreover, the role of drum towers and wind-and-rain bridges as objects of identification is analyzed. An excursus to the mountainous Swiss countryside that was in a similar socio-economic situation will show the important role that architecture can play in contemporary place-making in remote areas.The design part aims to find an appropriate architectural solution for a new public building in Dimen, a large Dong village in Guizhou Province. The underdeveloped centre of Dimen holds great potential to increase the livelihood of the villagers. Since the existing school building, a banal concrete structure built in the 1980s has become too small, I will further propose a new design on a conceptual level. The final design of a Multipurpose Hall proposes a mode of construction that serves the local community and interprets the essence of vernacular architecture without copying it.

[ES] Este trabajo tiene como finalidad la construcción en madera de un albergue en la localidad de Nerpio (Albacete) en suelo sin edificar catalogado como urbano. En el término municipal de Nerpio se encuentra la Reserva Natural Sierra de las Cabras, en la cual se encuentra el Pico Atalaya (2083 metros), el más alto de la provincia de Albacete y el segundo de toda Castilla-La Mancha; además de tener una gran cercanía con el Parque Natural Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y las Villas. La construcción del albergue ofrece una alternativa económica de alojamiento a aquellas personas que disfrutan del turismo rural, la montaña y toda actividad relacionada con la naturaleza. El albergue está constituido por dos plantas de 154 metros cuadrados cada una, con una cubierta a dos aguas, y tiene cabida para 42 huéspedes. El diseño cumple con los requerimientos exigidos por la normativa del Decreto 73/2018, de 16 de octubre, por el que se establece la ordenación de los albergues turísticos en Castilla-La Mancha. [2018/12182]. Toda la estructura está formada por madera maciza y el diseño estructural y conjunto de cálculos están basados en el CTE SE-M y en el CTE SE-AE. El uso de la madera como material estructural supone un bajo impacto ambiental debido a su baja producción de CO2 respecto a otros materiales como el acero o el hormigón, y al tratarse de un material renovable. También presenta unas condiciones buenas como aislante térmico y acústico, lo que hace junto a lo anterior, que sea un material que contribuya a la eficiencia energética. Además, al tratarse de un ambiente rural y forestal como del T.M. de Nerpio, la madera queda bien integrada con el entorno. En el documento se abordan los aspectos formales y contenidos mínimos exigidos por la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniera Agronómica y del Medio Rural, estableciendo en primer lugar una memoria, donde se incluyen los anejos que contendrán los cálculos pertinentes para la creación de la estructura en madera. En el dimensionamiento de la estructura y de cada una de las piezas se verificará que cumplen las condiciones de resistencia y de pandeo realizando los pertinentes cálculos con ayuda del programa SAP2000. A su vez, se elaboran los cálculos necesarios para la realización de la instalación de fontanería y el resto de los documentos del conjunto del proyecto como planos, pliego de condiciones y presupuesto., [EN] The purpose of this work is the wood building of a hostel in the locality of Nerpio (Albacete), in urban land without building. In the municipal district of Nerpio is located the Sierra de las Cabras Natural Reserve, where the Atalaya Peak (2083 meters) is situated, which is the highest point in the Albacete province and the second highest point in Castilla-La Mancha; furthermore, Nerpio is close to the Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y las Villas National Park. The hostel construction will offer an economic alternative for hosting those people who likes rural tourism, mountains and other outdoor activities. The hostel is designed in two floors with 154 square meters each and with gable roof. It can host 42 people. The design fulfils all the requirements contained in the hostels regulation of the Decreto 73/2018, de 16 de octubre, por el que se establece la ordenación de los albergues turísticos en Castilla-La Mancha. [2018/12182] The whole structure is made of solid wood and all the needed calculations are based on the CTE SE-M and the CTE SE-AE. The use of wood as structural material means a little environmental impact due to the low CO2 emissions of its production compared with other materials like steel or concrete, and wood a renewable material too. Additionally, it works pretty well as sound and heat insulation, helping, combined with the previous things, to the energy efficiency. Also, Nerpio is located in a rural and forest environment and wood fits perfectly with it. This document includes the formal aspects and the minimum contents required by the Superior Technichal School of Agronomic Engineering and Rural Areas. Firstly, it is included a report with the attached documents, that includes the calculations needed for the wood structure. In the dimensioning of the structure and of each of the pieces, it will be verified that they comply with the conditions of resistance and buckling by performing the relevant calculations with the help of the SAB2000 program.

This study explores the acceptance of different wood coverages on building facades with the aim of optimization of materials, and in turn improving overall sustainability. It firstly develops the principal physical variables and evaluation criteria, then, test models are created using an orthogonal design experiment, finally, two evaluation methods are used to comprehensively test acceptance, based on a questionnaire and an eye-tracking study. The results show that: (1) The effects of the amount of wood coverage and the wood patterns are significant, whereas the effect of material combinations is insignificant. (2) The acceptance of building facades is at the highest level when the amount of wood coverage is 65%. (3) The amounts of wood coverage for facades in the range of 35% to 50% are effective when designing the facade of wood buildings, in order to implement the dual targets of saving wood and higher acceptance.

International audience; Many buildings are being restored in the city of Aix-en-Provence, southeastern France and allowed systematic dendrochronological analyses. 144 fir timbers (Abies alba Mill.) were examined and dated between 1303 and 1933. They highlight three felling phases (Medieval period, 17th-18th century, and 19th century). The best documented one corresponds to the 17th-18th centuries and coincides with significant building activity connected to the status of Aix, which is the parliamentary capital of Provence. Around Aix-en-Provence, it is difficult to find timbers with good dimensions. Our results show that timbers were transported from the Alps to Aix's buildings. Potential testimonies of this timber trade have been found, such as raft assemblage marks, and carved signs and letters. A dendroprovenancing case study shows that between 1810 and 1890, some of Aix's timbers could have come from the Northern French Alps or the Verdon-Durance region. Finally, the lack of timbers with good dimension and the difficulties of timber supply contributed to the development of reuse economy and technical innovation. These results are the foundation of a future well-established dendroprovenancing approach in the Southern Alps.

In this paper, a non-linear procedure for the seismic design of metal connections in cross-laminated timber (CLT) walls subjected to bending and axial force is presented. Timber is conservatively modelled as an elasto-brittle material, whereas metal connections (hold-downs and angle brackets) are modelled with an elasto-plastic behavior. The reaction force in each connection is iteratively calculated by varying the position of the neutral axis at the base of the wall using a simple algorithm that was implemented first in a purposely developed spreadsheet, and then into a purposely developed software. This method is based on the evaluation of five different failure mechanisms at ultimate limit state, starting from the fully tensioned wall to the fully compressed one, similarly to reinforced concrete (RC) section design. By setting the mechanical properties of timber and metal connections and the geometry of the CLT panel, the algorithm calculates, for every axial load value, the ultimate resisting moment of the entire wall and the position of the neutral axis. The procedure mainly applies to platform-type structures with hold-downs and angle brackets connections at the base of the wall and rocking mechanism as the prevalent way of dissipation. This method allows the designer to have information on the rocking capacity of the system and on the failure mechanism for a given distribution of external loads. The proposed method was validated on the results of FE analyses using SAP2000 and ABAQUS showing acceptable accuracy.

Two eight-story wood-framed residential buildings with the Swedish 2012 passive house standard were built in 2009 in the Portvakten Soder quarter in the city of Vaxjo in Sweden. In this paper, we present the monitored specific energy use of the buildings and compare to the requirements of the Swedish building code and recommendation for passive houses. We also estimated the primary energy use and CO2 emissions and investigated the tenants’ views and experiences of the two buildings. Results show that the actual specific energy use of 40.2 kWh/m2Atemp/year in the Portvakten Soder building fulfills, by a good margin, the requirements of the Swedish building code and the recommended passive house standard, but is higher than projected. Applying a marginal perspective, the calculated primary energy use and carbon dioxide emission from operating the buildings (excluding household electricity) was 40 kWh/m2Atemp/year and zero, respectively. Responses of 20 tenants to a mail-in questionnaire survey showed that over 90% were satisfied with their apartments.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att öka kunskapen om vilka förutsättningar som påverkar kommunernas handlingsutrymme att styra mot ökat byggande i trä. Utgångspunkten är att ökat byggande i trä är en viktig hörnsten i Sveriges arbete för att nå klimatmål om minskade koldioxidutsläpp. I fallstudie undersöker jag Växjö och Skellefteå kommun som sedan länge arbetat aktivt med att öka byggande i trä och båda antagit kommunala träbyggandsstrategier. I fallstudie undersöker jag hur såväl kontextuella (projektspecifika och informella förutsättningar) som formella förutsättningar påverkar kommunens handlingsutrymme. Resultatet visar att processer för att identifiera planförutsättningar och överbrygga olika perspektiv är avgörande för att skapa ett kontextuellt handlingsutrymme. Resultatet visar vidare att kontextuella förutsättningar även har potential att till viss del skapa handlingsutrymme utanför det formella handlingsutrymmets ”uppenbara” ramar. The aim of this study in to increase the knowledge of municipal possibilities and constraints to increase building in wood by examining the municipal planning conditions. Point of departure is that building in wood is a prerequisite to reach the Swedish climate targets of drastically reducing national CO2-emissions. In a case study two municipalities are examined, Växjö and Skellefteå, two municipalities with strategies to increase building in wood and with long experience in doing so. The study explores how contextual planning conditions (project specific and informal conditions) alongside formal planning conditions affects the municipal space of action. The result shows that processes to identify planning conditions and to bridge different perspectives are crucial in order to create a contextual space of action. The result further demonstrates that contextual planning condition withhold the potential to, to a certain degree, create space of action outside the presupposed boundaries of the formal planning system.

Plans for construction of the tallest residential timber building has driven the Technical Research Institute of Sweden (SP), Linnaeus University, Växjö and more than ten interested companies to determine an appropriate design for the structure. This thesis presents a part of ongoing research regarding wind-induced vibration control to meet serviceability limit state (SLS) requirements. A parametric study was conducted on a 22-storey timber building with a CLT shear wall system utilizing mass, stiffness and damping as the main parameters in the dynamic domain. Results were assessed according to the Swedish Annex EKS 10 and Eurocode against ISO 10137 and ISO 6897 requirements. Increasing mass, stiffness and/or damping has a favorable impact. Combination scenarios present potential solutions for suppressing wind-induced vibrations as a result of higher efficiency in low-increased levels of mass and damping.

In this paper, a simplified non-linear procedure for seismic design of CLT (cross−laminated timber) wall systems is presented. The proposed method considers both axial force and bending moment applied on the wall systems as result of applied loads. Timber is modelled as an elastic-brittle material, whereas metal connections (hold-downs and angle brackets) are modelled with an elastic-plastic behaviour. The reaction force in each connection is iteratively calculated by varying the position of the neutral axis at the base of the wall using a simple algorithm that has been implemented in a purposely-developed software. This method is based on the evaluation of five different failure mechanisms at ultimate limit state similarly to reinforced concrete (RC) rectangular section design. By setting the mechanical properties of timber and metal connections, and the geometry of the CLT panel, the algorithm calculates,for every possible axial load, the position of the neutral axis and the ultimate resisting moment of the system. Furthermore, this method also allows the designer to have an indication on the failure mechanism of the wall.

In this paper, a non−linear methodology for the design of the metal connectors in cross−laminated (XLam) timber walls subjected to bending and axial force is presented. The wall is regarded as rigid, and an elastic−perfectly plastic response is considered for each metal connector (hold−down, angle brackets) at the base of the wall. The wood is conservatively modelled with an elastic−brittle behaviour in compression at the interface with the foundation or with the supporting timber floor panel. The force distribution in the metal connectors is obtained by iteratively calculating the neutral axis position at the base of the wall using a simple purposely developed Excel spreadsheet. Five different failure mechanisms at Ultimate Limit States have been identified, starting from the fully tensioned wall to the fully compressed one. The required input parameters are the strength class of timber and the ultimate displacement, the elastic stiffness and the ultimate strength of the metal connectors used. As a result, the algorithm calculates, for every axial load value, the ultimate resisting moment of the entire wall. This procedure, of simple and straightforward implementation, allows the designers to perform a manual evaluation of the rocking resistance of XLam walls in seismic analyses.

A research project, Wood and Wood-Hybrid Midrise Buildings, was undertaken to develop information to be used as the basis for alternative/acceptable solutions for mid-rise construction using wood structural elements. As part of this project, three materials were selected for investigation as encapsulation materials for combustible structural elements: Type X gypsum board (12.7 mm thick and 15.9 mm thick), cement board (12.7 mm thick), and gypsum-concrete (25 mm thick and 39 mm thick). This report documents the results of cone calorimeter tests conducted to investigate the performance of the three encapsulation materials.

This client report on the acoustics research component regarding sound insulation of elements and systems for mid-rise wood buildings is structured into a main part and four appendices. The main part outlines the background, main research considerations and summarizes conducted research and major outcomes briefly. It is structured like the Acoustics tasks in the Statement of Work of the Mid-rise Wood research project to identify accomplishments. For details on the research, testing and results, the main part references to four appendices that contain more details including test plans, test methods, specimen descriptions and all test data that is vetted so far.

A rational and modern network of riding trails involves the building of specific structures for the horses according to the new needs of equestrian tourists. These shelters require appropriate technical models that today cannot be found easily in the Italian or foreign literature. Over the years this gap has led to the development of the practice “do it yourself”, following old techniques of construction, not able to meet the new demands of the market of horse tourism. This research has highlighted two different solutions that can meet the needs of tourists riding today, in accordance with the laws about the construction and the health part. These structures have been designed observing the principles of low impact, low cost, easy installation, complete reuse. Two kinds of structures have been planned. Temporary stay horse shelter: building to put in resting places of interest along the path (historic villages, monasteries, etc.), where it is possible to arrange the horses for a few hours and allow to the riders to make a careful visit of places of interest. Overnight stay horse shelter: structure to put in particular points where horses and riders can spend the night. A new type of horse barn with annexed feed storage and saddle room. The structure is dynamic, due to the possibility to change quickly the position of the horses (max 8 places).