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Статья посвящена оценке и особенностям формирования аэрационного режима жилой застройки на склоновых территориях АЗРФ. В условиях нехватки резервных территорий для роста поселений Арктической зоны РФ (АЗРФ) вопрос освоения неудобных территорий стоит достаточно остро. Портовые города Северного морского пути, которые располагаются на территории АЗРФ, в большинстве случаев располагаются в АЗРФ на сложном рельефе — склоновых территориях, застройка которых представляет собой градостроительную задачу по формированию комфортной и безопасной городской среды. Одними из самых интересных с точки зрения архитектурно-строительного освоения являются склоновые территории, которые имеют значительное распространения в портовых городах Северного морского пути (СМП) (Мурманск, Архангельск, Певек, Владивосток и др.). Приемы планировки жилых зон городской застройки, а также ее внешнего и внутреннего благоустройства, рассчитанные на равнинную местность, не могут быть применены без снижения качества городской среды, что обуславливает необходимость проведения научных исследований по разработке градостроительных решений жилых зон, располагаемых на склоновых территориях. Качество жилого пространства формируется из множества факторов, одним из них является аэрационный режим территории. Аэрационным режимом называется ветровой режим приземного слоя воздуха в условиях городской застройки. Однако единых комфортных значений скорости ветра для любой застройки не существует, поскольку ветровой режим — это ветровые условия, происходящие на определенной территории, а значит, что различные территории со своими ландшафтными и климатическими характеристиками имеют свои особенности формирования аэрационного режима. Таким образом, аэрационный режим одной территории может значительно отличаться от другой. Так как территория АЗРФ характеризуется сложными климатическими условиями — низкими температурами, высокими скоростями ветра и сложным ландшафтом, то определение аэрационного режима таких территории требует особого внимания и учета всех особенностей, в частности, изменений температурного и аэрационного режимов, что неизбежно сказывается на качестве жилой среды., The article is devoted to the assessment and features of the formation of the aeration regime of residential development in the sloping territories of the Russian Arctic. According to Resolution No. 484 of March 30, 2021, a comprehensive program for the socio-economic development of the Arctic zone (AZRF) begins in Russia, which includes the strategic task of urban development. The port cities of the Northern Sea Route, which are located on the territory of the Russian Arctic, in most cases are located in the Russian Arctic on a difficult terrain — sloping territories, the development of which is an urban planning task to form a comfortable and safe urban environment. The techniques of planning residential areas of urban development, as well as its external and internal landscaping, designed for flat terrain cannot be applied without reducing the quality of the urban environment, which necessitates scientific research on the development of urban planning solutions for residential areas located on sloping territories. The quality of the living space is formed from many factors, one of them is the aeration regime of the territory. The aeration regime is called the wind regime of the surface layer of air in urban conditions. However, there are no uniform comfortable values of wind speed for any development, since the wind regime is the wind conditions occurring in a certain territory, which means that different territories with their landscape and climatic characteristics have their own characteristics of the formation of the aeration regime. Thus, the aeration regime of one territory may differ significantly from another. Since the territory of the Russian Arctic is characterized by difficult climatic conditions — low temperatures, high wind speeds and a complex landscape, the determination of the aeration regime of such territories requires special attention and consideration of all features, in particular, changes in temperature and aeration regimes, which inevitably affects the quality of the living environment.

Предмет исследования: аэрационный режим склоновых территорий различного ландшафта, для которых необходимы мероприятия по инженерной подготовке территории. Цели: анализ закономерностей обтекания склоновых территорий воздушными потоками, влияющими на биоклиматическую комфортность и ветровую эрозию ландшафта. Материалы и методы: даны схемы обтекания склоновых территорий с различными характеристиками, представлена оценка биоклиматической комфортности для человека. Рассмотрены геотехнические методы в решении проблем ветровой эрозии и устойчивости склонов холмов и сложного рельефа в городской черте. Результаты: в настоящее время актуален вопрос адаптации и рекультивации нарушенных земель. Многие из данных территорий, обладающие живописными ландшафтами и хорошими условиями для развития инфраструктуры, ценны с точки зрения градостроительного освоения. На большей части склоновых территорий в отличие от равнинной местности изменены природные температура и влажность, а также гидрологический режим и аэрация, что неизбежно сказывается на качестве жизни и комфорте пребывания потенциальных жителей. Это качество оценивается по биоклиматическому комфорту и безопасности, по совокупности факторов аэрации и температурно-влажностного режима. Важность и новизна исследования в изучении взаимосвязи геометрии склонов и качества среды очевидна, так как снижение уровня биоклиматического комфорта неизбежно приводит к снижению развития близлежащих городских территорий, проблемам с климатом и местным климатом, а также к снижению качества жизни людей. Рассматриваются связь пластики рельефа с аэрационным режимом территории; зависимость аэродинамических шероховатостей от их высоты; особенности аэрации склонового и холмистого рельефа; факторы, влияющие на направление и скорость ветра и методы изучения аэрационного режима склоновых территорий. Приведены результаты комплексных исследований по склоновым территориям и рекомендации по усовершенствованию проектных решений. Рассматривается вопрос ветровой эрозии и биоклиматической комфортности территории на склоне с учетом аэрационного режима. Выводы: продемонстрированы возможности применения геотехнических сооружений для укрепления склонов с использованием биопозитивных конструкций, которые влияют на параметры аэрации и биоклиматического комфорта среды, что повышает индикаторы здоровья населения.

The article discusses the interaction between the wind regime and the landscape. Examples of objects of landscape architecture in high-tech and science-intensive spheres, such as the launch pad of a spacecraft, are given. Wind protection is represented as a result of work on wind power engineering and a means of increasing bioclimatic comfort. The terms of landscape architecture are disclosed and mutual influence on the climate and impact on woody-shrub vegetation and field crops are analyzed. The phenomenon of air permeability for optimal operation of windproof structures and orientations of geoplastics and dendroplastics is described. In this paper, a classification of terrain types is described with a description of their elemental composition, as well as various categories of landscape. The proposal to consider the landscape as a territorial complex, and landscape buildings, landscape-architectural structures as objects of landscape architecture possessing properties of wind protection and air permeability was introduced. Thus, the concept of a landscape-architectural complex as a single group of landscape-architectural objects located on the territory and connected by a common system of communications, functions, technical elements and a visual image is formulated. Further research is based on the rationale for the use of the term ensemble in relation to the objects of the landscape and architectural complex and the identification of their design and planning features that can affect the parameters of wind protection and air permeability. The paper concludes that frequent coincidence of favorable for the fauna wind regime and mimicry of landscape architecture objects. The combination in the landscape of functions for wind protection and aesthetics is analyzed with analysis of such elements of landscape architecture as hedges and windproof properties of green plantations. In the work examples of wind engineering small architectural forms are shown in the form of sculptures moving from air streams, which also change the speed and direction of the wind. All this is generalized in further directions of research within the framework of the designated terrain theme, bioclimatic comfort and wind protection.

Presentation from the 5th Portuguese RAIN meeting on hedges - windbreaks and shelterbelts, and their possibilities.

O vento pode afetar culturas e animais, atuando direta ou indiretamente nos processos mecânicos ou fisiológicos relacionados com o microclima e o solo. Existem diversos elementos arbóreos que, quando corretamente inseridos numa exploração ou paisagem, permitem reduzir estes efeitos. Ao nível da paisagem estas sebes vivas surgem normalmente combinadas umas com as outras num sistema para reduzir os danos do vento. A escolha das plantas lenhosas certas requer uma ponderação cuidadosa e oportuna das necessidades ecológicas, da estrutura da sebe, do solo, clima, culturas e outros elementos da exploração. Apesar disso, existe um conjunto de princípios comuns a considerar.

Wiatrochrony i ochronne pasy zadrzewień są podstawą w minimalizowaniu szkodliwego wpływu wiatru na uprawy, zwierzęta gospodarskie i mienie. Pełniona przez nie funkcja zależy od wielu czynników, takich jak wysokość, długość, gęstość, grubość pni czy gęstość zasadzenia. W celu zmaksymalizowania funkcji ochronnej należy dobrać odpowiednie gatunki, odpowiednio je rozmieścić i prowadzić prace pielęgnacyjne. Wiatrochrony i pasy zadrzewień mają wiele zalet, ich słabe strony mogą być zminimalizowane poprzez odpowiedni dobór upraw na przylegającym obszarze. - Windbreaks and shelterbelts are fundamental in minimizing the unpleasant effects of wind upon crops, livestock and property. Their function depends on factors including height, length, thickness and density. In order to maximize their wind protection function, it is essential to ensure suitable species selection, good installation and management. Shelterbelts and windbreaks have a multitude of advantages and their disadvantages can be overcome by clever choice of crops for their adjacent areas.

A szél hatással lehet a növényekre és az állatokra, közvetlenül vagy közvetve a mikroklímával és a talajjal kapcsolatos mechanikai vagy fiziológiai folyamatokra. Számos olyan fás tájképi elem van, amelyek megfelelő tervezés esetén lehetővé teszik ezeknek a hatásoknak a csökkentését. Előnyeik és hátrányaik, valamint telepítésük alapelvei kerülnek itt ismertetésre. - Wind can affect crops and animals, by directly or indirectly acting on mechanical or physiological processes related to microclimate and soil. There are several tree elements that, when correctly planed, allow the reduction of these effects.Their advantages and disadvantages as well as the principles of their installation are described here.

Wind can affect crops and animals, by directly or indirectly acting on mechanical or physiological processes related to microclimate and soil. There are several tree elements that, when correctly planed, allow the reduction of these effects. At the landscape level, most of the time they are used in combination with each other to reduce wind damage. According to their structure three types of green barriers may be considered (Pavari 1961): 1) shelterbelts - strips of wide multiple rows of trees or shrubs; 2) windbreaks - afforestation with single or multiple rows of trees (up to 4 or 6 maximum); 3) single hedges - single linear elements for the immediate protection of crops, composed by trees, shrubs or other.

Wind can affect crops and animals, by directly or indirectly acting on mechanical or physiological processes related to microclimate and soil. There are several tree elements that, when correctly planed, allow the reduction of these effects. At the landscape level, most of the time they are used in combination with each other to reduce wind damage. According to their structure three types of green barriers may be considered (Pavari 1961): 1) shelterbelts - strips of wide multiple rows of trees or shrubs; 2) windbreaks - afforestation with single or multiple rows of trees (up to 4 or 6 maximum); 3) single hedges - single linear elements for the immediate protection of crops, composed by trees, shrubs or other.

The ability to interpret technological innovations in the design of buildings and structures is one of the fundamental skills of the architect. This training has a number of features, some of which are discussed in this paper by the example of performing graphical tasks on the subject of energy-efficient buildings. Умение интерпретировать технологические новации в проектировании зданий и сооружений является одним из основополагающих навыков архитектора. Обучение этому имеет ряд особенностей, часть которых на примере выполнения графических заданий по тематике энергоэффективных зданий рассмотрена в данной работе.

SUMMARYThis paper investigates the energy savings of male emperor penguins Aptenodytes forsteri linked to their huddling behaviour, the key factor that allows them to assume their incubating task while undergoing a long fast. Drawing on new studies by our team, this review examines the energetic benefits accrued from huddling and estimates the respective contributions of wind protection, exposure to mild ambient temperatures,reduction in cold-exposed body surfaces and body temperature adjustments in these energy savings. The metabolic rate of `loosely grouped' birds(restrained in small groups of 5–10 individuals, which are unable to huddle effectively) is reduced by 39% compared to metabolic rate of `isolated'birds, with 32% of these energetic benefits due to wind protection. In addition, metabolic rate of `free-ranging' emperors, i.e. able to move freely and to huddle, is on average 21% lower than that of `loosely grouped' birds. Exposure to mild ambient temperatures within the groups and reduction in cold-exposed body surfaces while huddling, though overestimated, would represent a 38% metabolic reduction. About two thirds of metabolic lowering is attributable to the reduction in cold-exposed body surfaces and one third to the mild microclimate created within the groups. Moreover, body temperature adjustments contribute to these energetic benefits: maintaining body temperatures 1°C lower would represent a 7–17% reduction in energy expenditure. These processes, linked together, explain how huddling emperors save energy and maintain a constant body temperature, which ensures a successful incubation in the midst of the austral winter.

There is an abundance of thermal indices with different input parameters and applicabilities. Infrared thermography is a promising technique for evaluating the response of animals to the environment and differentiating between genetic groups. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate superficial body temperatures of lambs from three genetic groups under different environmental conditions, correlating these with thermal comfort indices. Forty lambs (18 males and 22 females) from three genetic groups (Santa Inês, Ile de France × Santa Inês and Dorper × Santa Inês) were exposed to three climatic conditions: open air, housed and artificial heating. Infrared thermal images were taken weekly at 6h, 12h and 21h at the neck, front flank, rear flank, rump, nose, skull, trunk and eye. Four thermal comfort indices were calculated using environmental measurements including black globe temperature, air humidity and wind speed. Artificial warming, provided by infrared lamps and wind protection, conserved and increased the superficial body temperature of the lambs, thus providing lower daily thermal ranges. Artificial warming did not influence daily weight gain or mortality. Skin temperatures increased along with increases in climatic indices. Again, infrared thermography is a promising technique for evaluating thermal stress conditions and differentiating environments. However, the use of thermal imaging for understanding animal responses to environmental conditions requires further study.

Diversity in plantations around conventional and organic farm buildings

En los valles irrigados de Río Negro y Neuquén, el viento es considerado una adversidad climática. Los vientos predominantes en primavera y verano provienen del oeste y sudoeste con una alta frecuencia de velocidades mayores a 20 km/h y ráfagas que alcanzan los 80 Km/h, generando deshidratación y daños mecánicos en los cultivos. El uso de barreras forestales permite disminuir su velocidad, atenuando los efectos perjudiciales sobre el desarrollo de los cultivos agrícolas y la calidad de su producción. En nuestra región se plantan cortinas rompevientos con álamos (Populus spp.) y en menor proporción con sauces (Salix spp.), ya que ambas especies están bien adaptadas a las condiciones agroclimáticas. Predomina el uso de los álamos criollo (P. nigra ‘Itálica’) y chileno (P. nigra ‘Chile’), aunque también se utilizan otros álamos: Blanc de Garonne (P. nigra ‘Jean Pourtet’), híbridos euroamericanos (P. xcanadensis) I-214, I-488, Conti 12 y Guardi; plateados (P. alba var. pyramidalis “Bolleana” y P. xcanescens) y chino (P. simonii). Entre los sauces, se usan los híbridos 131-25 y 131-27 (S. babylonica x S. alba ‘Ragonese 131-25 INTA’ y ‘Ragonese 131-27 INTA’). EEA Alto Valle Fil: Thomas, Esteban Ricardo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Alto Valle; Argentina Fil: Rodríguez, Andrea Betiana. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Alto Valle; Argentina

The contribution of Cassia siamea hedgerows and mulch to erosion control was evaluated on a 14% slope of a Lixisol/Alfisol at Machakos, Kenya. The four treatments, in 400 m 2 runoff-plots were: hedgerows with prunings applied as mulch to the crop, hedgerows and crops with prunings removed, mulch only applied to the crop and a control. The hedgerows were planted on the contour, 4 m apart and 0.25 m between plants. Maize and cowpea were planted in sequence. The control plot sustained an average annual water loss over 3 y of 31 mm runoff and soil loss of 19 t ha −1 . The best treatment, hedgerows with mulch, reduced losses to 13% and 2% of the control. Hedgerows without mulch reduced losses respectively to 23% and 7%, while mulch without hedgerows reduced losses to 41% and 17%. Soil loss was considerably influenced by one single storm in April 1990 due to the nature of that storm and to the susceptibility of the soil to erosion at that particular time. Differences in crop yield between treatments were small. The hedgerow treatments depressed cowpea yield slightly in less than normal rainy seasons but improved cowpea yields in wet seasons.

De overheid stimuleert de aanleg van natuur op het platteland en houtwallen staan hierbij in de belangstelling. Houtwallen beinvloeden echter de gewasopbrengsten en het microclimaat op de aangrenzende percelen

This paper describes problems caused by wind along motorway section Sveti Rok Tunnel – Posedarje Interchange. Due to relief characteristics along this section (Velebit Mountain meets Adriatic coast) wind velocity and direction vary a lot. During the wintertime, northern to northeastern wind bora blows in this region (Figure 1) reaching enormous wind velocities. Studies have shown that the lateral wind speed exceeding 30 m/s is critical for vehicle's stability on a dry roadway. During stronger wind blows and severe roadway conditions, mentioned motorway section is closed for traffic.

Om het milieu en in het bijzonder het oppervlaktewater zo min mogelijk te belasten met gewasbe4 schermingsmiddelen, wordt er door de fruitteeltsector een uiterste inspanning verricht om de emissie naar het milieu beperkt te houden. Door wet4 en regelgeving (Lozingenbesluit open teelt en veehouderij en de Bestrijdingsmiddelenwet) wordt hierin verder aandacht geschonken. De emissie kan op verschillende ma4 nieren beperkt worden (technische4 en teeltmaatregelen). Een teeltmaatregel is bijvoorbeeld het aanleggen van een teeltvrije zone, waardoor de afstand tussen het te bespuiten gewas en het oppervlaktewater vergroot wordt, en de emissie (driftdepositie) af zal nemen. Wanneer op de teeltvrije zone een windhaag wordt geplaatst, zal de driftdepositie op het oppervlaktewater door de afvangende werking van de haag verder verminderen. Ook het éénzijdig bespuiten van de buitenste fruitbomenrij is een manier om de emissie buiten de boomgaard te beperken. In het beschreven onderzoek is het effect van een elzenwindhaag en het éénzijdig bespuiten van de buiten4 ste bomenrij op de emissie gemeten in vergelijking met een standaard bespuiting (tweezijdige bespuiting met de Albuz lila dop, holle kegel, 7 bar spuitdruk). Het onderzoek werd uitgevoerd in boomgaarden die representatief waren voor commerciële boomgaarden. De bespuitingen werden uitgevoerd met een Munckhof dwarsstroomspuit. Het aantal doppen werd aangepast aan de boomhoogte. Het spuitvolume in de proef varieerde van 177 – 368 l.ha41 (afhankelijk van de appelboomhoogte en aantal geopende spuit4 doppen).

Om het milieu en in het bijzonder het oppervlaktewater zo min mogelijk te belasten met gewasbe4 schermingsmiddelen, wordt er door de fruitteeltsector een uiterste inspanning verricht om de emissie naar het milieu beperkt te houden. Door wet4 en regelgeving (Lozingenbesluit open teelt en veehouderij en de Bestrijdingsmiddelenwet) wordt hierin verder aandacht geschonken. De emissie kan op verschillende ma4 nieren beperkt worden (technische4 en teeltmaatregelen). Een teeltmaatregel is bijvoorbeeld het aanleggen van een teeltvrije zone, waardoor de afstand tussen het te bespuiten gewas en het oppervlaktewater vergroot wordt, en de emissie (driftdepositie) af zal nemen. Wanneer op de teeltvrije zone een windhaag wordt geplaatst, zal de driftdepositie op het oppervlaktewater door de afvangende werking van de haag verder verminderen. Ook het éénzijdig bespuiten van de buitenste fruitbomenrij is een manier om de emissie buiten de boomgaard te beperken. In het beschreven onderzoek is het effect van een elzenwindhaag en het éénzijdig bespuiten van de buiten4 ste bomenrij op de emissie gemeten in vergelijking met een standaard bespuiting (tweezijdige bespuiting met de Albuz lila dop, holle kegel, 7 bar spuitdruk). Het onderzoek werd uitgevoerd in boomgaarden die representatief waren voor commerciële boomgaarden. De bespuitingen werden uitgevoerd met een Munckhof dwarsstroomspuit. Het aantal doppen werd aangepast aan de boomhoogte. Het spuitvolume in de proef varieerde van 177 – 368 l.ha41 (afhankelijk van de appelboomhoogte en aantal geopende spuit4 doppen).

De overheid stimuleert de aanleg van natuur op het platteland en houtwallen staan hierbij in de belangstelling. Houtwallen beinvloeden echter de gewasopbrengsten en het microclimaat op de aangrenzende percelen

Travelling routes and foraging areas of many bat species are mainly along edge habitats, such as treelines, hedgerows, forest edges, and canal banks. This thesis deals with the effects of density, configuration, and structural features of edge habitats on the occurrence of bats. Four hypothetical functions of edge habitats for bats were studied: foraging areas, shelter from wind, shelter from avian predators, and acoustical landmarks.Both wind and food abundance were found to affect the occurrence of foraging pipistrelle bats, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, near treelines. Feeding activity of pipistrelle bats was positively related to height, width and foliage density of treelines. The preference by pipistrelle bats of commuting routes leading from the roost to foraging areas was explained by the distribution of potentially good feeding sites at close distance from the roost.The results stress the importance of wind protected areas where bats can feed during windy conditions. Predator avoidance is argued to be a constraint on the movements of commuting bats at relatively high light levels, i.e. at dusk and dawn. Indications that vertical landscape elements play a role in the navigation by bats as acoustical landmarks come from a study where pond bats, Myotis dasycneme, commuting over canals gradually adapted their pulse emissions to the distance to the banks. Practical guidelines are provided to implement the results into the planning, conservation, and management of edge habitats for bats.

Diversity in plantations around conventional and organic farm buildings

Travelling routes and foraging areas of many bat species are mainly along edge habitats, such as treelines, hedgerows, forest edges, and canal banks. This thesis deals with the effects of density, configuration, and structural features of edge habitats on the occurrence of bats. Four hypothetical functions of edge habitats for bats were studied: foraging areas, shelter from wind, shelter from avian predators, and acoustical landmarks.Both wind and food abundance were found to affect the occurrence of foraging pipistrelle bats, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, near treelines. Feeding activity of pipistrelle bats was positively related to height, width and foliage density of treelines. The preference by pipistrelle bats of commuting routes leading from the roost to foraging areas was explained by the distribution of potentially good feeding sites at close distance from the roost.The results stress the importance of wind protected areas where bats can feed during windy conditions. Predator avoidance is argued to be a constraint on the movements of commuting bats at relatively high light levels, i.e. at dusk and dawn. Indications that vertical landscape elements play a role in the navigation by bats as acoustical landmarks come from a study where pond bats, Myotis dasycneme, commuting over canals gradually adapted their pulse emissions to the distance to the banks. Practical guidelines are provided to implement the results into the planning, conservation, and management of edge habitats for bats.

Land degradation by water erosion represents a serious, and fast increasing, environmental threat. Hedgerow barriers control water erosion through the presence of the tree stem and through an increase in infiltration beneath the hedgerow. The infiltration rate beneath hedgerows is 3-8 times higher than in the alley where crops are grown. Soil water content measurements in hedgerow barrier systems indicate that infiltrated water penetrates the soil beneath hedgerows deeper than the soil beneath the alley and the control. An analytical framework for calculating the impact of hedgerows and mulch on infiltration, runoff and soil loss is presented here. The framework was expanded with algorithms to calculate the impact of hedgerows of various densities, ranging from 1-4 rows. The framework was applied on a seasonal basis and the predictions were satisfactory. Extreme events can be explained when dynamic soil and plant conditions are incorporated. A dynamic simulation model called SHIELD has been developed that explains the experimental observations for runoff, soil loss and crop yields using daily time steps. Application of the model illustrates the importance of dynamic soil and plant conditions to the amount of soil being lost and shows that SHIELD can be used to compute the maximum desired distance between hedgerows with respect to tolerable soil loss.

Land degradation by water erosion represents a serious, and fast increasing, environmental threat. Hedgerow barriers control water erosion through the presence of the tree stem and through an increase in infiltration beneath the hedgerow. The infiltration rate beneath hedgerows is 3-8 times higher than in the alley where crops are grown. Soil water content measurements in hedgerow barrier systems indicate that infiltrated water penetrates the soil beneath hedgerows deeper than the soil beneath the alley and the control. An analytical framework for calculating the impact of hedgerows and mulch on infiltration, runoff and soil loss is presented here. The framework was expanded with algorithms to calculate the impact of hedgerows of various densities, ranging from 1-4 rows. The framework was applied on a seasonal basis and the predictions were satisfactory. Extreme events can be explained when dynamic soil and plant conditions are incorporated. A dynamic simulation model called SHIELD has been developed that explains the experimental observations for runoff, soil loss and crop yields using daily time steps. Application of the model illustrates the importance of dynamic soil and plant conditions to the amount of soil being lost and shows that SHIELD can be used to compute the maximum desired distance between hedgerows with respect to tolerable soil loss.